Tazama chanzo cha Utumwa

[[File:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|thumb|Picha ya [[mvulana]] mtumwa huko [[Zanzibar]], [[1890]] hivi.]]
'''Utumwa''' ni [[mfumo]] unaotoa fursa kwa [[binadamu]] kummiliki binadamu mwenzake kama [[mali]] yake. Binadamu anayemilikiwa anakuwa na [[hadhi]] sawa na [[chombo]] au [[kifaa]] chochote kinachoweza kuuzwa.

Mfumo huu ulianza kabla ya [[uandishi]] kubuniwa, ukawa maarufu hasa kabla ya harakati za [[ukoloni]] duniani, mathalani kuanzia [[karne ya 15]], ambapo watumwa walihitajika katika shughuli za [[kilimo]] na [[uchimbaji madini]] katika sehemu mbalimbali za [[ulimwengu]], hasa [[Amerika]], ingawa katika sehemu nyingine, hasa [[Uarabuni]], walitafutwa hasa watumwa [[wanawake]] kwa ajili ya [[uasherati]].

Mfumo huu huunda ma[[tabaka]] ya "mabwana" ambao humiliki watumwa na "watwana" ambao ni watumwa wenyewe.

== Utumwa tofautitofauti ==
Katika [[historia]] zilitokea aina mbalimbali za utumwa.

Kulikuwa na utumwa wa muda (yaani mtu huwa mtumwa kwa miaka kadhaa) au kwa maisha yote.

Kulikuwa na utaratibu ambao watoto wa mtumwa walikuwa watumwa tena, hivyo kuzaliwa watumwa; kulikuwa pia na utaratibu wa kwamba watoto wa watumwa walitazamiwa kama watu huru.

Kulikuwa na [[jamii]] ambako watumwa hawakuwa na [[haki]] kabisa, yaani mabwana waliweza kuwatendea jinsi walivyotaka, hata kuwaua; lakini kulikuwa pia na jamii zilizojua haki fulani za watumwa: hapo watumwa waliweza kuwa na mali ya binafsi na kwa njia hii hata kununua [[uhuru]] wao kutoka kwa mabwana.

Watumwa katika utumishi wa watawala waliweza kupata nafasi muhimu katika jamii; mfano ni [[Wamameluki]] wa [[Misri]] waliokuwa watumwa [[wanajeshi]] wakatawala nchi hiyo kwa [[karne]] kadhaa.

== Chanzo cha utumwa ==
[[Picha:Slavery in Brazil, by Jean-Baptiste Debret (1768-1848).jpg|thumb|200px|left|Mtumwa huko [[Brazil]].]]
Chanzo cha utumwa kilikuwa mara nyingi ama [[vita]] ama ma[[deni]]. 

Vitani waliotekwa wakauzwa kama watumwa wakihesabiwa kama sehemu ya uwindo wa washindi.

Sababu kuu nyingine ilikuwa madeni ya watu waliokamatwa na kuuzwa ili madeni yalipwe kwa njia hii.

Mahitaji ya kiuchumi ya kupata watumwa wengi yalisababisha [[biashara ya watumwa]]. 

[[Uchumi]] wa [[Roma ya Kale]] ulitegemea watumwa waliokamatwa na kusafirishwa kutoka pande zote za [[mazingira]] ya [[Bahari Mediteranea]]. 

Milki za ma[[khalifa]] wa [[Uislamu]] ziliendelea kutegemea watumwa. [[Waosmani]] walichukua watoto wa [[Ukristo|Kikristo]], hasa kutoka nchi za [[Balkani]], na kuwapeleka kama watumwa katika sehemu za kusini za milki yao kama [[Misri]] walipofanya kazi kama [[wanajeshi]]. 

[[Biashara ya utumwa kupitia Bahari ya Hindi|Biashara ya Waarabu kuhusu watumwa]] ilidumu miaka 1,300, na kupeleka mamilioni ya Waafrika upande wa [[Asia]].

