Tazama chanzo cha Ole Rømer

{{Mtu Mashuhuri
|jina        =  Ole Rømer
|picha       = Rømer, Ole (ur Berømte danske maend).jpg
|caption     = Ole Rømer
|tarehe_ya_kuzaliwa  = [[25 Septemba]] [[1644]]
|mahala_pa_kuzaliwa = 
|tarehe_ya_kufa  = [[19 Septemba]] [[1710]]
|mahala_alipofia = 
|majina_mengine = 
|anajulikana_kwa_ajili_ya   = 
|kazi_yake  =  [[mtaalamu]] wa [[astronomia]] kutoka [[Denmark]]
|utaifa = [[Denmark]]
}}

'''Ole Christensen Rømer''' ([[matamshi]] ya [[Kidenmark]]: [ˈOːlə ˈʁœˀmɐ] ; [[25 Septemba]] [[1644]] - [[19 Septemba]] [[1710]]) alikuwa [[mtaalamu]] wa [[astronomia]] kutoka [[Denmark]] ambaye mnamo [[1676]] alifanya [[Upimaji|vipimo]] vya kwanza vya [[Kasi ya nuru]].

Rømer pia alibuni [[kipimajoto]] cha kisasa kinachoonyesha [[halijoto]] kati ya [[nukta]] mbili ambazo ni sehemu ambapo [[maji]] huchemka na kuganda.

Katika [[vitabu]] vya [[sayansi]], [[tahajia]] mbadala kama "Roemer", "Römer", au "Romer" ni kawaida.

== Maisha ==
Rømer alizaliwa mnamo 25 Septemba 1644 mjini [[Aarhus]]. Wazazi wake walikuwa mfanyabiashara na nahodha Christen Pedersen (aliyefariki 1663), na Anna Olufsdatter Storm (1610 hivi - 1690), binti wa mjumbe wa halmashauri ya mji. <ref name="Dalgaard1996">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wunQTxJQAA8C&pg=PA169|title=Dage med Madsen, eller, Livet i Århus: om sammenhænge i Svend Åge Madsens forfatterskab|last=Niels Dalgaard|date=1996|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press|isbn=978-87-7289-409-6|pages=169–|language=da|quote=... skipper og handelsmand i Århus, gift med Anne Olufsdatter Storm (død 1690) og far til astronomen Ole Rømer (1644–1710).}}</ref> Tangu mwaka 1642, Christen Pedersen alikuwa akitumia jina la Rømer, ambalo linamaanisha kwamba alitokea kisiwa cha Denmark cha Rømø, ili kujitofautisha na watu wengine kadhaa walioitwa pia Christen Pedersen. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Ole Rømer&nbsp;– Korrespondance og afhandlinger samt et udvalg af dokumenter|last=Friedrichsen|first=Per|last2=Tortzen, Chr. Gorm|date=2001|publisher=C. A. Reitzels Forlag|isbn=87-7876-258-8|location=Copenhagen|pages=16|language=da}}</ref> 

Kuna habari chache kuhusu Ole Rømer kabla ya 1662, alipohitimu kutoka kwa shule ya kanisa kuu la Aarhus.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ply5AAAAIAAJ|title=Bogvennen|date=1971|publisher=Fischers forlag|volume=1-9|pages=66–|language=da|quote=Denne antagelse tiltrænger en nærmere redegørelse: Ole Rømer udgik som student fra Aarhus Katedralskole i 1662. Ole Rømer Skolens rektor på den tid var Niels Nielsen Krog, om hvem samtidige kilder oplyser, at "hans studium ...}}</ref> Kutoka hapo alihamia Kopenhagen akasoma hisabati na astronomia kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Kopenhagen . Mlezi wake kwenye Chuo Kikuu alikuwa profesa  Rasmus Bartholin alieyechapisha ugunduzi wake wa upindaji maradufu ya mwanga katika [[fuwele]]  mnamo 1668, wakati Rømer alikuwa akiishi nyumbani kwake. Rømer alipewa fursa ya kujifunza hisabati na astronomia akitumia maandiko ya [[Tycho Brahe]], kwani Bartholin alikuwa amepewa jukumu la kuyaandaa kwa uchapishaji. <ref>Friedrichsen; Tortzen (2001), pp. 19–20.</ref>

