Tazama chanzo cha Nelson Mandela

{{Infobox officeholder
|name=Nelson Mandela
|image=Nelson Mandela.jpg
|office=Rais wa [[Afrika Kusini]] (1994-1999)
|deputy=[[Thabo Mbeki]]<br />[[F. W. de Klerk]]
|predecessor=[[F. W. de Klerk]]
|successor=[[Thabo Mbeki]]
|party=[[African National Congress]]
|birth_date=18 Julai 1918
|birth_place=[[Mvezo]], [[Afrika Kusini]]
|death_date=5 Desemba 2013
|death_place=[[Johannesburg]], [[Afrika Kusini]]
|spouse=Evelyn Ntoko Mase (1944–1958)<br />Winnie Madikizela (1958–1996)<br />Graça Machel (1998–2013)
|children=6 (Makgatho, Makaziwe, Zenani, Zindziswa)
|alma_mater=University of Fort Hare<br />University of London<br />University of South Africa<br />University of the Witwatersrand}}

[[Picha:Tuzo Nobel.png|left|80px]]
'''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''' ([[18 Julai]] [[1918]] - [[5 Desemba]] [[2013]]) alikuwa [[mwanasiasa]] nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], kiongozi wa mapambano dhidi ya [[siasa]] ya [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] ([[apartheid|Apartheid)]],  mfungwa [[jela]] kwa miaka 27 halafu [[rais]] wa kwanza aliyechaguliwa [[Demokrasia|kidemokrasia]] katika nchi yake. 

Alikuwa [[mwanasheria]] na mwanachama, baadaye kiongozi wa [[Chama cha kisiasa|chama]] cha [[ANC]] kilichopigania [[haki za binadamu]] wote nchini Afrika Kusini. 

==Maisha==

=== Utoto na ukoo ===
Mandela alizaliwa tarehe 18 Julai 1918 katika [[familia]] ya [[kabila]] la [[Waxhosa]] kwenye [[kijiji]] cha [[Mvezo]] karibu na [[Mthatha|Umtata]] iliyokuwa kwenye [[Jimbo la Rasi]].{{sfnm|1a1=Mandela|1y=1994|1p=3|2a1=Boehmer|2y=2008|2p=21|3a1=Smith|3y=2010|3p=17|4a1=Sampson|4y=2011|4p=3}} 

Alipewa [[jina]] la Rolihlahla linalomaanisha "anayevuta [[tawi]] la [[mti]]" kwa maana ya "mwenye kuleta matata" katika [[lugha]] ya [[Kixhosa]]<ref>[http://africanhistory.about.com/od/mandelanelson/a/bio_mandela.htm Biography ya Mandela] {{Wayback|url=http://africanhistory.about.com/od/mandelanelson/a/bio_mandela.htm |date=20140710194548 }}, tovuti ya africanhistory, iliangaliwa 16 Novemba 2016</ref>. Baadaye alijulikana kwa jina la [[ukoo]] wake "Madiba". Jina la Nelson alilipokea kutoka kwa [[mwalimu]] wake siku alipoanza kwenda [[shule]].

Alitoka katika familia ya [[Ufalme|kifalme]]. [[Baba]] wa [[babu]] yake [[Ngubengcuka]] alikuwa [[mfalme]] wa [[Wathembu]] katika maeneo ya [[Transkei]] wa jimbo la kisasa la [[Rasi Mashariki]] la Afrika Kusini.

Baba yake Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa alikuwa [[chifu]] na mshauri wa mfalme tangu mwaka [[1915]] hadi [[1926]]. [[Mama]] yake Nelson, Nosekeni Fanny, alikuwa [[mke]] wa [[tatu]]. <ref>Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom Volume I: 1918–1962. Little, Brown and Company, New York City 1994, ISBN 978-0-7540-8723-6, uk 15</ref>

Miaka ya kwanza aliishi kijijini alipojifunza [[mila]] na [[desturi]] za Waxhosa na kutunza [[mifugo]] pamoja na [[wavulana]] wengine. 

Baba aliaga [[dunia]] Nelson alipokuwa na [[umri]] wa miaka [[tisa]]. [[Ubatizo|Alibatizwa]] katika [[Kanisa la Kimethodisti]] akawa [[Mkristo]] wa [[kanisa]] hilo hadi [[kifo]] chake.

Baada ya kifo cha baba, mama alimpeleka kwa chifu mkuu wa Wathembu aliyemlea kama [[mtoto]] wake. Pamoja na [[wazazi]] wake wapya alihudhuria [[ibada]] za kanisani kila Jumapili zilizoimarisha [[imani]] yake ya Kikristo.

