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Uambukizo wa chawa kichwani

Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
Uambukizo wa chawa kichwani
Head lice infestation (pediculosis capitis)
Mwainisho na taarifa za nje
Kundi MaalumuInfectious diseases Edit this on Wikidata
ICD-10B85.0
DiseasesDB9725
MedlinePlus000840
eMedicinemed/1769
MeSHD010373

Uambukizo wa chawa kichwani (pia inajulikana kama pediculosiscapitis,[1] mayai ya chawa,[2] au chawa[3]) ni maambukizi ya nywele ya kichwa na skalpu na chawa wa kichwa (Pediculus humanus capitis).[4] mwasho kutokana na kuumwa na chawa ni ya kawaida.[5] Wakati wa maambukizi ya kwanza ya mtu, mwasho inaweza kukosa kutokea hadi wiki sita.[5] Ikiwa mtu ataambukizwa tena, dalili zinaweza kuanza tena haraka.[5] Mwasho unaweza kusababisha matatizo ya kulala.[6] Kwa kawaida, hata hivyo, sio hali iliyo hatari sana.[7] Ilhali chawa inaonekana kusambaza magonjwa mengine nchini Afrika, hawaonekani kufanya hivyo barani Ulaya au Amerika Kaskazini.[4][6]

Kisababishi na utambuzi

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Chawa husamabazwa kwa kugusana moja kwa moja na nywele ya mtu aliyeambukizwa.[6] Kisababishi cha uambukizo wa chawa kichwani haihusiani na hali ya usafi.[5] Wanyama wengine, kama vile paka na mbwa, hawachangi usambazaji.[6] Chawa hula tu damu ya binadamu na wanaweza kuhisi tu kwa nywele ya binadamu.[4][5] Wakiwa wakubwa, wako na urefu wa karibu milimita 2 hadi 3.[8] Wakati hawako kwa binadamu hawawezi kuhisi zaidi ya siku tatu.[5] Binadamu anaweza pia kuambukizwa aina mbili za chawa – chawa wa mwili na chawa wa sehemu za jenitalia. Ili kufanya utambuzi, ni lazima chawa aliyehai apatikane.[5] Ukitumia kichana inaweza kusaidia kupata.[5] Makaka ya mayai yaliyowazi (inajulikana kama mayai ya chawa) hayatoshi kwa utambuzi.[5]

Matibabu

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Uwezekano wa matibabu inajumuisha: kuchana nywele kila wakati na kichana kizuri au kunyoa kichwa kabisa. Baadhi ya matibabu yajuu ya mwili ni salama pia, ikiwemo malathion, invermectin, na dimeticone.[7] Dimeticone, ambayo ni mafuta ya silicone, hupendelewa sana kwa sababu ya athari ya chini.[7] Pyrethroidkama vile permethrin yametumiwa sana; hata hivyo, yamekuwa na faida ya chini kwa sababu ya ongezeko la pingamizi.[7] Hii ni ushahidi kidogo wa dawa mbadala.[9]

Epidemiolojia, historia, jamii na utamaduni

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-Maambukizi ya kichwa ya chawa ni kawaida, haswa kwa watoto.[5] Barani Ulaya, wanaambukiza kati ya asilimia 1 na 20 ya vikundi tofauti ya watu.[4] Nchini Marekani, kati ya watoto milioni 6 hadi 12 wanaambukizwa kwa mwaka.[6] Hutokea mara nyingi kwa wasichana kuliko wavulana.[5] Imependekezwa kihistoria, kuwa maambukizi ya kichwa na chawa ilikuwa na manufaa, walipokuwa wanazuia dhidi ya chawa wa mwili walio hatari zaidi.[10] Maambukizi inaweza kusababisha unyanyapaa kwa watu walioambukizwa.[5]

Marejeleo

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  1. Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. "How to treat nits". nhs.uk. 2012-09-14. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 Oktoba 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  3. "cootie". http://dictionary.reference.com/. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 Oktoba 2014. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  4. 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Feldmeier, H (Sep 2012). "Pediculosis capitis: new insights into epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 31 (9): 2105–10. doi:10.1007/s10096-012-1575-0. PMID 22382818.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  5. 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 Smith, CH; Goldman, RD (Ago 2012). "An incurable itch: head lice". Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien. 58 (8): 839–41. PMID 22893334.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Parasites - Lice - Head Lice Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)". cdc.gov. Septemba 24, 2013. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 Oktoba 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Head lice. Dimeticone ni chaguo la pediculicide". Prescrire Int. 151 (23): 187–90. Julai 2014. PMID 25162097.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  8. "Parasites - Lice - Head Lice". cdc.gov. Septemba 24, 2013. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 Oktoba 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  9. Takano-Lee M, Edman JD, Mullens BA, Clark JM (Desemba 2004). "Home remedies to control head lice: assessment of home remedies to control the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)". Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 19 (6): 393–8. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2004.11.002. PMID 15637580.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. Rózsa, L; Apari, P (Mei 2012). "Why infest the loved ones--inherent human behaviour indicates former mutualism with head lice". Parasitology. 139 (6): 696–700. doi:10.1017/S0031182012000017. PMID 22309598.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)