Baada ya kuhitimu chuo Rømer aliajiriwa na serikali ya Ufaransa: mfalme [[Louis XIV wa Ufaransa|Louis XIV]] alimfanya mwalimu wa mwanawe alishiriki pia katika ujenzi wa chemchemi za mapambo nzuri kwenye jumba la  Versailles .

Mnamo 1681 Rømer alirudi Denmark akateuliwa kuwa profesa wa [[astronomia]] katika Chuo Kikuu cha Kopenhagen. 

Rømer alipewa pia nafasi ya mwanahisabati mkuu wa kifalme na hapo alianzisha mfumo wa kwanza wa kitaifa wa vipimo sanifu katika Denmark mnamo 1 Mei 1683. <ref name="SchultzDahlberg2013">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=paqvAQAAQBAJ&pg=PT53|title=Det vidste du ikke om Danmark|last=Mai-Britt Schultz|last2=Rasmus Dahlberg|date=31 October 2013|publisher=Gyldendal|isbn=978-87-02-14713-1|pages=53–|language=da|quote=I 1683 udarbejdede Ole Rømer en forordning, der fastsatte den danske mil samt en række andre mål, hvilket var hårdt tiltrængt, for indtil da havde der hersket et sandt enhedskaos i Danmark/Norge. Eksempelvis var en sjællandsk alen 63 centimeter, ...}}</ref> <ref name="ChristiansenRiis1982">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=teoYAAAAIAAJ|title=Festskrift udgivet i anledning af Universitetsbibliotekets 500 års jubilæum 28. juni 1982|last=Poul Aagaard Christiansen|last2=Povl Riis|last3=Eskil Hohwy|date=1982|publisher=Lægeforeningen|pages=87–|language=da|quote=En studie i Ole Rømers efterladte optegnelser, Adversaria, som hans enke Else Magdalene ... at give Christian V's kongelige mathematicus Ole Rømer (1644–1710) æren for udformningen af forordningen af 1.V.1683 ...}}</ref>  Pamoja na vipimo vingine alifafanua mailimpya ya Kidenmark kuwa na [[futi]] 24,000 (karibu mita 7,532&nbsp;). <ref name="Nørlund1944">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGvnAAAAMAAJ|title=De gamle danske længdeenheder|last=Niels Erik Nørlund|date=1944|publisher=E. Munksgaard|pages=74–|language=da|quote=... Maj 1683 gennemførte Reform af Maal og Vægt fastsatte Ole Rømer den danske Mils Længde til 12 000 danske Alen.}}</ref>

Mnamo mwaka 1700 Rømer alimshawishi mfalme kukubali [[kalenda ya Gregori]] kwa matumizi katika ufalme wa Denmark-Norwei. Hili ni jambo ambalo [[Tycho Brahe]] alishindwa kuanzisha miaka mia moja kabla yake. <ref name="Tjørnhøj-Thomsen2011">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HIA_ZrqlPSkC&pg=PA219|title=Kulturanalyse&nbsp;– kort fortalt|last=K. Hastrup|last2=C. Rubow|last3=T. Tjørnhøj-Thomsen|date=2011|publisher=Samfundslitteratur|isbn=978-87-593-1496-8|pages=219–|language=da|quote=I Danmark blev den gregorianske kalender indført den 1. marts 1700 efter forarbejde af Ole Rømer. Man stoppede med brug af den julianske kalender den 18. februar, og sprang simpelthen de næste 11 dage over, så man landede direkte på ...}}</ref>