Akaendelea kusoma katika shule ya Kimethodisti aliposoma [[Kiingereza]], [[Kixhosa]], [[historia]] na [[jiografia]]. Katika [[ikulu]] ya chifu alisikia masimulizi mengi kuhusu historia ya Waafrika kutoka wageni waliokuja kumwaona [[baba wa kambo]].

===Elimu===
Mwaka [[1925]] babake alimtuma kusoma shule ndogo ya Kimethodisti alipofanyikiwa vema. Baada ya [[kifo]] cha baba aliishi kwa chifu wa Watembo na hapo kwene [[umri]] wa miaka 16 alishiriki katika [[sherehe]] ya [[jando]] alipotahiriwa na kupokea jina ''Dalibunga''.{{sfnm|1a1=Benson|1y=1986|1p=17|2a1=Mandela|2y=1994|2pp=36–42|3a1=Lodge|3y=2006|3p=8|4a1=Smith|4y=2010|4pp=29–31|5a1=Meredith|5y=2010|5pp=9–11|6a1=Sampson|6y=2011|6p=14}}

Baadaye aliendelea kusoma kwenye [[shule ya sekondari]] ya „Clarkebury Boarding Institute“ huko [[Engcobo]] iliyokuwa shule ya [[bweni]] kubwa kwa ajili ya [[vijana]] kutoka Wathembo.{{sfnm|1a1=Mandela|1y=1994|1pp=45–47|2a1=Smith|2y=2010|2pp=27, 31|3a1=Meredith|3y=2010|3pp=12–13|4a1=Sampson|4y=2011|4p=15}}

[[File:Young Mandela.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Picha ya Mandela, akiwa [[Umtata]] mwaka [[1937]].]]

Hapa alianza mazoezi ya [[michezo]] na kupenda [[kazi]] ya [[bustani]] aliyoendelea kwa [[maisha]] yote. {{sfnm|Mandela|1994|pp=48–50}} Baada ya miaka miwili alipokea [[cheti]] kidogo cha elimu ya sekondari.{{sfnm|Sampson|2011|p=17}} 

Mwaka [[1937]] kwenye umri wa miaka 19 aliendelea kwenye [[chuo]] cha Wamethodisti huko [[Fort Beaufort{{sfnm|1a1=Mandela|1y=1994|1p=52|2a1=Smith|2y=2010|2pp=31–32|3a1=Meredith|3y=2010|3p=14|4a1=Sampson|4y=2011|4pp=17–18}}. Hapo alikuwa mara ya kwanza [[rafiki]] na kijana nje ya kabila lake aliyekuwa [[Wasotho|Msotho]] akaathiriwa na mwalimu mpendwa Mxhosa aliyevunja [[mwiko]] kwa kumwoa mke kutoka kwa Wasotho {{sfnm|1a1=Mandela|1y=1994|1pp=53–54|2a1=Smith|2y=2010|2p=32|3a1=Meredith|3y=2010|3pp=14–15|4a1=Sampson|4y=2011|4pp=18–21}} Mandela alitumia muda mwingi huko Healdtown kwa kufuata michezo ya kukimbia na [[bondia]].{{sfnm|1a1=Mandela|1y=1994|1p=56|2a1=Smith|2y=2010|2p=32|3a1=Meredith|3y=2010|3p=15}}

