Uambukizo wa chawa kichwani
Head lice infestation (pediculosis capitis) | |
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Mwainisho na taarifa za nje | |
Kundi Maalumu | Infectious diseases |
ICD-10 | B85.0 |
DiseasesDB | 9725 |
MedlinePlus | 000840 |
eMedicine | med/1769 |
MeSH | D010373 |
Uambukizo wa chawa kichwani (pia inajulikana kama pediculosiscapitis,[1] mayai ya chawa,[2] au chawa[3]) ni maambukizi ya nywele ya kichwa na skalpu na chawa wa kichwa (Pediculus humanus capitis).[4] mwasho kutokana na kuumwa na chawa ni ya kawaida.[5] Wakati wa maambukizi ya kwanza ya mtu, mwasho inaweza kukosa kutokea hadi wiki sita.[5] Ikiwa mtu ataambukizwa tena, dalili zinaweza kuanza tena haraka.[5] Mwasho unaweza kusababisha matatizo ya kulala.[6] Kwa kawaida, hata hivyo, sio hali iliyo hatari sana.[7] Ilhali chawa inaonekana kusambaza magonjwa mengine nchini Afrika, hawaonekani kufanya hivyo barani Ulaya au Amerika Kaskazini.[4][6]
Kisababishi na utambuzi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Chawa husamabazwa kwa kugusana moja kwa moja na nywele ya mtu aliyeambukizwa.[6] Kisababishi cha uambukizo wa chawa kichwani haihusiani na hali ya usafi.[5] Wanyama wengine, kama vile paka na mbwa, hawachangi usambazaji.[6] Chawa hula tu damu ya binadamu na wanaweza kuhisi tu kwa nywele ya binadamu.[4][5] Wakiwa wakubwa, wako na urefu wa karibu milimita 2 hadi 3.[8] Wakati hawako kwa binadamu hawawezi kuhisi zaidi ya siku tatu.[5] Binadamu anaweza pia kuambukizwa aina mbili za chawa – chawa wa mwili na chawa wa sehemu za jenitalia. Ili kufanya utambuzi, ni lazima chawa aliyehai apatikane.[5] Ukitumia kichana inaweza kusaidia kupata.[5] Makaka ya mayai yaliyowazi (inajulikana kama mayai ya chawa) hayatoshi kwa utambuzi.[5]
Matibabu
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Uwezekano wa matibabu inajumuisha: kuchana nywele kila wakati na kichana kizuri au kunyoa kichwa kabisa. Baadhi ya matibabu yajuu ya mwili ni salama pia, ikiwemo malathion, invermectin, na dimeticone.[7] Dimeticone, ambayo ni mafuta ya silicone, hupendelewa sana kwa sababu ya athari ya chini.[7] Pyrethroidkama vile permethrin yametumiwa sana; hata hivyo, yamekuwa na faida ya chini kwa sababu ya ongezeko la pingamizi.[7] Hii ni ushahidi kidogo wa dawa mbadala.[9]
Epidemiolojia, historia, jamii na utamaduni
[hariri | hariri chanzo]-Maambukizi ya kichwa ya chawa ni kawaida, haswa kwa watoto.[5] Barani Ulaya, wanaambukiza kati ya asilimia 1 na 20 ya vikundi tofauti ya watu.[4] Nchini Marekani, kati ya watoto milioni 6 hadi 12 wanaambukizwa kwa mwaka.[6] Hutokea mara nyingi kwa wasichana kuliko wavulana.[5] Imependekezwa kihistoria, kuwa maambukizi ya kichwa na chawa ilikuwa na manufaa, walipokuwa wanazuia dhidi ya chawa wa mwili walio hatari zaidi.[10] Maambukizi inaweza kusababisha unyanyapaa kwa watu walioambukizwa.[5]
Marejeleo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0.
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: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ "How to treat nits". nhs.uk. 2012-09-14. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 Oktoba 2014.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "cootie". http://dictionary.reference.com/. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 Oktoba 2014.
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: External link in
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- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Feldmeier, H (Sep 2012). "Pediculosis capitis: new insights into epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases. 31 (9): 2105–10. doi:10.1007/s10096-012-1575-0. PMID 22382818.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 Smith, CH; Goldman, RD (Ago 2012). "An incurable itch: head lice". Canadian family physician Medecin de famille canadien. 58 (8): 839–41. PMID 22893334.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Parasites - Lice - Head Lice Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)". cdc.gov. Septemba 24, 2013. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 Oktoba 2014.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Head lice. Dimeticone ni chaguo la pediculicide". Prescrire Int. 151 (23): 187–90. Julai 2014. PMID 25162097.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Parasites - Lice - Head Lice". cdc.gov. Septemba 24, 2013. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 Oktoba 2014.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Takano-Lee M, Edman JD, Mullens BA, Clark JM (Desemba 2004). "Home remedies to control head lice: assessment of home remedies to control the human head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)". Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 19 (6): 393–8. doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2004.11.002. PMID 15637580.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Rózsa, L; Apari, P (Mei 2012). "Why infest the loved ones--inherent human behaviour indicates former mutualism with head lice". Parasitology. 139 (6): 696–700. doi:10.1017/S0031182012000017. PMID 22309598.
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: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)