Tazama chanzo cha Jamhuri ya Watu wa China

{{About|Jamhuri ya watu wa China au China bara|Jamhuri ya China au Taiwan|Jamhuri ya China}}
{{Infobox Country
|native_name                 = [[Picha:Zhonguo.jpg|150px]]<br />''Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó''
|conventional_long_name      = Jamhuri ya Watu wa China
|common_name                 = China
|image_flag                  = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg
|image_coat                  = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China.svg
|symbol_type                 = Nembo
|national_motto              = 
|image_map                   = China in its region (claimed hatched).svg
|national_anthem             = [[Maandamano ya wale wanaojitolea - ''Yìyǒngjūn Jìnxíngqǔ'']]
|official_languages          = [[Kimandarini]]<sup>1</sup> (''Putonghua'') 
|capital                     = [[Beijing]]
|latd=39|latm=55|latNS=N|longd=116|longm=23|longEW=E
|government_type             = [[Usoshalisti|Ujamaa]] [[jamhuri]] ya [[Mfumo wa chama kimoja|chama kimoja]]<sup>2</sup> <!--"Socialist republic" is the formal description used by the Encyclopaedia Britannica-->
|leader_titles               = [[Rais wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|Rais]]<br />[[Waziri Mkuu wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa China|Waziri Mkuu]]
|leader_names                = [[Xi Jinping]]<br />[[Li Keqiang]]
|largest_city                = [[Shanghai]]
|area                        = km² 9,596,961 
|areami²                     = 3,705,407 <sup>2</sup> <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|area_rank                   = ya 3<sup>3</sup>
|area_magnitude              = 1 E12
|percent_water               = 0.28<sup>2</sup>
|population_estimate         = 1,400,000,000<sup>4</sup> 
|population_estimate_year    = Januari 2020
|population_estimate_rank    = ya 1
|population_census           = 1,339,724,852
|population_census_year      = 2010
|population_density          = 145
|population_densitymi²       = 373<sup>(2)</sup> <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank     = ya 83 <sup>(2)</sup>
|GDP_nominal                 = $2.224 [[trillion]]
|GDP_nominal_rank            = ya 4
|GDP_nominal_year            = 2005
|GDP_nominal_per_capita      = $1,709
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = ya 110 
|GDP_PPP_year                = 2005
|GDP_PPP                     = $8.859 trillioni<sup>2</sup>
|GDP_PPP_rank                = ya 2
|GDP_PPP_per_capita          = $7,204<sup>2</sup>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank     = ya 84
|HDI_year                    = 2006
|HDI                         = {{profit}} 0.768
|HDI_rank                    = ya 81
|HDI_category                = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font>
|sovereignty_type            = Tarehe za kihistoria
|established_events          = [[Utawala wa nasaba ya Shang]]<br />[[Utawala wa nasaba ya Qin]]<br /> [[Jamhuri ya China]]<br />Jamhuri ya Watu wa China ilitangazwa
|established_dates           = <br />[[1766 KK]]<br />[[221 KK]]<br />[[10 Oktoba]] [[1911]]<br />[[1 Oktoba]] [[1949]]
|currency                    = [[Renminbi|Renminbi Yuan]]<sup>5, 2</sup>
|currency_code               = CNY
|time_zone                   = 
|utc_offset                  = +8
|time_zone_DST               = ''not observed''
|utc_offset_DST              = +8
|cctld                       = [[.cn]]<sup>2</sup>
|calling_code                = 86<sup>2</sup>
|footnotes                   = <sup>1</sup> Pamoja na Kimandarini kile cha [[Kikantoni]] ni lugha rasmi katika Hong Kong na Macau. [[Kiingereza]] ni pia lugha rasmi katika [[Hong Kong]] na [[Kireno]] huko [[Macau]]. Vilevile kuna lugha za kieneo yanayotumiwa rasmi kama vile [[Kiuyghur]] huko [[Xinjiang]], [[Kimongolia]] katika jimbo la [[Mongolia ya Ndani]], [[Kitibet]] huko [[Tibet]] na [[Kikorea]] katika mkoa wa Yanbian.<br />
}}
'''China''' (pia: '''Uchina, Sina'''; kirefu: '''Jamhuri ya Watu wa China''') ni nchi kubwa ya [[Asia ya Mashariki]] ambayo ndiyo nchi yenye watu wengi kuliko zote [[duniani]].