Mahitaji ya uchumi wa kimataifa tangu [[karne ya 15]] yalisababisha kuongezeka kwa biashara ya watumwa hasa kutoka [[Afrika]]; mamilioni walikamatwa na watawala wa milki kwenye pwani za Afrika au [[Waarabu]] na kuuzwa kwa wafanyabiashara [[Wazungu]] waliowapeleka [[Amerika]] walipohitajika kwa kazi kwenye ma[[shamba]] makubwa ya [[miwa]] na [[pamba]].

Biashara hii ilianza kupingwa zaidi tangu mwisho wa [[karne ya 18]]. [[Mkutano wa Vienna]] ([[1814]]-[[1815]]) ulikuwa mapatano ya kwanza ya kimataifa yaliyolenga kukataza biashara ya watumwa kutoka Afrika.

Hata hivyo iliendelea kwa miaka kadhaa hasa upande wa [[bahari Hindi]] ambako wanafayabiashara Waislamu kama [[Tippu Tip]] waliendelea kukamata watumwa na kuwapeleka pwani na [[Zanzibar]] kulikokuwa na [[soko la watumwa]] kubwa kuliko yote.

[[Ukoloni]] ulimaliza kwa kiasi kikubwa biashara hiyo Afrika pia, ingawa [[Mauritania]] ilifanya utumwa kuwa [[kosa la jinai]] mwaka [[2007]] tu. 

Tangu [[karne ya 20]] utumwa na pia biashara ya watumwa zimepigwa marufuku katika mapatano ya kimataifa chini ya usimamizi wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]].

Lakini miaka ya hivi karibuni imeona biashara mpya inayotumia nafasi za usairi wa kisasa; hata kama duniani hakuna utumwa kisheria tena, ni hasa [[wanawake]] na mabinti wanaouzwa kwa [[kazi haramu]] ya [[ukahaba]] kati ya nchi na nchi.

==Uislamu na utumwa==
[[Uislamu]] ulikubali utumwa, hivyo katika nchi zinazofuata [[dini]] hiyo utumwa ulichelewa zaidi kufutwa. 

Lakini Waislamu walifundishwa masharti fulani kama kuwatendea watumwa vizuri. Walifundishwa pia kwamba ni tendo jema mbele ya [[Mungu]] ([[Allah]]) kumwacha huru mtumwa.{{chanzo}}

==Ukombozi wa watumwa==
<sup>Tazama makala kuu [[Wendo wa ukomeshaji wa utumwa]]</sup>

[[File:Fathers of the Redemption.jpg|thumb|[[Watawa]] [[Wamersedari]] walijitosa kukomboa watumwa (mchoro wa mwaka [[1637]]).]]
Katika [[historia]] ndefu za utumwa, kulitokea juhudi za kukomboa waliotekwa, hasa kwa kuwanunua ili kuwaacha huru.

Kati ya [[Wakatoliki]] yalianzishwa hata mashirika maalumu ya [[utawa|kitawa]] kwa lengo hilo, kwa mfano [[Watrinitari]] na [[Wamersedari]].

==Ukristo na utumwa==
Kwa muda mrefu utumwa ulikuwa utaratibu wa kijamii katika sehemu nyingi za [[dunia]]. 

Habari za kwanza za kimaandishi juu ya [[Afrika Mashariki]] ([[karne ya 2 K.K.]]) zilisema: "wanaleta kutoka [[pwani]] ile [[ndovu]], [[dhahabu]] na watumwa". 

Kule [[Ulaya]] kuna kundi la mataifa linaloitwa tangu zamani "[[Waslavi]]" (kama vile [[Warusi]], [[Wapolandi]], [[Waserbia]] n.k.). Kumbe neno "slavi" kiasili linamaanisha "watumwa": watu wa mataifa yale walikamatwa zamani na kuuzwa kama watumwa katika sehemu nyingine za Ulaya, [[Asia]] na pia [[Afrika Kaskazini]]. 
					
Hali hiyo ni mbaya sana, hailingani kabisa na [[utu]] na [[heshima]] ya kibinadamu, wala haipatani na [[Ukristo]] unaokiri na kulenga [[udugu]] wa watu wote. Lakini watu walioishi zamani katika mazingira yenye utumwa walikuwa wamezoea hali hiyo.
					