Tangu [[1939]] alianza masomo kwa shahada ya kwanza kwenye [[Chuo Kikuu cha Fort Hare]], chuo kwa ajili ya wanafunzi [[Waafrika]] katika jimbo la [[Rasi Mashariki]]. Masomo yake yalikuwa Kiingereza, [[anthropolojia]], siasa na [[sheria]]. Wakati ule alitaka kuendelea kuwa mfasiri au [[afisa]] katika Idara ya Shughuli za Wazalendo (kitengo cha serikali ya Kizungu kwa maeneo ya Waafrika katika Afrika Kusini).
{{sfnm|1a1=Mandela|1y=1994|1pp=62–65|2a1=Lodge|2y=2006|2p=9|3a1=Smith|3y=2010|3pp=33–34|4a1=Meredith|4y=2010|4pp=15–18|5a1=Sampson|5y=2011|5pp=21, 25}} Katika bweni lake alikuwa rafiki wa [[Kaiser Matanzima]] na [[Oliver Tambo]] aliyeendelea kuwa rafiki yake kwa miaka mingi ijayo.{{sfnm|1a1=Mandela|1y=1994|1pp=62–63|2a1=Smith|2y=2010|2pp=33–34|3a1=Meredith|3y=2010|3pp=17–19|4a1=Sampson|4y=2011|4pp=24–25}} 
Pamoja na kupenda michezo Mandela alijifunza [[dansi]] ya Kizungu {{sfnm|1a1=Mandela|1y=1994|1pp=67–69|2a1=Smith|2y=2010|2p=34|3a1=Meredith|3y=2010|3p=18|4a1=Sampson|4y=2011|4p=25}}, alishiriki tamthiliya kuhusu about [[Abraham Lincoln]],{{sfnm|1a1=Mandela|1y=1994|1p=68|2a1=Lodge|2y=2006|2p=10|3a1=Smith|3y=2010|3p=35|4a1=Meredith|4y=2010|4p=18|5a1=Sampson|5y=2011|5p=25}} akatoa darasa la [[Biblia]] katika kanisa.{{sfnm|1a1=Mandela|1y=1994|1p=68|2a1=Lodge|2y=2006|2p=10|3a1=Meredith|3y=2010|3p=18|4a1=Forster|4y=2014|4p=93}}

==Harakati dhidi ya ubaguzi wa rangi==
Mandela alihukumiwa [[kifungo]] cha maisha kwa miaka 27 kutokana na [[harakati]] zake za kuupinga [[ubaguzi wa rangi]]. Alifungwa katika [[kisiwa cha Robben]]. 

Baada ya kuachiliwa huru mwaka [[1990]] alianzisha [[sera]] ya maridhiano au sera ya [[amani]] baina yake na watu weupe nchini [[Afrika Kusini]], jambo ambalo watu wengi hawakulitegemea. 

Mwaka wa [[1993]], pamoja na [[Frederik Willem de Klerk]] alikuwa mshindi wa '''[[Tuzo ya Nobel]] ya Amani''' ambayo ni [[tuzo]] ya nadra kutolewa [[duniani]].

Baada ya kutengana na mke wake, [[Winnie Madikizela-Mandela|Winnie Madikizela]], alimuoa [[Graca Machel]] aliyewahi kuwa mke wa rais wa [[Msumbiji]], [[Samora Machel]].

==Marejeo==
{{reflist}}

===Kujisomea===
{{Refbegin|33em|indent=yes}}
:{{cite book |last=Barber |first=James |title=Mandela's World: The International Dimension of South Africa's Political Revolution 1990–99 |url=https://archive.org/details/mandelasworldint0000barb |year=2004 |location=Athens, OH |publisher=Ohio University Press |isbn=978-0-8214-1566-5 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite contribution |contribution=Introduction |last=Barnard |first=Rita |year=2014 |title=The Cambridge Companion to Nelson Mandela |pages=1–26 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-1-107-01311-7 |editor=Rita Barnard (ed.) |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last=Benneyworth |first=Garth |title=Armed and Trained: Nelson Mandela's 1962 Military Mission as Commander in Chief of Umkhonto we Sizwe and Provenance for his Buried Makarov Pistol |journal=South African Historical Journal |year=2011 |volume=63 |number=1 |pages=78–101 |doi=10.1080/02582473.2011.549375 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite book |title=Nelson Mandela |url=https://archive.org/details/nelsonmandela0000bens |last=Benson |first=Mary |publisher=Penguin Books |location=Harmondsworth |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-14-008941-7 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite contribution |contribution=Afterword: Living Legend, Living Statue |last=Battersby |first=John |year=2011 |title=Mandela: The Authorised Biography |editor=Anthony Sampson |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |pages=587–610 |isbn=978-0-00-743797-9 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last=Boehmer |first=Elleke |title=Postcolonial Terrorist: The Example of Nelson Mandela |journal=Parallax |volume=11 |issue=4 |year=2005 |doi=10.1080/13534640500331666 |pages=46–55 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite book |last=Boehmer |first=Elleke |author-mask={{long dash}} |year=2008 |title=Nelson Mandela: A Very Short Introduction |url=https://archive.org/details/nelsonmandelaver0000boeh |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-280301-6 |ref=harv}}

