Tazama chanzo cha Ukoma

[[Picha:Tropmed-91-216-g001.jpg|thumbnail|right|200px| Ukoma]]

{{Infobox disease
| Name            = Ukoma
| Image           = Bundesarchiv Bild 105-DOA0778, Deutsch-Ostafrika, Gruppe von Aussätzigen.jpg
| Caption         = Wagonjwa wa ukoma
| field           = [[Infectious disease]]
| DiseasesDB      = 8478
| ICD10           = {{ICD10|A|30||a|30}}
| ICD9            = {{ICD9|030}}
| ICDO            =
| OMIM            = 246300
| MedlinePlus     = 001347
| eMedicineSubj   = med
| eMedicineTopic  = 1281
| eMedicine_mult  = {{eMedicine2|derm|223}} {{eMedicine2|neuro|187}}
| MeshID          = D007918
}}
'''Ukoma''' (pia '''ugonjwa wa Hansen'''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: [[w:Leprosy|leprosy]]) ni [[ugonjwa wa kuambukiza]] wa kudumu  unaosababishwa na [[bakteria]] ''[[Mycobacterium leprae]]'' na ''[[Mycobacterium lepromatosis|M. lepromatosis]]'' <ref><name=New2008>{{cite web | url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081124141047.htm | title=New Leprosy Bacterium: Scientists Use Genetic Fingerprint To Nail 'Killing Organism'|work=ScienceDaily | date=2008-11-28 | accessdate=2010-01-31}}</ref> <ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Leprosy Fact sheet N°101|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs101/en/|work=World Health Organization|date=Jan 2014}}</ref>.

Baada ya [[ambukizo]] kuna kipindi ambapo [[mgonjwa]] hana [[dalili]] za ukoma. Kipindi hicho bila dalili kinaweza kuendelea hadi miaka 5 au hata miaka 20<ref name=WHO2014>{{cite web|title=Leprosy Fact sheet}}</ref>. Dalili zinazoonekana ni kwa mfano vidonge vya chembe vya [[neva]], vya [[mfumo wa upumuaji]], vya [[ngozi]] na vya [[jicho|macho]] <ref name=WHO2014/>.

Wakati dalili zinapoanza kuonekana mgonjwa hasikii tena [[baridi]], [[joto]] wala [[maumivu]]. Kwa hiyo hatambui kirahisi kama amepata [[jeraha]]. Vidonda vinavyotokea haviumi na [[uchafu]] pamoja na bakteria hatari zinaingia mwilini. Hivyo vidonda vinaweza kuwa vikubwa zaidi kwa sababu havitibiwi au vinachelewa kutibiwa. Ndiyo sababu pengine wakoma wanapotea [[viungo]] vya [[mwili]] kama [[vidole]] na hata [[mguu]] au [[mkono]] kutokana na majeruhi yanayorudiarudia.<ref name=Aka2012/>

[[Udhaifu]] pamoja na macho kutoona vyema pia yanamwathiri mgonjwa.<ref name=Aka2012/> 

==Uaguaji==
Aina mbili za [[maradhi]] zinatambulika kutokana na idadi ya bakteria zilizopo: “paucibacillary” na “multibacillary.”<ref name=Aka2012/> Aina hizo mbili zinatofautishwa na kiasi cha alama zenye [[ganzi]], na “hypopigmintation” [[ukosefu wa rangi ngozini]], huku hali ya “paucibacillary” kuwa na kiasi kisichozidi tano, hali ya “multibacillary” kuwa na zaidi ya tano. <ref name=Aka2012/>  

Uaguaji unathibitishwa na “acid-fast bacilli” kuwepo katika [[biopsi]] ya [[ngozi]] au kutokana na utambulisho wa [[DNA]] kwa “polymerase chain reaction”.<ref name=Aka2012/> 

Maradhi hayo hutokea zaidi miongoni mwa watu [[maskini]] yanaaminika kuambukiza kwa kupelekwa na matone ya [[upumuo]]. <ref name=Aka2012/> Ukali wake kuambukiza ni ndogo.<ref name=Aka2012/>

==Matibabu na uenezi==
Ukoma unapona kutokana na [[matibabu]].<ref name=WHO2014/> Ukoma wa “paucibacillary” unatibika kwa [[dawa]] za “dapsone” na “rifampicin” kwa muda wa miezi 6.<ref name=Aka2012/> Ukoma wa “multibacillary” unatibika kwa dawa za “rifampicin”, “dapsone”, na “clofazimine” kwa muda wa miezi 12.<ref name=Aka2012/> [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]]<ref name=WHO2014/> hutoa dawa hizo bure. Baadhi ya [[antibiotiki]] zinaweza kutumika.  

