Tazama chanzo cha Mtakatifu Ireneo

[[image:Saint Irenaeus.jpg|200px|thumb|Mt. Irenaeus, Askofu wa Lyon.]]
'''Mtakatifu Ireneo''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]]: Εἰρηναῖος, ''Eirēnaios'' [[135]] hivi – [[202]] hivi) alikuwa [[askofu]] wa pili wa [[mji]] wa [[Lyon]], leo nchini [[Ufaransa]], aliyewajibika kueneza [[Ukristo]] katika eneo hilo lote. 

Zaidi ya hayo, alistawisha [[teolojia]] kwa kupinga [[uzushi]] hata kwa [[maandishi]] bora <ref>His best-known work is ''Adversus Haereses'', a refutation of [[gnosticism]], in particular that of [[Valentinus (Gnostic)|Valentinus]]. To counter the doctrines of the gnostic sects claiming [[Sofia (Gnosi)|secret wisdom]], he offered three pillars of [[imani sahihi|orthodoxy]]: the [[Biblia|scripture]]s, the [[Mapokeo ya Mitume|tradition]] handed down from the [[Mitume wa Yesu|apostles]], and the teaching of the apostles' [[mlolongo wa Kitume|successors]]. Intrinsic to his writing is that the surest source of Christian guidance is the Church of [[Upapa|Rome]], and he is the earliest surviving witness to regard all four of the now-[[kanuni ya Biblia|canonical]] [[Injili|gospel]]s as essential.</ref> ya [[Kigiriki]], [[Lugha ya kwanza|lugha mama]] yake.

Ni muhimu kwa juhudi zake za kupigania [[umoja wa Kanisa]] dhidi ya [[uzushi]], akisisitiza umuhimu wa [[mlolongo wa kitume]] wa maaskofu, akitoa kama mfano orodha ya wale wa [[Kanisa la Roma]] baada ya [[Mtume Petro]]. Alidai ma[[kanisa]] yalingane na imani ya Kanisa hilo. Hata hivyo alimsihi [[Papa Viktor I|Papa Vikta I]] asiwatenge na Kanisa Wakristo wa [[Asia Ndogo]] kwa sababu tu ya tofauti za [[Liturgia|kiliturujia]]<ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm Book V Chapter 24, Section 1ff]</ref>.

Katika maandishi yake alijitahidi sana kutetea [[imani]] ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] inayotegemea [[mapokeo]] ya [[Mitume wa Yesu]]<ref>Irenaeus cited the New Testament approximately 1,000 times. About one third of his citations are made to Paul's letters. </ref> dhidi ya mafundisho ya [[Gnosis]] yaliyotegemea ujuzi ambao yeyote aliweza kudai kuwa nao akianzisha kikundi chake. 

Ni wa kwanza pia kushuhudia [[Injili]] [[nne]] kuwa [[Neno la Mungu]].

Ametambuliwa tangu kale kuwa [[mtakatifu]], hata kama [[mfiadini]]. [[Tarehe]] [[21 Januari]] [[2022]] [[Papa Fransisko]] alimuongezea [[sifa]] ya "[[mwalimu wa Kanisa]]" <ref>http://www.causesanti.va/it/notizie/notizie-2022/decreto-del-santo-padre-per-il-conferimento-del-titolo-di-dottor.html</ref>

[[Sikukuu]] yake ni [[tarehe]] [[28 Juni]]<ref>[[Martyrologium Romanum]]</ref>.

== Maisha ==
Ireneo<ref>The biographical information on him comes from his own testimony, handed down to us by Eusebius in his fifth book on Church History.</ref> alizaliwa yapata [[mwaka]] 135 akalelewa [[Kikristo]] katika [[mji]] wa [[Smirna]] (leo [[İzmir]] nchini [[Uturuki]]), akiwa [[mwanafunzi]] wa [[Polikarp Mtakatifu|Mt. Polikarpo]] aliyekuwa askofu wa mji huo baada ya kuwa mfuasi wa [[Mtume Yohane]]. 