Habari za watumwa tunaweza kuzisoma hata katika [[Biblia]]. Ilikuwa jambo la kawaida katika mazingira ya [[Israeli ya Kale]]. Mtu aliweza kukamatwa na kuuzwa utumwani ili kulipia madeni yake. Mara nyingi watumwa walikuwa watu waliokamatwa vitani. Kwa mfano wakazi wote wa [[Yerusalemu]] walifanywa watumwa baada ya [[mji]] huo kutekwa na [[wanajeshi]] [[Roma ya Kale|Waroma]] mwaka [[70]] [[B.K.]] Wakati wa Biblia [[asilimia]] 20 hivi za wakazi wa [[Dola la Roma]] walikuwa watumwa. Lakini katika nchi ya Israeli hali ilikuwa tofauti. [[Torati|Sheria]] ya [[Musa]] ilimwacha mtumwa awe huru baada ya miaka 7 ([[Kut]] 21:2). Kwa sababu hiyo hawakuwapo watumwa wengi katika Israeli. Labda ndiyo sababu [[Yesu]] hakufundisha juu ya utumwa kwani walikuwa wachache sana katika mazingira yake.
					
[[Mtume Paulo]] aliishi zaidi nje ya eneo la Israeli. Katika miji mikubwa kama [[Antiokia]], [[Korintho]], [[Efeso]] au [[Roma]] watumwa walikuwa wengi. Paulo alifundisha ni [[wajibu]] wa mabwana Wakristo kuwatendea watumwa wao vizuri. Kwa nini hakupinga utumwa? 

Wataalamu wengi hudhani kwamba Paulo alitegemea [[Ujio wa pili|kurudi kwake Yesu]] na [[mwisho wa dunia]] kuwa karibu sana, hivyo hakuona umuhimu wa kubadilisha taratibu za kijamii. Lakini alisititiza kwamba ndani ya [[Kanisa]] ni marufuku kutofautisha kati ya watumwa na walio huru. Ukristo uliweza kuvuta watumwa wengi, kwani uliwakubali kuwa binadamu wenye utu na heshima kamili. Wapinzani wa Ukristo waliuita "Dini ya watumwa". Walau mtumwa mmoja alichaguliwa kuwa [[Askofu]] wa [[Kanisa la Roma|Roma]]. [[Kanisa Katoliki]] linamkumbuka kama [[Mtakatifu]] [[Papa Kalisti I]]. 
					
Baada ya uenezaji wa Ukristo utumwa ulipungua sana Ulaya. Vilevile walimu wengi Wakristo walipinga utumwa wenyewe. Hatimaye mabadiliko ya [[uchumi]] yaliondoa [[faida]] ya kutumia watumwa. 
						
Hali hii ilibadilika baada ya kuanzishwa kwa [[ukoloni]] Amerika. [[Wareno]] na [[Wahispania]] walioteka nchi za huko walivutwa na [[tamaa]] ya dhahabu.

Mataifa ya Ulaya yalipeleka ng'ambo mara kwa mara wafungwa wao kwa nia ya kusafisha [[jamii]] zao na kupunguza [[gharama]] za [[gereza|magereza]]. Watu waliona kule mbali hawawezi kusababisha hasara. Kumbe hawakujali hali ya wenyeji walioteswa na wale wakorofi walioona nafasi ya kujitajirisha.

Hata [[afisa|maafisa]] wa [[serikali]] za kikoloni walishindwa kuwadhibiti vizuri kwani waliwategemea katika kuwatawala wenyeji ambao hawakunyamaza kwa [[hiari]]. Ndipo [[wamisionari]] walipojitahidi kupambana na ukorofi uliokuwepo, lakini kiasi: jinsi [[mapato]] kutoka makoloni yalivyokuwa muhimu kwa makisio ya serikali za Ulaya, haikuwa rahisi kupambana na [[unyonyaji]] katika [[koloni|makoloni]] ya mbali.
					
