Tazama chanzo cha Homa ya manjano

[[Picha:YellowFeverVirus.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px|Virusi vya Homa ya manjano]]

{{Infobox disease
| Name           = njano jack
| Image          = YellowFeverVirus.jpg
| Caption        = A [[Transmission electron microscope|TEM]] [[micrograph]] of the yellow fever virus (234,000X magnification)
| ICD10          = {{ICD10|A|95||a|90}}
| ICD9           = {{ICD9|060}}
| ICDO           =
| OMIM           =
| DiseasesDB     = 14203
| MedlinePlus    = 001365
| eMedicineSubj  = med
| eMedicineTopic = 2432
| eMedicine_mult = {{eMedicine2|emerg|645}}
| MeshID          = D015004
}}

'''Homa ya manjano''' (pia: '''Homanyongo''', inayojulikana kwa [[Kiingereza]] kama '''''yellow'' ''jack''''' ''au '''yellow plague''''',<ref name=Old2009/>) ni [[ugonjwa]] mkali unaosababishwa na [[virusi]].<ref name=WHO2013/>

Katika kesi nyingi, [[dalili]] hujumuisha [[homa]], [[homa ya baridi]], [[Anorexia|kukosa hamu ya chakula]], [[kichefuchefu]], [[maumivu]] ya [[misuli]] hasa [[Mgongo|mgongoni]], na maumivu ya [[kichwa]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Kwa kawaida dalili hupona kwa [[siku]] tano.<ref name=WHO2013/> 

Kwa watu wengine baada ya kupata nafuu, homa hurudi, maumivu ya [[fumbatio]] hutokea, na uharibifu wa [[ini]] huanza na kusababisha [[umanjano|ngozi ya njano]].<ref name=WHO2013/> Ikiwa hii itatokea, hatari ya kuvuja [[damu]] na [[figo kutofanya kazi|matatizo ya figo]] unaongezeka.<ref name=WHO2013/>

== Kisababishi na utambuzi==
Ugonjwa huu unasababishwa na virusi vya homa ya manjano na kusambazwa kwa kuumwa na [[mbu]] wa kike.<ref name=WHO2013/> Vinaambukiza tu [[binadamu]], [[mamalia wa hali ya juu]] na [[spishi]] nyingi za mbu.<ref name=WHO2013/> Katika miji, husambazwa kwa kawaida na mbu wa spishi wa ''[[Aedesaegypti]]''.<ref name=WHO2013/> 

Virusi ni [[Virusi vya RNA]] vya [[jenasi]] ''[[Flavivirus]]''.<ref name="lindenbach2007"/> Ugonjwa huu unaweza kuwa ngumu kueleza lakini [[maradhi]] mengine tu, hasa katika awamu za kwanza.<ref name=WHO2013/> Ili kuthibitisha hali hiyo, [[uchunguzi]] wa [[sampuli]] ya damu wa [[polymerase chain reaction]] unahitajika.<ref name=Toll2009>{{cite journal | author = Tolle MA | title = Mosquito-borne diseases | journal = CurrProblPediatrAdolesc Health Care | volume = 39 | issue = 4 | pages = 97–140 | date = April 2009 | pmid = 19327647 | doi = 10.1016/j.cppeds.2009.01.001 }}</ref>

== Kinga, tiba na matarajio ==
[[Chanjo]] bora na salama dhidi ya homa ya manjano ipo, na baadhi ya nchi hudai chanjo ya wanaosafiri.<ref name=WHO2013/> Juhudi nyingine za kuzuia [[maambukizi]] zinajumuisha upunguzaji wa idadi ya mbu wanaosambaza virusi.<ref name=WHO2013/> 

Katika maeneo ambayo homa ya manjano ni ya kawaida na hakuna chanjo, utambuzi wa mapema wa ugonjwa na uchanjaji wa sehemu kubwa ya idadi ya watu ni muhimu ili kuzuia mlipuko.<ref name=WHO2013/> 

Ukiwa umeambukizwa, udhibiti ni wa dalili na hakuna hatua maalum dhidi ya virusi haswa.<ref name=WHO2013/> Kwa wale walio na ugonjwa mkali, [[kifo]] hutokea kwa takriban [[nusu]] ya watu wasiokuwa na matibabu.<ref name=WHO2013/>

== Uenezi na historia==
Homa ya manjano husababisha maambukizi 200,000 na vifo 30,000 kila [[mwaka]],<ref name=WHO2013>{{cite web|title=Yellow fever  Fact sheet N°100|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs100/en/|work=World Health Organization|accessdate=23 February 2014|date=May 2013}}</ref> takriban [[asilimia]] 90 ya hayo yakitokea [[bara|barani]] [[Afrika]].<ref name=Toll2009/> 

Karibu [[bilioni]] moja ya watu wanaishi katika eneo la [[dunia]] mahali ugonjwa huo ni wa kawaida.<ref name=WHO2013/> Inapatikana sana katika maeneo ya [[Tropiki|tropiki]] [[Amerika Kusini]] na [[Afrika]], lakini si [[Asia]].<ref name=CDC2011>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdc.gov/yellowfever/|title=CDC Yellow Fever||accessdate=2012-12-12}}</ref><ref name=WHO2013/> 

Tangu [[miaka ya 1980]], idadi ya kesi za homa ya manjano zimekuwa zikiongezeka.<ref name=Barr2007>{{cite journal | author = Barrett AD, Higgs S | title = Yellow fever: a disease that has yet to be conquered | journal = Annu. Rev. Entomol. | volume = 52 | pages = 209–29 | year = 2007 | pmid = 16913829 | doi = 10.1146/annurev.ento.52.110405.091454 }}</ref><ref name=WHO2013/> Hii inaaminika ni kwa sababu watu wachache wana [[kingamwili]], watu wengi wakiishi kwa miji, na watu wanaosafiri kila mara, na mabadiliko ya [[hali ya hewa]].<ref name=WHO2013/> 

Ugonjwa ulianzia barani Afrika, ambapo ulisambaa Amerika Kusini kupitia [[biashara ya utumwa]] katika [[karne ya 17]].<ref name=Old2009>{{cite book|last=Oldstone|first=Michael|title=Viruses, Plagues, and History: Past, Present and Future|date=2009|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199758494|pages=102–4|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=2XbHXUVY65gC&pg=PA103}}</ref> Tangu karne ya 17 [[mlipuko wa ugonjwa|milipuko]] ya ugonjwa umetokea [[Marekani]], Afrika na [[Uropa]].<ref name=Old2009/> Katika [[Karne ya 18|karne za 18]] na [[Karne ya 19|19]], homa ya manjano ilionekana kama [[ugonjwa wa kuambukiza]] hatari sana.<ref name=Old2009/> Virusi vya homa ya manjano vilikuwa virusi vya kwanza vya binadamu kugunduliwa.<ref name="lindenbach2007">{{cite book | title=Fields Virology| url=https://archive.org/details/fieldsvirology0002unse_w7i9|edition=5th |publisher=Lippincott Williams &Wilkins | author=Lindenbach, B. D., et al. |editor=Knipe, D. M. and P. M. Howley. (eds.) | year=2007 | location=Philadelphia, PA |page=[https://archive.org/details/fieldsvirology0002unse_w7i9/page/n1101 1101] | isbn=0-7817606-0-7 |chapter=Flaviviridae: Virusi na marudio yake}}</ref>

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}

[[Jamii:Maradhi ya kuambukiza]]
[[Jamii:Ini]]