China imepakana na [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]], [[Myanmar]], [[India]], [[Bhutan]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]], [[Afghanistan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Urusi]], [[Mongolia]], [[Korea ya Kaskazini]]. 

Kuna [[pwani]] ndefu kwenye [[Bahari ya Kusini ya China]] na [[Bahari ya Uchina ya Mashariki|Bahari ya Mashariki ya China]] ambazo ni [[bahari ya kando]] ya [[Pasifiki]]. 

China kuna ma[[kabila]] 56 tofauti. [[Wahan]] ndio kabila kubwa zaidi nchini China kwa [[idadi]] ya [[watu]] ikiwa na [[asilimia]] 92. 

[[Lugha rasmi]] ni [[Kichina]] cha [[Mandarin]] kinachotumiwa na [[asilimia]] 70 za wananchi. 

[[Siasa]] inatawaliwa na [[chama cha kikomunisti]]. 

[[Mji mkuu]] ni [[Beijing]] lakini [[Shanghai]] ndio [[mji]] mkubwa zaidi. 

[[Hong Kong]] iliyokuwa [[koloni]] la [[Uingereza]] na [[Macau]] iliyokuwa koloni la [[Ureno]] ni maeneo ya China yenye utawala wa pekee. 

[[Taiwan]] na [[visiwa]] vingine vya [[Jamhuri ya China]] vinatazamwa na [[serikali]] ya Beijing kuwa [[majimbo]] yake lakini vimekuwa kama nchi ya pekee tangu mwaka [[1949]].

== Jiografia ==
China ina eneo la [[kilomita za mraba]] [[milioni]] 9.6 hivyo ni nchi ya tatu au ya nne<ref>Baada ya Urusi na Kanada ambazo ni nchi mbili kubwa zaidi, China na [[Marekani]] ni karibu sawa; kama maeneo yanayodaiwa na China bila kukubaliwa na majirani yanahesabiwa upande wake basi China ni kubwa kidogo kuliko Marekani</ref> kwa ukubwa duniani.

Sura ya nchi inaonyesha [[tabia]] tofautitofauti. 

Upande wa [[kaskazini]], mpakani mwa [[Siberia]] na Mongolia, kuna maeneo [[yabisi]] pamoja na [[jangwa la Gobi]]. 

Kinyume chake upande wa [[kusini]], mpakani mwa [[Vietnam]], [[Laos]] na [[Burma]], [[hali ya hewa]] ni [[nusutropiki]] yenye [[mvua]] nyingi inayolisha [[misitu]] minene. 

Sehemu za [[magharibi]] zina [[milima]] mingi ambayo ni kati ya milima mirefu duniani kama [[Himalaya]] na [[Tian Shan]].

[[Mashariki]] ya nchi huwa na [[tambarare]] zenye [[rutuba]] na hapa ndipo kanda lenye wakazi wengi. 

[[Upana]] wa China kati ya kaskazini na kusini ni [[kilomita]] 4,200 na kati ya mashariki na magharibi ni kilomita 4,200.

Pwani ina [[urefu]] wa [[kilomita]] 14,400. 

Kuna [[mito]] mikubwa; mrefu zaidi ni [[Yangtse]] ([[km]] 6,300), [[Hwangho]] au [[Mto Njano]], [[Xi Jiang]] au mto wa Magharibi, [[Mekong]], [[Mto wa Lulu]], [[Brahmaputra]] na [[Amur]]. Mito hiyo yote ina [[Chanzo (mto)|vyanzo]] vyake katika milima mikubwa yenye [[usimbishaji]] mwingi, ikibeba [[maji]] kwenda tambarare pasipo mvua nyingi. 

[[Jiografia]] hiyo ilikuwa chanzo cha [[kilimo cha umwagiliaji]] na kukua kwa ma[[dola]] ya kwanza. 

Kutokana na [[Dawa|madawa]] ya [[kilimo]] na [[maji machafu]] ya [[viwanda]], mito na [[Ziwa|maziwa]] ya China hupambana na machafuko makali; mwaka [[2007]] [[ziwa Tai]] lilisafishwa kwa [[gharama]] kubwa mno kwa sababu maji hayakufaa tena kwa mahitaji ya [[binadamu]] (maji ya [[bomba]]).