Kanisa Katoliki halikukubali rasmi biashara ya watumwa, lakini Mapapa waliona hawana nguvu ya kuizuia. Walijaribu zaidi kuweka masharti jinsi ya kuwatendea watumwa. Mataifa kadhaa yalifuata mafundisho ya Kanisa: k.mf. [[Hispania]] na [[Ufaransa]] zilikataa kuwa na [[soko]] la watumwa lakini zilifunga macho [[raia]] wao wakiendesha biashara hiyo nje ya mipaka yao. Wengine kama Wareno hawakuona tatizo kufanya biashara hiyo. 

Watumwa wa kwanza kutoka [[Afrika]] waliingia [[Ureno]] wakati [[Mfalme]] wa Ureno alipokubali kupokea kutoka kwa [[Waarabu]] wa [[Moroko]] watumwa kadhaa kama malipo ya madeni. [[Wapelelezi]] Wareno walioanza kuzunguka pwani za Afrika walileta tena na tena wafungwa kama watumwa. Lakini mpaka wakati ule walikuwa wachache kwani Ulaya soko lilikuwa dogo.

Kumbe baada ya kuanzishwa kwa makoloni Amerika watumwa walitafutwa sana kwa ajili ya kulima mashamba makubwa na kuchimba [[madini]] kule. Hivyo ukoloni Amerika ulisababisha kukua kwa mahitaji ya watumwa. 

Hapo utaratibu wa kale wa utumwa ulipanuka kuwa mbaya sana kuliko awali. Milioni nyingi za Waafrika waliuawa katika [[vita]] vya kukamata watumwa na nyingine nyingi wakapelekwa wamefungwa kule Amerika katika hali ya kutisha.
					
Vurugu iliyoharibu jamii nyingi za Kiafrika ndiyo iliyosababisha vilevile uharibifu wa [[misheni]] za Kikristo katika [[Karne ya 16|karne za 16]]-[[Karne ya 18|18]]. Uharibifu wa taratibu za kijamii ulikuwa mbaya zaidi katika maeneo ya pwani yaani kulekule walipoingia wamisionari. 

Si ajabu kwamba [[Waafrika]] wengi walishindwa kutambua tofauti kati ya wamisionari Wareno na [[wafanyabiashara]] ya watumwa kutoka [[taifa]] lilelile. Hali ilikuwa mbaya zaidi wamisionari wenyewe walipojiingiza katika mambo ya utumwa kama walivyofanya wengine. 

Kwa jumla ni aibu kubwa kwamba Wakristo wengi walitumia muda mrefu mno kutambua kwamba Ukristo na utumwa havipatani.
					
Mwanzoni awamu mpya ya utumwa haikuonekana kwa watu wengi kule Ulaya, maana uliendeshwa hasa Afrika na Amerika. Lakini habari zake zilienea. Mara walijitokeza waliopinga utumwa au waliojaribu kupunguza nguvu yake. Lakini wakati ule katika nchi mbalimbali za Ulaya hata [[wakulima]] wengi hawakuwa huru kweli (ingawa si watumwa). 

Katika [[karne ya 17]] kule [[Uingereza]] Wakristo wa [[madhehebu]] ya "Marafiki" (waliitwa pia "[[Quakers]]") waliamua kwamba utumwa haupatani na Ukristo, hivyo mwenye watumwa anajitenga nayo. Polepole wengine wakaunga mkono hoja hiyo hata likajitokeza [[tapo]] la kufuta utumwa.

Wakristo wa tapo hilo walimshtaki Mwingereza [[mlowezi]] katika [[Visiwa]] vya [[Karibi]] aliyetembelea Uingereza akiwa na mtumwa. Mwaka [[1772]] [[hakimu]] aliamua si halali kuwa na watumwa katika nchi hiyo. 

Wapinzani wa utumwa wakaendelea kusukuma [[Bunge la Uingereza]]. Lakini ma[[tajiri]] wa [[Liverpool]] (waliofaidika na utumwa kama wenye [[meli]] au kwa sababu waliendesha biashara ya watumwa wenyewe) walitetea vikali hali halisi. Katika [[karne ya 19]] polepole utumwa na biashara ya watumwa vilikomeshwa katika sehemu nyingi za dunia.
					