Haijulikani ni lini alipohama [[Asia Ndogo]] kwenda [[Gallia]], lakini ndio wakati wa [[jumuia]] ya [[Ukristo|Wakristo]] wa Lyon kuanza kustawi. Huko, mwaka [[177]], Ireneo aliorodheshwa kati ya [[mapadri]]. Mwaka huohuo alitumwa kidogo [[Roma]] na [[barua]] ya [[kanisa]] lake kwa [[Papa Eleutero]], akinusurika hivyo kuuawa katika [[dhuluma]] ya [[Kaizari|kaisari]] [[Marcus Aurelius]] dhidi ya Wakristo iliyoua [[Wafiadini wa Lyon|walau waumini 48]], akiwemo askofu mkongwe [[Potinus wa Lyon|Potinus]]<ref>[https://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250105.htm Book V Chapter 4, Section 1]</ref>. 

Hapo Ireneo aliporudi aliteuliwa kuwa askofu akafanya [[bidii]]
kubwa hadi mwaka 202-203 alipofariki, labda kwa kufia [[dini]].

==Mchango wake==
Ireneo alikuwa hasa mtu wa [[imani]] na [[mchungaji]] wa waamini. Kama mchungaji mwema, alikuwa na kipaji cha kuwianisha mambo mbalimali, [[utajiri]] wa mafundisho, na [[juhudi]] za [[umisionari|kimisionari]]. 

Kama [[mwandishi]], alilenga mawili: kutetea [[imani sahihi]] dhidi ya mashambulizi ya [[uzushi]], na kufafanua vizuri [[ukweli]] wa imani. Vitabu vyake vilivyotufikia - vitano kuhusu Kutambua na Kukanusha Maarifa ya Uongo na Uthibitisho wa Mafundisho ya Mitume (kinachoweza kuitwa [[katekisimu]] ya kwanza) - vinatimiza kikamilifu malengo hayo. Kifupi, Ireneo anaweza kutambulishwa kama [[shujaa]] wa mapigano dhidi ya aina mbalimbali za uzushi. [[Karne]] ya pili ya [[Kanisa Katoliki]] iliingia hatari ya kufuata [[Ujuzilio]], uzushi uliodai kwamba imani inayofundishwa ndani ya Kanisa ni kidokezo tu cha kuwafaa watu sahili mno wasioweza kuelewa mawazo ya juu; kumbe, wasomi walioelimishwa peke yao walidai kuelewa yaliyofichwa na kidokezo hicho, na kwa namna hiyo waliunda Ukristo maalumu kwa wachache bora. 

Ni rahisi kuelewa kwamba Ukristo huo wa wasomi ulizidi kugawanyika kwa kufuata mawazo tofautitofauti na mara nyingi ya ajabuajabu, ambayo hata hivyo yaliweza kuvutia wengi. Jambo lililounganisha [[Kundi|makundi]] yote ya Ujuzilio ni "dualism": kukana imani katika [[Umoja wa Mungu|Mungu pekee]], [[Mungu Baba|Baba]] wa wote, [[Muumba]] na [[Mwokozi]] wa [[binadamu]] na wa [[ulimwengu]] mzima. Ili kueleza uwepo wa mabaya [[dunia|duniani]], hao walisema kuna chanzo kingine kibaya, mbali na Mungu Mwema, nacho ndicho kilichosababisha [[mata]]. 

Ireneo, akiwa imara katika msimamo wa [[Biblia ya Kikristo|Biblia]] kuhusu [[uumbaji]], alikataa mafundisho hayo yenye mtazamo hasi kuhusu vitu vinavyoonekana, alisisitiza [[utakatifu]] wa mata na wa [[mwili]] sawa na ule wa [[roho]]. Kwake, [[heshima]] ya binadamu, mwili na roho, ina [[msingi]] imara katika uumbaji wa Kimungu, katika kuwa sura ya Kristo na katika [[kazi]] ya kudumu ya Roho Mtakatifu kwa ajili ya [[utakaso]]. 