Rømer alibuni moja ya skeli za kupima [[halijoto]] za kwanza.<ref name="Shachtman2000">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJ91od-UYygC|title=Absolute Zero and the Conquest of Cold|last=Tom Shachtman|date=12 December 2000|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=0-547-52595-8|pages=48–|quote=... down to an almost mythical point, an absolute zero, the end of the end. Around 1702, while Amontons was doing his best work in Paris, in Copenhagen the astronomer Ole Romer, who had calculated the finite speed of light, broke his leg. Confined to his home for some time, he took the opportunity of forced idleness to produce a thermometer having two fixed points ...}}</ref> [[Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit]] alimtembelea mnamo 1708 na kuendeleza skeli ya  Rømer, na matokeo yake yalikuwa [[Fahrenheit|skeli ya joto ya Fahrenheit]] inayotumika hadi leo katika nchi kadhaa ingawa mahali pengi skeli ya selsiasi imechukua kipaumbele. <ref name="Rittner2009">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nU_jIyhvKOUC&pg=PA54|title=A to Z of Scientists in Weather and Climate|last=Don Rittner|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-0924-4|pages=54–|quote=Fahrenheit's first thermometers, from about 1709 to 1715, contained a column of alcohol that directly expanded and contracted, based on a design made by Danish astronomer Ole Romer in 1708, which Fahrenheit personally reviewed. Romer ...}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dpb1GaDPoq0C&pg=PA431|title=Popularization and People (1911–1962)|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-08-046687-3|pages=431–|quote=... letter from Fahrenheit to his Dutch colleague Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738) dated 17 April 1729 in which Fahrenheit describes his experience at Rømer's laboratory in 1708.}}</ref> <ref name="SchlagerLauer2001">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6I1FAAAAYAAJ|title=Science and Its Times: 1700–1799|last=Neil Schlager|last2=Josh Lauer|date=2001|publisher=Gale Group|isbn=978-0-7876-3936-5|pages=341–|quote=In 1708 Fahrenheit visited Ole Romer (1644–1710). Since at least 1702 Romer had been making alcohol thermometers with two fixed points and a scale divided into equal increments. He impressed upon Fahrenheit the scientific importance of ...}}</ref>

Rømer pia alianzisha vyuo kwa mabaharia katika miji kadhaa ya Denmark. <ref name="PetersenAndersen1929-715">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9MUSAAAAMAAJ|title=Illustreret dansk litteraturhistorie: bd. Den danske littterature fra folkevandringstiden indtil Holberg, af C.S. Petersen under medvirkning af R. Paulli|last=Carl Sophus Petersen|last2=Vilhelm Andersen|last3=Richard Jakob Paulli|date=1929|publisher=Gyldendai|pages=716–|language=da|quote=... Det var paa hans Tilskyndelse, at de første Navigationsskoler (i København og Stege) oprettedes, og Bestyrerpladserne besatte han med de bedste ...}}</ref>

Mnamo mwaka wa 1705, Rømer alipewa pia kazi ya kusimamia [[polisi]] ya Kopenhagen, nafasi ambayo aliishikilia hadi kifo chake mnamo 1710. <ref name="SarlemijnSparnaay2013">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B_FGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA48|title=Physics in the Making: Essays on Developments in 20th Century Physics|last=A. Sarlemijn|last2=M.J. Sparnaay|date=22 October 2013|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-1-4832-9385-1|pages=48–|quote=The other, Ole Rømer, was Bartholin's amanuensis, later his son-in-law. ... man, became the Danish king's mathematician (mathematicus regius), professor of astronomy at the University of Copenhagen, and eventually chief of police of that city.}}</ref> Kama moja ya maazimio yake ya kwanza, alifukuza watumishi wote wote, akiamini kuwa ari yao ilikuwa duni mno. Alibuni taa za kwanza za barabarani (taa za mafuta) mjini Kopenhagen. Alijitahidi kudhibiti waombaomba, watu wasio na kazi, na makahaba wa Kopenhagen. <ref name="informationsafdelingen1970">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FuoiAQAAIAAJ|title=Denmark. An official handbook|last=Denmark. Udenrigsministeriet. Presse- og informationsafdelingen|date=1970|publisher=Krak|isbn=978-87-7225-011-3|pages=403–|quote=It was perhaps fortunate that Ole Romer (1644–1710) was called home to Denmark after he had achieved world fame by ... of Copenhagen and oblige him to devote time and energy to thinking out measures against prostitution and begging.}}</ref> <ref name="OlsenAskgaard1985">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XAsWAQAAMAAJ|title=Den unge enevaelde: 1660–1721|last=Gunnar Olsen|last2=Finn Askgaard|date=1985|publisher=Politikens Forlag|isbn=978-87-567-3866-8|pages=368–|language=da|quote=Det var et held, at Ole Rømer først blev kaldt tilbage til den danske hovedstad, efter at han i Paris havde opnået ... Men at denne geniale forsker som Københavns politimester skulle beskæftige sig med forholdsregler mod prostitution og betleri, ..}}</ref>