== Hali ya hewa ==
[[Picha:China precipitation.jpg|thumbnail|left|180px|Kanda za usimbishaji za China]]
Kuna kanda 18 za [[hali ya hewa]] zinazoonyesha tofauti kubwa kati yake. Upande wa magharibi, kaskazini na kaskazini-mashariki huwa na [[majira]] yenye [[joto kali]] na [[baridi kali]]. Upande wa kusini ina tabia ya [[tropiki]] au nusutropiki. [[Tibet]] huwa na hali ya hewa kulingana na [[kimo]] chake juu ya mita 4,000.
 
[[Ramani]] ya usimbishaji inaonyesha ya kwamba [[kilimo]] kinawezekana katika [[nusu]] ya kusini na kusini-mashariki ya nchi tu. Upande wa kaskazini na magharibi mvua ni chache mno. Mstari mwekundu unaonyesha mpaka na juu yake usimbishaji ni chini ya [[milimita]] 390 kwa [[mwaka]].

== Historia ==
[[File:Territories of Dynasties in China.gif|thumb|210px||Maeneo yaliyotawaliwa na nasaba mbalimbali katika urefu wote wa [[historia ya China]].]]
[[Historia ya China]] hugawanyika katika vipindi vya [[Orodha ya nasaba za Kichina|nasaba za kifalme]] mbalimbali. Vipindi muhimu zaidi ni kama ifuatavyo:
* [[Nasaba ya Qin]] ([[221 KK|221]] – [[207 KK]])
* [[Nasaba ya Han]] ([[206 KK]] – [[220]] [[BK]])
* [[Kipindi cha milki tatu]] (220 – [[280]])
* [[Nasaba ya Jin]] ([[265]] – [[420]])
* [[Kipindi cha nasaba za kusini na kaskazini]] (420 – [[581]])
* [[Nasaba ya Sui]] (581 – [[618]])
* [[Nasaba ya Tang]] (618 – [[907]])
* [[Nasaba tano na milki kumi]] (907 – [[960]])
* [[Nasaba ya Song]] (960 – [[1279]])
* [[Nasaba ya Yuan]] (1279 - [[1368]])
* [[Nasaba ya Ming]] (1368 - [[1644]])
* [[Nasaba ya Qing]] (1644 - [[1911]])

[[Utawala]] wa kifalme uliendelea hadi [[mapinduzi ya China ya 1911]]. 

Baada ya kipindi cha vurugu, jamhuri ya China ilitawaliwa na [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha [[Kuomintang]] chini ya [[rais]] [[Chiang Kai-shek]].

Wakati wa [[vita kuu ya pili ya dunia]] sehemu kubwa ilitwaliwa na [[Japani]]. Wakati huo [[Chama cha Kikomunisti cha China]] kiliandaa [[jeshi]] kikapambana na serikali ya Kuomintang na Japani pia. 

Baada ya mwisho wa vita kuu [[Wakomunisti]] waliendelea kupingana na serikali na mwaka 1949 Kuomintang ilishindwa. Wakomunisti chini ya [[Mao Zedong]] walianza kutawala China Bara kama Jamhuri ya Watu wa China na Kuomintang walikimbilia kisiwa cha Taiwan walipoendelea kutawala kama "[[Jamhuri ya China]]".

== Siasa ==
[[File:Parade through Macao, Latin City 2019 16.jpg|thumb|right|Gwalide kupitia Macao, jiji la Kilatini]]
[[Serikali]] ya China inatawala kwa [[mfumo]] wa [[udikteta]] chini ya [[uongozi]] wa [[Chama cha Kikomunisti ya China]]. Kuna vyama vidogo pia, lakini hivi havina umuhimu wowoteː vinasimamiwa na Wakomunisti, hivyo hali halisi ni mfumo wa [[chama kimoja]]. 

[[Katiba|Kikatiba]] chombo kikuu ni [[Bunge]] la umma la China linalomchagua [[rais]], serikali, [[mahakama kuu]], kamati kuu ya kijeshi na [[mwanasheria mkuu]]. Lakini hali halisi maazimio yote ya bunge ni utekelezaji tu wa maazimio ya uongozi wa chama cha Kikomunisti. 

Uongozi huo ni kundi dogo la wakubwa wa chama na [[jeshi]]. [[Mwanasiasa]] muhimu ni [[Xi Jinping]]. Kwa sasa yeye anaunganisha [[Cheo|vyeo]] vya [[Katibu Mkuu]] wa Chama cha Kikomunisti, Rais wa Jamhuri ya Watu wa China na [[mwenyekiti]] wa Kamati Kuu ya Kijeshi. Kwa jumla katika [[mapokeo]] ya Kikomunisti vyeo vya chama ni muhimu kuliko vyeo vya serikali ingawa katiba na [[sheria]] inasema tofauti.