Mtawanyiko ndani ya Kanisa ulikuwa jambo wa kusikitisha sana. Kumbe hapa tumepata mfano jinsi Mungu alivyotumia vikundi vidogovidogo kuelimisha Wakristo wote. Maana madhehebu makubwa yalikosa nguvu ya kupinga vikali utumwa kwa kuwa karibu mno na serikali, tena matajiri. Ni Wakristo wa madhehebu madogo kama Marafiki au [[Wamethodisti]] waliotangulia na kusaidia Wakatoliki, [[Waanglikana]] na [[Wareformati]] kutambua ukweli.
					
Hali nyingine iliyosaidia kukomesha utumwa ni mabadiliko ya uchumi. Umuhimu wa kazi ya watumwa ulipungua sana kutokana na njia mpya za kuzalisha mali. Si tena wafanyabiashara ya "[[Biashara ya utumwa kupitia Atlantiki|Biashara kati ya Amerika, Ulaya na Afrika]]" (Triangular trade) waliokuwa na [[pesa]] nyingi (hivyo na athari pia) katika jamii ya Uingereza. Waliopata uzito zaidi ni ma[[bepari]] ambao waliendesha [[viwanda]] wakitumia wafanyakazi huru na si watumwa. Hivyo [[ubepari]] ulibadilisha mkazo ndani ya jamii mbalimbali.

==Tazama pia==
* [[Ukomeshaji wa Biashara ya Watumwa]]
* [[Sarah Baartman]]
* [[Suema Akumboke]]
* [[Yosefina Bakhita]]

==Marejeo==
===Ya jumla===
* Bales, Kevin, ''Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy'' (1999)
* Campbell, Gwyn, Suzanne Miers, and Joseph C. Miller, eds. ''Women and Slavery. Volume 1: Africa, the Indian Ocean World, and the Medieval Atlantic''; ''Women and Slavery. Volume 2: The Modern Atlantic'' (2007)
* {{cite encyclopedia |last= Davies |first= Stephen |authorlink= |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |title= Slavery, World |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC  |accessdate= |edition= |year=2008 |publisher= [[SAGE Publications|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |id= |isbn= 978-1-4129-6580-4 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |pages=464–9 |quote= |ref= }}
* Davis, David Brion. ''The Problem of Slavery in the Age of Revolution, 1770-1823'' (1999)
* Davis, David Brion. ''[[The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture]]'' (1988)
* Drescher, Seymour. ''Abolition: A History of Slavery and Antislavery'' (2009) highly regarded history of slavery and its abolition, worldwide
* Finkelman, Paul, ed. ''Encyclopedia of Slavery'' (1999)
* Gordon, M. ''Slavery in the Arab World'' (1989)
* Greene, Jacqueline. ''Slavery in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia'', (2001), ISBN 0-531-16538-8
* Joseph, Celucien L. Race, Religion, and The Haitian Revolution: Essays on Faith, Freedom, and Decolonization (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2012)
* Joseph, Celucien L. From Toussaint to Price-Mars: Rhetoric, Race, and Religion in Haitian Thought (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013)
* {{cite web |author=[[K. S. Lal|Lal, K. S.]] |url=http://www.voi.org/books/mssmi/ |title=Muslim Slave System in Medieval India |year=1994 |isbn=81-85689-67-9 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512073030/http://voi.org/books/mssmi/ |archivedate=2008-05-12}}
* Miers, Suzanne, and Igor Kopytoff, eds. ''Slavery In Africa: Historical & Anthropological Perspectives'' (1979)
* Morgan, Kenneth. ''Slavery and the British Empire: From Africa to America'' (2008)
* Postma, Johannes. ''The Atlantic Slave Trade'', (2003)
* Rodriguez, Junius P., ed., ''The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery'' (1997)
* Rodriguez, Junius P., ed. ''Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia'' (2007)
* [[Robert Carl-Heinz Shell|Shell, Robert Carl-Heinz]] ''Children Of Bondage: A Social History Of The Slave Society At The Cape Of Good Hope, 1652–1813'' (1994)
* Westermann, William Linn  ''The Slave Systems of Greek and Roman Antiquity'' (1955), ISBN 0-87169-040-3