Rømer alitunga sheria za ujenzi wa nyumba mpya, akatengeneza mfumo wa maji na maji taka ya mji, akapatia walinzi moto vifaa vipya akashawishi serikali ya mji kupanga mitaa imara iliyofunikwa kwa mawe ya vibbamba. <ref name="Samfund1914">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vldVAAAAMAAJ|title=Ingeniørvidenskabelige skrifter|last=Danmarks Naturvidenskabelige Samfund|date=1914|publisher=Danmarks naturvidenskabelige samfund, i kommission hos G.E.C. Gad|pages=108–|language=da|quote=I de følgende Aar udstedtes der en Række Forordninger om Gaderne; de skyldes uden Tvivl Ole Rømer. Snart er det Brolægningen, det gælder, snart et omhyggeligt Reglement for Færdslen i Gaderne. Brolægningen havde medført store ...}}</ref> <ref name="Bech1967">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8F4QAQAAIAAJ|title=Københavns historie gennem 800 år|last=Svend Cedergreen Bech|date=1967|publisher=Haase|pages=246–|language=da|quote=1705-10 beklædtes politimesterembedet af fysikeren Ole Rømer, i hvis embedstid mange reformer forsøgtes. Brolægning og belysning forbedredes, vandforsyning og vandafledning blev taget op til revision, men heller ikke en så ...}}</ref> <ref name="Kjerulf1964">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xTDTAAAAMAAJ|title=Latinerkvarteret; blade af en gemmel bydels historie|last=Axel Kjerulf|date=1964|publisher=Hassings forlag|pages=44–|language=da|quote=Ole Rømer vendte i 1681 tilbage til København, hvor han blev professor i astronomi ved universitetet og giftede sig med Rasmus ... justering af mål og vægt, blev ham betroet foruden ordning af byggeforhold, gaders brolægning og belysning.}}</ref>

Rømer alifaRIKI akiwa na umri wa miaka 65 mnamo 1710. Alizikwa katika [[Kanisa Kuu]] la Kopenhagen.<ref name="TrimbleWilliams2007">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-BF1CHkc50C&pg=PA983|title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers|last=Virginia Trimble|last2=Thomas R. Williams|last3=Katherine Bracher|last4=Richard Jarrell|last5=Jordan D. Marché|last6=F. Jamil Ragep|date=18 September 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-0-387-30400-7|pages=983–}}</ref>

== Rømer na kasi ya nuru ==
Hadi siku za Romer wataalamu wengi waliona nuru haina kasi, wakiamini inafika mara moja kwa mtazamaji. Lakini wengine walihisi inaweza kuwa na mwendo.

Mnamo 1671 Rømer akajiunga na Jean Picard kutazama kupatwa kwa [[Io]], mwezi wa [[Mshtarii]],  kwa kipindi cha miezi kadhaa, wakati [[Giovanni Domenico Cassini]] alitazama matukio ya kupatwa yaleyale huko Paris, Ufaransa. Io inazunguka Mshtarii kila baada masaa 42½ kwa hiyo kwa mtazamaji wa duniani inafunikwa na sayari hiyo kwa sehemu ya obiti yake, yaani inapatwa na Mshtarii. 