Kuna pia "maeneo yenye utawala wa pekee" ambayo ni [[Hongkong]] na [[Macau]]. Katika miji hiyo miwili, iliyokuwa makoloni ya Uingereza na Ureno, kuna [[uhuru wa kisiasa]] na wa [[uandishi]], [[uchaguzi huru]] na [[upinzani]] kwa kiasi fulani, lakini maeneo yana tu [[madaraka]] kadhaa ya kujitawala kwa mambo ya ndani.

== Watu ==
[[File:My grandparents.jpg|thumb|right|Wazee wa jamhuri ya watu wa China]]
China ikiwa na wakazi milioni 1,400 (Januari 2020) ni nchi yenye watu wengi zaidi duniani. [[Historia]] yake yote iliona tena na tena vipindi vya [[njaa]] kutokana na idadi kubwa ya watu wake. [[Msongamano]] wa watu kwa [[wastani]] ni wakazi 145 kwa [[kilomita ya mraba]]. Lakini tofauti ziko kubwa kati ya miji mikubwa ambako milioni 115 wanakaa kwenye eneo la [[km²]] 50,000 na Tibet yenye watu 2 tu kwa kilomita ya mraba.

Zaidi ya [[asilimia]] 90 za wakazi wote wanakaa katika [[theluthi]] ya kusini-mashariki ya nchi yenye mvua ya kutosha. Ndani ya [[theluthi]] hiyo ni nusu ya Wachina wote wanaosongamana kwenye asilimia 10 za China yote, maana yake katika 10% hizi kuna msongamano wa watu 740 kwa km².

Wakazi walio wengi ni [[Wahan]] au Wachina wenyewe. Wanatumia hasa [[lahaja]] mbalimbali za [[lugha]] ya [[Kichina]]. Pamoja na Wahan kuna ma[[kabila]] 55 yaliyotambuliwa na [[serikali]]. Kwa jumla [[lugha hai]] ni 292 ambazo zinahusika na makundi mbalimbali ya lugha (angalia [[orodha ya lugha za China]]).

Serikali inafuata rasmi [[ukanamungu]], lakini inaruhusu [[dini]] kwa kiasi fulani. Pamoja na hayo, [[dhuluma]] zinaendelea dhidi ya [[madhehebu]] mbalimbali. [[Takwimu]] hazieleweki, pia kwa sababu kabla ya Ukomunisti kupinga dini, hasa wakati wa [[Mapinduzi ya utamaduni]], watu waliweza kuchanganya mafundisho na [[desturi]] za [[Ukonfusio]], [[Utao]] na [[Ubuddha]]. Leo wanaoendelea kufanya hivyo wanakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 30-80 za wakazi. [[Wabuddha]] ni 6-16%, [[Wakristo]] (hasa [[Waprotestanti]], halafu [[Wakatoliki]] na kidogo [[Waorthodoksi]]) ni 2-4%, [[Waislamu]] ni 1-2%.

== Tazama pia ==
* [[Majimbo ya China]]
* [[Orodha ya nasaba za Kichina]]
* [[Orodha ya nchi kufuatana na wakazi]]

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}

== Marejeo ==
* {{Cite book|last=Meng |first=Fanhua |title=Phenomenon of Chinese Culture at the Turn of the 21st century |year=2011 |publisher=Silkroad Press |location=Singapore |isbn=978-981-4332-35-4}}
* Farah, Paolo (2006). "Five Years of China's WTO Membership: EU and US Perspectives on China's Compliance with Transparency Commitments and the Transitional Review Mechanism". ''Legal Issues of Economic Integration''. Kluwer Law International. Volume 33, Number 3. pp.&nbsp;263–304. [http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=916768 Abstract].
* Heilig, Gerhard K. (2006/2007). ''[http://www.china-profile.com/bib/bib_start.htm China Bibliography – Online] {{Wayback|url=http://www.china-profile.com/bib/bib_start.htm |date=20151105234238 }}.'' China-Profile.com.
* [[Martin Jacques|Jacques, Martin]] (2009).''[[When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order]]''. Penguin Books. Revised edition (28 August 2012). ISBN 978-1-59420-185-1.
* {{Cite book|author=Sang Ye |title=China Candid: The People on the People's Republic |url=https://archive.org/details/chinacandidpeopl0000yesa |year=2006 |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |isbn=0-520-24514-8}}
* {{Cite book|last=Selden |first=Mark |title=The People's Republic of China: Documentary History of Revolutionary Change |url=https://archive.org/details/peoplesrepublico00sour |year=1979 |publisher=Monthly Review Press|location=New York |isbn=0-85345-532-5}}
{{refend}}

