Billy Wilder
Billy Wilder (alizaliwa Juni 22 1906 huko Sucha, Galicia ambayo kwa sasa ni sehemu ya Poland) alikuwa mwandaaji na mwandishi wa filamu kutoka nchini Austria. Billy ni jina kubwa katika historia ya sinema, akijulikana kwa mchango wake mkubwa kama mwandishi, muongozaji, na mtayarishaji wa filamu. Baada ya vita kuu ya kwanza ya dunia, familia yake ilihamia Vienna, Austria, ambako alikulia na kuanza kazi yake ya uandishi wa habari.
Katika miaka ya 1920, Wilder alihamia Berlin, Ujerumani, na kufanya kazi kama mwandishi wa habari na mwandishi wa skrini. Alifanya kazi kadhaa, lakini kuibuka kwa utawala wa nazi mwaka 1933 kulimlazimisha kuhamia Paris, Ufaransa, na baadaye kwenda Hollywood, Marekani, ambapo alibadilisha jina lake kuwa Billy Wilder. Huko Marekani, alianza kazi yake mpya katika tasnia ya filamu, ambayo iliendelea kwa zaidi ya miongo sita.
Filamu yake ya kwanza muhimu akiwa kwenye nafasi ya uandishi ilikuwa "Ninotchka" (1939), ikifuatiwa na "Hold Back the Dawn" (1941). Hata hivyo, alionyesha kipaji chake kikubwa zaidi alipoanza kuongoza filamu. "Double Indemnity" (1944) ni mojawapo ya filamu zake za mwanzo zilizopata sifa kubwa, ikifuatiwa na "The Lost Weekend" (1945) ambayo ilishinda tuzo ya academy kwa filamu bora na mwongozaji bora.
Wilder alikuwa na uwezo wa kuunda aina mbalimbali za filamu, kutoka kwenye filamu za noir, vichekesho, hadi maisha yanayogusa jamii. Filamu zake kama "Sunset Boulevard" (1950), "Ace in the Hole" (1951), "Stalag 17" (1953), na "Sabrina" (1954) zinaonesha utofauti wa kipaji chake na uwezo wa kuvutia watazamaji na wachambuzi.
Mafanikio yake makubwa yalikuja na filamu "Some Like It Hot" (1959), ambayo inachukuliwa kama mojawapo ya vichekesho bora zaidi katika historia ya sinema. Filamu hiyo, pamoja na "The Apartment" (1960), ilimletea sifa nyingi na tuzo za Oscar. "The Apartment" ilishinda tuzo tano za Oscar, ikiwemo filamu bora na muongozaji bora.
Wilder alifunga ndoa na Judith Coppicus mwaka 1936, na baadaye na Audrey Young mwaka 1949. Alikuwa na watoto wawili, Victoria na Vincent. Wilder alikuwa mtu mwenye urafiki na hujumuisha sana vichekesho na uhalisia wa kijamii katika kazi zake. Alikuwa na kipaji cha kuandika maandishi yenye nguvu sana.
Billy Wilder alifariki tarehe 27 Machi 2002, huko Beverly Hills, California, akiwa na umri wa miaka 95. Urithi wake unaendelea kuishi kupitia filamu zake, ambazo bado zinaendelea kuvutia watazamaji wa kizazi kipya.
Baadhi ya kazi za Billy Wilder
[hariri | hariri chanzo]| Jina la Filamu/Tamthilia | Mwaka Uliotoka | Idadi ya Tuzo | Wasanii Wakubwa Alioshirikiana Nao |
|---|---|---|---|
| Double Indemnity | 1944 | 0 | Fred MacMurray, Barbara Stanwyck |
| The Lost Weekend | 1945 | 4 | Ray Milland, Jane Wyman |
| Sunset Boulevard | 1950 | 3 | Gloria Swanson, William Holden |
| Ace in the Hole | 1951 | 0 | Kirk Douglas, Jan Sterling |
| Stalag 17 | 1953 | 1 | William Holden, Don Taylor |
| Sabrina | 1954 | 1 | Audrey Hepburn, Humphrey Bogart |
| The Seven Year Itch | 1955 | 0 | Marilyn Monroe, Tom Ewell |
| Witness for the Prosecution | 1957 | 0 | Tyrone Power, Marlene Dietrich |
| Some Like It Hot | 1959 | 1 | Marilyn Monroe, Tony Curtis |
| The Apartment | 1960 | 5 | Jack Lemmon, Shirley MacLaine |
| One, Two, Three | 1961 | 0 | James Cagney, Horst Buchholz |
| Irma la Douce | 1963 | 1 | Shirley MacLaine, Jack Lemmon |
| Kiss Me, Stupid | 1964 | 0 | Dean Martin, Kim Novak |
| The Fortune Cookie | 1966 | 1 | Jack Lemmon, Walter Matthau |
| The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes | 1970 | 0 | Robert Stephens, Colin Blakely |
| Avanti! | 1972 | 0 | Jack Lemmon, Juliet Mills |
| The Front Page | 1974 | 0 | Jack Lemmon, Walter Matthau |
| Fedora | 1978 | 0 | William Holden, Marthe Keller |
| Buddy Buddy | 1981 | 0 | Jack Lemmon, Walter Matthau |
| The Spirit of St. Louis | 1957 | 0 | James Stewart, Murray Hamilton |
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- McGilligan, P. (1999). "Billy Wilder: The Life and Times of Hollywood’s Most Influential Director." HarperCollins.
- Crowe, C. (2001). "Conversations with Billy Wilder." Knopf.
- Sikov, E. (1998). "On Sunset Boulevard: The Life and Times of Billy Wilder." Hyperion.
- Ebert, R. (2002). "Great Movies: Billy Wilder's Best Films." Chicago Sun-Times.
- Cameron, I. (1982). "The Hollywood Professionals: Billy Wilder." Tantivy Press.
- Zolotow, M. (1977). "Billy Wilder in Hollywood." G.P. Putnam’s Sons.
- Kobal, J. (1980). "Billy Wilder: In His Own Words." Viking Press.
- Chandler, C. (2004). "Nobody’s Perfect: Billy Wilder - A Personal Biography." Applause Books.
- Phillips, G. D. (2010). "Billy Wilder: Interviews." University Press of Mississippi.
- Brooks, P. (2003). "Billy Wilder, American Filmmaker." McFarland & Company.