1668 Cassini aliwahi kutoa jedwali inayotabiri ufuatano na wakati wa kuona kupatwa kwa Io. Lakini wakati wa kutazama Io na Mshtarii kuna tofauti ya dakika kadhaa kati ya jedwali yake na kupatwa jinsi kunavyotazamwa.  

Rømer alitambua kwamba mabadiliko haya yako tofauti kulingana na majira ya mwaka. Romer aliamini kwamba kasi ya obiti ya Io haibadiliki; ilhali alijua umbali kati ya Mshtarii na Dunia inayobadilika kidogo kulingana na mwendo wao zikizunguka Jua, alitambua kwamba wakati Dunia na Mshtarii zinaongeza umbali kati yake, muda wa kupatwa ulikuwa mkubwa kidogo. Kinyuma chake wakati Dunia na Mshtarii zinasogea karibu zaidi, muda wa kupatwa wa Io ulipungua kidogo. 

Rømer aliwaza kwamba vipimo hivi vinaweza kuelezwa kama nuru ina kasi maalumu aliyoendelea kukadiria. Aliona nuru ilitembea kati ya dakika 10 hadi 11 kutoka Io hadi duniani, kutegemeana na umbali. 

Wakati wa maisha yake, wataalamu bado walivutana kati yao kama nuru kweli ina kasi. Lakini hasa pale Uingereza wanaastronomia kama [[Christiaan Huygens]] na [[Isaac Newton]] walivutwa na makadirio ya Romer na kwa kutumia hesabu zake waliweza tayari kupiga hesabu kuwa nuru ya Jua inahitaju takriban dakika nane kufika duniani, na kipimo hiki kilifanana tayari na elimu yetu ya leo.

== Marejeo ==
{{marejeo}} 

== Vyanzo ==
* {{Cite journal|last=MacKay|first=R. Jock|last2=Oldford|first2=R. Wayne|date=2000|title=Scientific Method, Statistical Method and the Speed of Light|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/38326843|journal=Statistical Science|volume=15|issue=3|pages=254–278|doi=10.1214/ss/1009212817|doi-access=free}} (Mostly about A.A. Michelson, but considers forerunners including Rømer.)
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvA0AQAAIAAJ|title=Ole Romer, en Skildring af hans Liv og Gerning|last=Axel V. Nielsen|date=1944|publisher=Nordisk Forlag|language=da}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category-inline|Ole Rømer}}</img>  
* [http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/roemer.html Roemer, Ole Christensen] ''(katika  [http://galileo.rice.edu/ Galileo Project])''
* [https://cral-perso.univ-lyon1.fr/labo/fc/ama09/pages_jdsc/pages/jdsc_1676_lumiere.pdf ''Démonstration touchant le mouvement de la lumière''] ''(Makala ya 1676 juu ya kasi ya nuru, kwa Kifaransa cha zamani, kama maandishi ya kawaida)''
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040603113143/http://www.rundetaarn.dk/engelsk/observatorium/light.htm Rømer na Kanuni ya Doppler.] ''(maelezo zaidi juu ya matokeo ya Rømer)''
* (Kidenmark) [https://web.archive.org/web/20030416231847/http://www.rundetaarn.dk/dansk/observatorium/indledning.htm ''Fysikeren Ole Rømer''] ''(kwa Kidenmaki)''
* [http://www.kroppedal.dk/ ''Jumba la kumbukumbu la Kroppedal'']
* [http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money4.htm Ole Rømer kwenye noti 50 ya pesa ya Kroner] {{Wayback|url=http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money4.htm |date=20180803223823 }}

[[Jamii:Waliofariki 1710]]
[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1644]]
[[Jamii:Wanaastronomia wa Denmark]]