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* Shi, Yilong. ''The Spontaneous Religious Practices of Han Chinese Peoples — Shenxianism'' (中国汉人自发的宗教实践 — 神仙教). On: ''Journal of South-Central University for Nationalities (Humanities and Social Sciences)'' (中南民族大学学报 — 人文社会科学版), Vol. 28, No. 3, 2008.
* Teiser, Stephen F.''[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/bgov/cosmos.htm The Chinese Cosmos: Basic Concepts]'', extracts from: Stephen F. Teiser. ''The Spirits of Chinese Religion''. In: ''Religions of China in Practice''. Princeton University Press, 1996.
* Thien Do. ''Vietnamese Supernaturalism: Views from the Southern Region''. Series: ''Anthropology of Asia''. Routledge, 2003. ISBN 0415307996
* Wang, Robin R. ''Chinese Philosophy in an Era of Globalization''. State University of New York Press, 2004. ISBN 0791460061
* Yang, Fenggang, Graeme Lang. ''Social Scientific Studies of Religion in China''. Brill, 2012. ISBN 9004182462
* {{cite book | last = Yang | first = Mayfair Mei-hui | year = 2007 | authorlink =  | title = Ritual Economy and Rural Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics | url = http://www.religion.ucsb.edu/Faculty/yangm_files/23CulturalPolitics.pdf | ref = harv | accessdate = 2015-10-16 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235730/http://www.religion.ucsb.edu/Faculty/yangm_files/23CulturalPolitics.pdf | archivedate = 2016-03-03 }} Chapter of: David Held, Henrietta Moore. ''Cultural Politics in a Global Age: Uncertainty, Solidarity and Innovation'', Oxford: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1851685502
* Yao, Xinzhong. ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GuINLKnJp0AC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false Chinese Religion: A Contextual Approach]''. Bloomsbury Academic, 2011. ISBN 1847064760
* Payette, Alex. ''[http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_30036.pdf Shenzhen's Kongshengtang: Religious Confucianism and Local Moral Governance] {{Wayback|url=http://paperroom.ipsa.org/papers/paper_30036.pdf |date=20171023011728 }}''. Part of: ''Role of Religion in Political Life'', Panel RC43, 23rd World Congress of Political Science, 19–24 July 2014.
* Pregadio, Fabrizio. ''The Encyclopedia of Taoism'', 2 vol. Routledge, 2008. ISBN 9780700712007
* Tay, Wei Leong. ''[http://utcp.c.u-tokyo.ac.jp/publications/pdf/UTCPBooklet17_08_Tay.pdf Kang Youwei: The Martin Luther of Confucianism and His Vision of Confucian Modernity and Nation]''. In: Haneda Masashi, ''Secularization, Religion and the State'', University of Tokyo Center for Philosophy, 2010.
* Xie, Zhibin. ''Religious Diversity and Public Religion in China''. Ashgate Publishing, 2006. ISBN 9780754656487
* Zhou, Jixu. ''[http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp167_old_chinese_proto_indo_european.pdf Old Chinese “*tees” and Proto-Indo-European “*deus”: Similarity in Religious Ideas and a Common Source in Linguistics]''. On: ''[[Sino-Platonic Papers]]'', n. 167, 2005. Victor H. Mair, University of Pennsylvania.

===Marejeo mengine===
* Bays, Daniel H. ''Christianity in China from the Eighteenth Century to the Present.'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996). ISBN 0804726094.
* Ch'en, Kenneth K. S. ''Buddhism in China, a Historical Survey.'' (Princeton, N.J.,: Princeton University Press, The Virginia and Richard Stewart Memorial Lectures, 1961, 1964).
*[http://www.umass.edu/wsp/sinology/persons/degroot.html De Groot, J.J.M. (Jan Jakob Maria)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.umass.edu/wsp/sinology/persons/degroot.html |date=20121122141455 }}, [http://classiques.uqac.ca/classiques/groot_jjm_de/religious_system_of_china/religious_system.html ''The Religious System of China: Its Ancient Forms, Evolution, History and Present Aspect, Manners, Customs and Social Institutions Connected Therewith''], Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands, 1892–1910. 6 volumes.
* Overmyer, Daniel L. ''Religions of China: The World as a Living System.'' (New York: Harper & Row, Religious Traditions of the World, 1986).
* {{Cite book | first=Jordan D.| last=Paper | year=1995 | title=The Spirits are Drunk: Comparative Approaches to Chinese Religion | url=https://archive.org/details/spiritsaredrunkc0000pape| publisher=State University of New York Press | location=Albany, New York | isbn=0791423158}}
* [[Arthur F. Wright|Wright, Arthur F.]]. ''Buddhism in Chinese History.'' (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1959; various reprints and translations).
* Yang, CK., ''Religion in Chinese Society'' (California U. Press, 1970)  
* [[Xinzhong Yao]] and Yanxia Zhao, ''Chinese Religion'' (Continuum, 2010)