; Vyanzo visivyotajwa
* Hogendorn, Jan and Johnson Marion: The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. African Studies Series 49, [[Cambridge University Press]], Cambridge, 1986.
* ''The Slavery Reader'', ed. by Rigas Doganis, Gad Heuman, James Walvin, Routledge 2003

; Marekani
* [[Edward E. Baptist|Baptist, Edward E.]] ''The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism.'' Basic Books (2014). ISBN 046500296X
* Berlin, Ira. ''Many Thousands Gone: The First Two Centuries of Slavery in North America'' (1999), most important recent survey
* Blackmon, Douglas A. ''Slavery by Another Name: The Re-Enslavement of Black Americans from the Civil War to World War II'' Doubleday (March 23, 2008), ISBN 0-385-50625-2 ISBN 978-0-385-50625-0
* Boles, John. ''Black Southerners: 1619–1869'' (1983) brief survey
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=25779117 Engerman, Stanley L. ''Terms of Labor: Slavery, Serfdom, and Free Labor'' (1999)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=25779117 |date=20120625071233 }}
* [[Eugene D. Genovese|Genovese Eugene D.]] ''Roll, Jordan Roll'' (1974), classic study
** Richard H. King, "Marxism and the Slave South", ''American Quarterly'' 29 (1977), 117–31, a critique of Genovese
* {{cite web |last=Mintz |first=S. |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm |title=Slavery Facts & Myths |work=Digital History |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061106053657/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm |archivedate=2006-11-06}}
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6641514 Parish, Peter J. ''Slavery: History and Historians'' (1989)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=6641514 |date=20120525054948 }}
* [[Ulrich Bonnell Phillips|Phillips, Ulrich B.]] ''American Negro Slavery: A Survey of the Supply, Employment and Control of Negro Labor as Determined by the Plantation Regime'' (1918; paperback reprint 1966), southern white perspective
* Phillips, Ulrich B. ''Life and Labor in the Old South'' (1929)
* Sellers, James B. ''Slavery in Alabama'' (1950).
* Sydnor, Charles S. ''Slavery in Mississippi'' (1933)
* Stamp, Kenneth M. ''The Peculiar Institution: Slavery in the Ante-Bellum South'' (1956), a rebuttal of U B Philipps
* {{cite encyclopedia |last= Trenchard |first= David |authorlink= |editor-first=Ronald |editor-last=Hamowy |editor-link=Ronald Hamowy |encyclopedia=The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism |title= Slavery in America |url= http://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC  |accessdate= |edition= |year=2008 |publisher= [[SAGE Publications|SAGE]]; [[Cato Institute]] |location= Thousand Oaks, CA |id= |isbn= 978-1-4129-6580-4 |oclc=750831024| lccn = 2008009151 |pages=469–70 |quote= |ref= }}
* [http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105900244 Vorenberg, Michael. ''Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment'' (2001)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=105900244 |date=20120525054940 }}
* Weinstein, Allen, Frank O. Gatell, and Lewis Sarasohn, eds., ''American Negro Slavery: A Modern Reader'', third ed. (1978)