Katika [[dunia]] nzima [[mwaka]] wa [[2012]], idadi ya wagonjwa wa ukoma wa muda mrefu ilikuwa 189,000 huku idadi ya wagonjwa waliougua katika muda mfupi wa mwaka huo ilikuwa 230,000.<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=WHOEpi2012/> Idadi ya wagonjwa waliokuwa na ukoma kwa muda mrefu ilipunguka kutoka takriban milioni 5.2 kwenye [[miaka ya 1980]].<ref name=WHO2014/><ref name=WHOEpi2012>{{cite journal | author =  | title = Global leprosy situation, 2012 | journal = Wkly. Epidemiol. Rec. | volume = 87 | issue = 34 | pages = 317–28 | date = August 2012 | pmid = 22919737 | doi =  | url =  }}</ref><ref name=Rod2011>{{cite journal | author = Rodrigues LC, Lockwood DNj | title = Leprosy now: epidemiology, progress, challenges, and research gaps. | journal = The Lancet infectious diseases | volume = 11 | issue = 6 | pages = 464–70 | date = June 2011 | pmid = 21616456 | doi = 10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70006-8 }}</ref> 

Takriban wagonjwa wote wapya wanaishi katika nchi 16, [[India]] ikiwa na zaidi ya nusu ya wakoma wote.<ref name=Aka2012/>

Katika muda wa miaka 20, milioni 16 katika dunia nzima walipona ukoma.

== Historia, jamii, na utamaduni ==
Ukoma umeathiri [[binadamu]] tangu miaka [[elfu]] nyingi zilizopita.<ref name=Aka2012/>  Maradhi hayo yamepata [[jina]] lake kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kilatini]] ''lepra'', maana yake ni mwenye [[gamba]] kwenye ngozi. Jina la “maradhi ya Hansen” linatokana na jina la [[daktari]] [[Gerhard Armauer Hansen]].<ref name=Aka2012>{{cite journal | author = Suzuki K, Akama T, Kawashima A, Yoshihara A, Yotsu RR, Ishii N | title = Current status of leprosy: epidemiology, basic science and clinical perspectives. | journal = The Journal of dermatology | volume = 39 | issue = 2 | pages = 121–9 | date = February 2012 | pmid = 21973237 | doi = 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01370.x }}</ref> <ref name=Leprosy>{{cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/6510503.stm | author=Walsh F |title=The hidden suffering of India's lepers |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-03-31}}</ref>
 
==Unyanyapaa==
Kutenga wagonjwa katika makambi ya wakoma bado kunatokea. Katika nchi kama India makambi hayo yapata zaidi ya elfu.  Pia [[China]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=117&art_id=qw1158139440409B243 |title=Ignorance breeds leper colonies in China |author=Lyn TE |publisher=Independat News & Media |date=2006-09-13 |accessdate=2010-01-31 |archivedate=2010-04-08 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408075048/http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=117&art_id=qw1158139440409B243 }}</ref> <ref name=Byr2008>{{cite book|last=Byrne|first=Joseph P.|title=Encyclopedia of pestilence, pandemics, and plagues|year=2008|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=Westport, Conn.[u.a.]|isbn=9780313341021|page=351|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=5Pvi-ksuKFIC&pg=PA351}}</ref> <ref name=Byr2008/>  
yako yapata [[mia]] kadhaa, na [[Afrika]]. Hata hivyo, takriban makambi yote yamefungwa. Ukoma umewatambulisha wagonjwa wake kubaguliwa tangu muda wa karibu [[historia]] yote uliyo nayo ugonjwa. [[Ubaguzi]] huo bado ni kizuio cha [[fedheha]] ambacho kinahamasisha wagonjwa kujificha na kukosa matibabu mapema. 

“[[Siku ya Ukoma Duniani]]” ilianzishwa mwaka wa [[1954]] kuwatambulisha wagonjwa hao wafahamike na kujulikana kama binadamu wanaostahili [[heshima]] na fursa ya kuchangia jamii kwa vipaji vyao.<ref>{{cite book|last=McMenamin|first=Dorothy|title=Leprosy and stigma in the South Pacific : a region-by-region history with first person accounts|year=2011|publisher=McFarland|location=Jefferson, N.C.|isbn=9780786463237|page=17|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=lZPvQTJ8SE0C&pg=PA17}}</ref>

== Marejeo ==
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{{mbegu}}

[[Jamii:Magonjwa ya bakteria‎]]