Bila kuishia katika kukanusha uzushi, alijitokeza kama [[Mwanatheolojia|mwanateolojia]] wa kwanza wa Kanisa kwa kupanga [[ufafanuzi]] wa mafundisho ya imani na kuonyesha yanavyolingana yote sawasawa. 

Kiini cha [[teolojia]] yake ni suala la "[[kanuni]] ya imani" na uenezaji wake. Kwake kanuni hiyo ni [[Kanuni ya Imani ya Mitume|ile ya Mitume]], ambayo inatuwezesha kufafanua [[Injili]] na kuifafanua yenyewe kwa mwanga wa Injili. Kanuni hiyo, ikiwa kama [[muhtasari]] wa Injili, inatusaidia kuelewa maana yake na jinsi ya kusoma Injili yenyewe. 

Injili aliyoihubiri Ireneo ni ile aliyofundishwa na Polikarpo, ambayo tena ilitokana na Mtume Yohane, mwalimu wake. Hivyo mafundisho halisi si yale ambayo yanabuniwa na wasomi na kwenda mbali kukiko imani sahili ya Kanisa. Injili halisi ni ile inayotangazwa na maaskofu waliyoipokea kutoka wa [[Mitume wa Yesu]] kwa mlolongo usiokatika. Hao walifundisha hiyo imani sahili tu, ambayo ndiyo [[kina]] halisi cha [[ufunuo]] wa Mungu. Hivyo, hakuna mafundisho ya siri yaliyofichika ndani ya kanuni ya imani ya Kanisa lote. Hakuna Ukristo wa hali ya juu kwa ajili ya wasomi tu. Imani inayoungamwa na Kanisa hadharani ndiyo imani ya wote kabisa. Imani hiyo tu ni ya Kitume, imepokezwa na Mitume, yaani na Yesu na Mungu. Kwa kushika imani hiyo, iliyokabidhiwa rasmi na Mitume kwa [[Mlolongo wa Kitume|waandamizi]] wao, Wakristo wanatakiwa kuzingatia kinachosemwa na maaskofu wao na hasa kinachofundishwa na [[Kanisa la Roma]], lililo kuu na la kale sana, hivi kwamba ni la Kitume kwa namna ya pekee, likitokana na [[mtume Petro|Petro]] na [[Mtakatifu Paulo|Paulo]], [[nguzo]] za [[rika]] la Mitume. Makanisa yoye yanapaswa kukubaliana na Kanisa la Roma, yakitambua ndani yake [[kipimo]] cha [[Mapokeo ya Mitume]] kilicho halisi, imani pekee ya Kanisa lote. 

Kwa hoja hizo, zilizofupishwa sana humu, Ireneo alikataa toka mwanzo madai ya hao wajuzi. Kwanza kabisa, hao hawakuwa na ukweli wowote wa juu kuliko ule wa imani ya kawaida, kwa sababu waliochosema hakikuwa na asili kwa Mitume, bali kilibuniwa nao tu. Pili, ukweli na [[wokovu]] si [[mali]] ya wachache, bali viko tayari kwa wote kwa njia ya mahubiri ya waandamizi wa Mitume, hasa ya [[Papa|askofu wa Roma]]. Kwa namna ya pekee, akipinga tena [[tabia]] ya siri ya Ujuzilio na [[tawi|matawi]] yake mengi yaliyoshindana, Ireneo aliona umuhimu wa kufafanua vizuri Mapokeo ya Mitume namna tunayoweza kuifupisha katika mambo matatu.