; Nyakati zetu
* Jesse Sage and Liora Kasten, ''Enslaved: True Stories of Modern Day Slavery'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2008 ISBN 978-1-4039-7493-8
* Tom Brass, Marcel van der Linden, and Jan Lucassen, ''Free and Unfree Labour''. Amsterdam: International Institute for Social History, 1993
* Tom Brass, ''Towards a Comparative Political Economy of Unfree Labour: Case Studies and Debates'', London and Portland, OR: Frank Cass Publishers, 1999. 400 pages.
* Tom Brass and Marcel van der Linden, eds., ''Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues'', Bern: Peter Lang AG, 1997. 600 pages. A volume containing contributions by all the most important writers on modern forms of unfree labour.
* Kevin Bales, ''Disposable People. New Slavery in the Global Economy'', Revised Edition, [[University of California Press]] 2004, ISBN 0-520-24384-6
* Kevin Bales (ed.), ''Understanding Global Slavery Today. A Reader'', University of California Press 2005, ISBN 0-520-24507-5
* Kevin Bales, ''Ending Slavery: How We Free Today's Slaves'', University of California Press 2007, ISBN 978-0-520-25470-1.
* Mende Nazer and Damien Lewis, ''Slave: My True Story'', ISBN 1-58648-212-2. Mende is a [[Nuba]], captured at 12 years old. She was granted [[Right of asylum|political asylum]] by the [[Government of the United Kingdom|British government]] in 2003.
* Gary Craig, Aline Gaus, Mick Wilkinson, Klara Skrivankova and Aidan McQ&shy; e (2007). [http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/2016-contemporary-slavery-UK.pdf Contemporary slavery in the UK: Overview and key issues] {{Wayback|url=http://www.jrf.org.uk/bookshop/eBooks/2016-contemporary-slavery-UK.pdf |date=20070614012656 }}, [[Rowntree trusts|Joseph Rowntree Foundation]]. ISBN 978-1-85935-573-2.
* David Hawk, ''[http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf The Hidden Gulag - Slave Labor Camps in North Korea] {{Wayback|url=http://www.hrnk.org/uploads/pdfs/HRNK_HiddenGulag2_Web_5-18.pdf |date=20150313045221 }}'', Washington DC: Committee for Human Rights in North Korea, 2012, ISBN 0-615-62367-0
* [http://www.somalymamfoundation.org/ Somaly Mam Foundation] {{Wayback|url=http://www.somalymamfoundation.org/ |date=20170208134138 }}
* Thomas Sowell, ''The Real History of Slavery'', in: ''Black Rednecks and White Liberals'', San Francisco: Encounter Books, 2005. ISBN 978-1-59403-086-4.

==Viungo vya nje==
{{commonscat|Slavery|Utumwa}}
===Zamani===
* [http://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/slavery/ Slavery Resource Guide, from the Library of Congress]
* [http://library.uncg.edu/slavery/ Digital Library on American Slavery] {{Wayback|url=http://library.uncg.edu/slavery/ |date=20140903122312 }}
* [http://www.africanholocaust.net/ African Holocaust]
* [http://www.marial.emory.edu/exhibitions/dream/intro.html Emory and Oxford College] {{Wayback|url=http://www.marial.emory.edu/exhibitions/dream/intro.html |date=20110718224733 }}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm |title=Slavery Fact Sheets |work=Digital History |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209215003/http://www.digitalhistory.uh.edu/historyonline/slav_fact.cfm |archivedate=2014-02-09}}
* [http://www.pdavis.nl/Background.htm#WAS The West African Sqron and slave trade]
* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/ Slavery – PBS]
* [http://school.discoveryeducation.com/schooladventures/slavery/ Understanding Slavery] {{Wayback|url=http://school.discoveryeducation.com/schooladventures/slavery/ |date=20100326073920 }}
* [http://www.history.com/topics/slavery Slavery]
* http://www.ull.ac.uk/specialcollections/archives/slaveryarchivesources.shtml Archives on slavery held by the University of London] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20110105064224/http://www.ull.ac.uk/specialcollections/archives/slaveryarchivesources.shtml archive])
* [http://www.archieven.nl/nl/zoeken?miview=inv2&mivast=0&mizig=210&miadt=239&micode=20&milang=nl#inv3t0 Archives of the Middelburgsche Commercie Compagnie (MCC) 'Trade Company of Middelburg'] (Inventory of the archives of the Dutch slave trade across the Atlantic)

===Nyakati zetu===
* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/ Slavery – PBS]
* [http://www.globalslaveryindex.org/ Walk Free Foundation – Global Slavery Index 2013 | Explore the Index]
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