: {{cite journal |last=Bromley |first=Roger |title='Magic Negro', Saint or Comrade: Representations of Nelson Mandela in Film |journal=Altre Modernità |year=2014 |number=12 |pages=40–58 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite book |last=Broun |first=Kenneth S. |year=2012 |title=Saving Nelson Mandela: The Rivonia Trial and the Fate of South Africa |url=https://archive.org/details/savingnelsonmand0000brou |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-974022-2 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |title=The Genesis of the ANC's Armed Struggle in South Africa 1948–1961 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |last=Ellis |first=Stephen |volume=37 |pages=657–676 |year=2011 |ref=harv |issue=4 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2011.592659}}

: {{cite journal |last=Ellis |first=Stephen |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=Nelson Mandela, the South African Communist Party and the origins of Umkhonto we Sizwe |journal=Cold War History |volume=16 |number=1 |year=2016 |pages=1–18 |doi=10.1080/14682745.2015.1078315  |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |title=Mandela and the Methodists: Faith, Fallacy and Fact |last=Forster |first=Dion |journal=Studia Historiae Ecclesiasticae |year=2014 |volume=40 |pages=87–115 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last=Freund |first=Bill |title=The Shadow of Nelson Mandela, 1918–2013 |journal=African Political Economy |volume=41 |issue=140 |year=2014 |doi=10.1080/03056244.2014.883111 |pages=292–296 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last1=Glad |first1=Betty |last2=Blanton |first2=Robert |title=F. W. de Klerk and Nelson Mandela: A Study in Cooperative Transformational Leadership |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_presidential-studies-quarterly_summer-1997_27_3/page/565 |journal=Presidential Studies Quarterly |year=1997 |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=565–590 |jstor=27551769 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite book| last=Guiloineau |first=Jean |last2=Rowe |first2=Joseph |year=2002 |title= Nelson Mandela: The Early Life of Rolihlahla Madiba | url=https://archive.org/details/nelsonmandelaear0000guil |publisher=North Atlantic Books |location=Berkeley |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nelsonmandelaear0000guil/page/9 9]–26 |isbn=1-55643-417-0 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite contribution|contribution=The Nature of South African Democracy: Political Dominance and Economic Inequality |last=Herbst |first1=Jeffrey |year=2003 |title=The Making and Unmaking of Democracy: Lessons from History and World Politics |editor=Theodore K. Rabb |editor2=Ezra N. Suleiman (eds.) |publisher=Routledge |location=London |pages=206–224 |isbn=978-0-415-93381-0 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite contribution|contribution=Democracy and Governance in Transition |last1=Houston |first1=Gregory |last2=Muthien |first2=Yvonne |year=2000 |title=Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994–1999 |editor=Yvonne Muthien |editor2=Meshack Khosa |editor3=Bernard Magubane (eds.) |publisher=Human Sciences Research Council Press |location=Pretoria |pages=37–68 |isbn=978-0-7969-1970-0 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite book |last=Hutton |first=Barbara |title=Robben Island: Symbol of Resistance |url=https://archive.org/details/robbenislandsymb0000hutt |year=1994 |publisher=Pearson South Africa |location=Bellville |isbn=0-86877-417-0 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |title=The Political Philosophy of Nelson Mandela: A Primer |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-social-philosophy_winter-1995_26_3/page/161 |journal=Journal of Social Philosophy |last=Kalumba |first=Kibujjo M. |year=1995 |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=161–171 |ref=harv |doi=10.1111/j.1467-9833.1995.tb00092.x}}

: {{cite book |title=Mandela: A Critical Life |url=https://archive.org/details/mandelacriticall0000lodg |last=Lodge |first=Tom |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-19-921935-3 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last=Lukhele |first=Francis |year=2012 |title=Post-Prison Nelson Mandela: A 'Made-in-America Hero' |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue canadienne des études africaines  |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=289–301 |doi=10.1080/00083968.2012.702088 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite contribution |contribution=The Revelation of African Culture in ''Long Walk to Freedom'' |last=Mafela |first1= Munzhedzi James|year=2008 |title= Indigenous Biography and Autobiography |editor=Anna Haebich |editor2=Frances Peters-Little |editor3=Peter Read (eds.) |publisher=Humanities Research Centre, Australian National University |location=Sydney |url=http://epress.anu.edu.au/aborig_history/indigenous_biog/mobile_devices/ch08.html#d0e6318 |pages=99–107 |ref=harv}}

:{{Cite book|last=Mandela |first=Nelson |title=Long Walk to Freedom Volume I: 1918–1962 |year=1994 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |location= |isbn=978-0-7540-8723-6 |ref=harv}}