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|China}}
* [http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/china/home.html China at a Glance] from ''[[People's Daily]]''
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13017877 BBC News – China Profile]
* {{CIA World Factbook link|ch|China}}
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/china.htm China, People's Republic of] from ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''
* {{Dmoz|Regional/Asia/China}}
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/111803/China China]'s ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' entry
* [http://www.monthlyreview.org/1105wu.htm "Rethinking 'Capitalist Restoration' in China"] by Yiching Wu
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=CN Key Development Forecasts for China] from [[International Futures]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110121002102/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/asia/china/ "China on the Rise"]. PBS Online NewsHour. October 2005.
* [http://www.chinatoday.com/ ChinaToday.com]
* [https://karolinapatryk.com/china-interesting-facts/ Interesting China facts]

;Serikali
* [http://english.gov.cn/ The Central People's Government of People's Republic of China]
* [http://www.china.org.cn/ China Internet Information Center] —Authorized government portal site to China

;Masomo
* [http://www.ifri.org/en/publications/enotes/proliferation-papers/assertive-pragmatism-chinas-economic-rise-and-its-impact "Assertive Pragmatism: China's Economic Rise and Its Impact on Chinese Foreign Policy"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ifri.org/en/publications/enotes/proliferation-papers/assertive-pragmatism-chinas-economic-rise-and-its-impact |date=20150909143228 }}. Minxin Pei (2006). IFRI Proliferation Papers. No. 15.

;Utalii
* [http://www.cnto.org/ China National Tourist Office] (CNTO)

;Ramani
* [http://maps.google.com/maps?q=China&ll=30.600094,103.710938&spn=64.10009,177.1875&om=1 Google Maps—China]
* {{Wikiatlas|the People's Republic of China}}

;Dini
* [http://www.chinabuddhism.com.cn/ Buddhist Association of China]
*[http://www.rujiazg.com/ China Confucian Philosophy]
*[http://www.rjzg.net/ China Confucian Religion] {{Wayback|url=http://www.rjzg.net/ |date=20150814223204 }}
* [http://www.chinakongmiao.org/ China Confucian Temples] {{Wayback|url=http://www.chinakongmiao.org/ |date=20140517062808 }}
* [http://www.taoist.org.cn/ Chinese Taoist Association]
* [http://zumiao.jguo.cn/ China Ancestral Temples Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20140502160117/http://zumiao.jguo.cn/ |date=2014-05-02 }}
* [http://www.simiao.net/ China Temples and Monasteries Network] {{Wayback|url=http://www.simiao.net/ |date=20160303223842 }}
* ''[http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/cosmos/bgov/intro.htm Living in the Chinese Cosmos]'', Asia for Educators, Columbia University.

;Media
* Euraxess Science Slam: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9wmseHCqv8 Meihuaquan and Community Life in North China]
* eRenlai Ricci: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGN7-IvjeAg The boundary between religion and the state in China by Prof. Lagerwey]
* GBTimes: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dEWVG3X0XV4 THE DEBATE: Insight into religion in modern China (part 1)]—[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QN4dnEDwLGU Part 2]
* Berkeley Center: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yM3icit9t5w Ritual Economy and Religious Revivial in Rural Southeast China]
* Berkeley Center: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nyJSGDWHkUY Secularization Theory and the Study of Chinese Religions]
* Berkeley Center: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g5Tik67VjPc Understanding Contemporary Religious Pluralism in China]

{{Coord|35|N|103|E|type:country|display=title}}

{{Asia}}
{{mbegu-jio-China}}

[[Jamii:Uchina| ]]
[[Jamii:Nchi za Asia]]