:{{Cite book |last=Mandela |first=Nelson |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=Long Walk to Freedom Volume II: 1962–1994 |url=https://archive.org/details/longwalktofreedo0000mand_i6u7 |edition=large print |year=2004 |origyear=1994 |publisher=BBC AudioBooks and Time Warner Books Ltd |location=London |isbn=978-0-7540-8724-3 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last=Mangcu |first=Xolela |year=2013 |title=Retracing Nelson Mandela through the Lineage of Black Political Thought |journal=Transition |volume=112 |pages=101–116 |doi=10.2979/transition.112.101 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite book |last=Meer |first=Fatima |title=Higher than Hope: The Authorized Biography of Nelson Mandela |year=1988 |location=London |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |isbn=0-241-12787-4 |ref=harv}}

:{{Cite book |last=Meredith |first=Martin |authorlink=Martin Meredith |title=Mandela: A Biography |url=https://archive.org/details/mandelabiography0000mere |publisher=PublicAffairs |location=New York |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-58648-832-1 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite contribution |contribution=Democracy and Governance in Transition |last1=Muthien |first1=Yvonne |last2=Khosa |first2=Meshack |last3=Magubane |first3=Bernard |year=2000 |title=Democracy and Governance Review: Mandela's Legacy 1994–1999 |editor=Yvonne Muthien |editor2=Meshack Khosa |editor3=Bernard Magubane (eds.) |publisher=Human Sciences Research Council Press |location=Pretoria |pages=361–374 |isbn=978-0-7969-1970-0 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last=Ndlovu-Gatsheni |first=Sabelo J. |year=2014 |title=From a 'Terrorist' to Global Icon: A Critical Decolonial Ethical Tribute to Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela of South Africa |journal=Third World Quarterly |volume=35 |number=6 |pages=905–921 |doi=10.1080/01436597.2014.907703 |ref=harv}}

: {{cite journal |last=Oppenheim |first=Claire E. |title=Nelson Mandela and the Power of Ubuntu |journal=Religions |year=2012 |volume=3 |number=2 |pages=369–388 |doi=10.3390/rel3020369 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last=Soudien |first=Crain |title=Nelson Mandela, Robben Island and the Imagination of a New South Africa |year=2015 |doi=10.1080/03057070.2015.1012915 |journal=Journal of Southern African Studies |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=353–366 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last=Suttner |first=Raymond |year=2007 |title=(Mis)Understanding Nelson Mandela |journal=African Historical Review |volume=39 |number=2 |pages=107–130 |doi=10.1080/17532520701786202 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last=Suttner |first=Raymond |author-mask={{long dash}} |title=Nelson Mandela's Masculinities |journal=African Identities |year=2014 |volume=12 |issue=3–4 |pages=342–356 |doi=10.1080/14725843.2015.1009623 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last=Suttner |first=Raymond |author-mask={{long dash}} |title='I Was Not Born With a Hunger to Be Free': Nelson Mandela's Early Journeys towards Political Awareness |year=2016 |journal=Journal of Asian and African Studies |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=17–31 |doi=10.1177/0021909614541973 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last=Nelson |first=Steven |title=Nelson Mandela's Two Bodies |journal=Transition |volume=116 |year=2014 |pages=130–142 |doi=10.2979/transition.116.130 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last=Read |first=James H. |title=Leadership and power in Nelson Mandela's ''Long Walk to Freedom'' |journal=Journal of Power |volume=3 |number=3 |pages=317–339 |doi=10.1080/17540291.2010.524792 |year=2010 |ref=harv}}

:{{Cite book|last=Sampson |first=Anthony |authorlink=Anthony Sampson |title=Mandela: The Authorised Biography |publisher=HarperCollins |location=London |year=2011 |origyear=1999 |isbn=978-0-00-743797-9 |ref=harv}}

:{{Cite book|last=Smith |first=David James |authorlink=David James Smith |title=Young Mandela |url=https://archive.org/details/youngmandela0000smit |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-297-85524-8 |ref=harv}}

:{{cite journal |last1=Tomaselli |first1=Keyan |last2=Tomaselli |first2=Ruth |year=2003 |title=The Media and Mandela |journal=Safundi: The Journal of South African and American Studies |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=1–10 |doi=10.1080/17533170300404204 |ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

{{Muungano wa Afrika}}
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[[Jamii:Waliozaliwa 1918]]
[[Jamii:Waliofariki 2013]]
[[Jamii:Wanaharakati wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Marais wa Afrika Kusini]]
[[Jamii:Viongozi wa Afrika]]
[[Jamii:Tuzo ya Nobel ya Amani]]
[[Jamii:Nelson Mandela]]