a) Mapokeo ya Mitume ni "ya hadhara", si ya binafsi wala ya siri. Ireneo hakutia shaka kwamba yaliyomo katika imani inayopokezwa na Kanisa ni yale yaliyokana na Mitume na Yesu, [[Mwana wa Mungu]]. Hakuna mafundisho zaidi ya hayo. Hivyo, kwa yeyote anayetamani kujua ukweli, inatosha kujua "Mapokeo yaliykabidhiwa na Mitume na imani iliyotangazwa kwa watu": mapokeo na imani ambavyo "vimetufikia kwa njia ya mlolongo wa maaskofu" (Adversus Haereses, 3, 3, 3-4). Kwa maana hiyo, mlolongo wa maaskofu na Mapokeo ya Mitume ni mamoja.

b) Mapokeo ya Mitume yana "[[umoja]]". Kweli, wakati Ujuzilio uligawanyika katika makundi mengi, Mapokeo ya Kanisa yanadumisha umoja, kwa kushikilia kanuni ya imani au ya ukweli: kwa kuwa hiyo ni moja, inaunda umoja kati ya [[Taifa|mataifa]], [[Utamaduni|tamaduni]] na [[lugha]] mbalimbali. Kauli ya thamani sana ya Ireneo inayopatikana katika kitabu chake Adversus Haereses ni hii: "Kanisa, ingawa limetawanyika duniani kote... kwa kuwa limepokea [imani hiyo kutoka kwa Mitume]... linaitunza kwa makini kama kwamba lingeishi [[nyumba]] moja. Tena linasadiki mafundisho hayo kama kwamba lingekuwa na roho moja na [[moyo]] mmoja, nalo linayatangaza na kuyafundisha na kuyapokeza kwa ulinganifu kamili kama kwamba lingekuwa na [[kinywa]] kimoja. Kwa kuwa, ingawa lugha za ulimwengu ni tofauti, dhati ya mapokeo ni ileile moja tu. Kwa sababu Makanisa yaliyoanzishwa Ujerumani, wala yale yaliyoko Hispania, wala yale yaliyoko Gallia, wala yale yaliyoko Mashariki, wala yale yaliyoko Misri, wala yale yaliyoko Libya, wala yale yaliyoanzishwa katikati ya dunia hayasadiki wala kupokeza chochote tofauti" (1, 10, 1-2). Wakati huo - kwenye mwaka 200 - iliwezekana tayari kutambua katika Kanisa umataifa, [[katoliki|ukatoliki]] na uwezo wa ukweli wa kuunganisha mataifa tofauti sana katika umoja wa imani iliyofunuliwa na Kristo.

c) Hatimaye, Mapokeo ya Mitume ni "ya Kiroho", akiongozwa na [[Roho Mtakatifu]] kwa kuwa hayapokezwi kadiri ya uwezo wa watu wenye elimu zaidi, bali kadiri ya Roho wa Mungu anayehakikisha uaminifu katika kueneza imani: hayo ndiyo "maisha" ya Kanisa, yanayolifanya daima kuwa na ujana na uhai, likizaa kwa [[karama]] nyingi. Kwa Ireneo, Kanisa na Roho Mtakatifu hawatenganiki: "Imani hiyo ambayo imepokezwa kwetu na Kanisa, na kwa hiyo tunaidumisha, na ambayo daima, kwa Roho wa Mungu, ikipata ujana upya kama kwamba ingekuwa amana ya thamani iliyotunzwa katika chombo bora, inasababisha chombo chenyewe kilicho nayo kuwa kipya pia.... Kwa sababu Kanisa lilipo, ndipo Roho wa Mungu alipo; na Roho wa Mungu alipo, ndipo Kanisa na aina zote za neema vilipo" (Adversus Haereses, 3, 24, 1). Ireneo hasimami kufafanua Mapokeo. Kwake hayo hayakatiki, hivyo hayaishii katika yale yaliyopita, bali yanaumuliwa kwa ndani na Roho Mtakatifu, anayeyafanya kuishi upya, anasababisha yafafanuliwe na kueleweka katika uhai wa Kanisa. Akishikilia mafundisho nyake, Kanisa linapaswa kupokeza imani kwa namna ambayo iweze kuonekana ilivyo: "ya hadhara", "yenye umoja" na "ya Kiroho". Kwa kuzingatia sifa hizo tatu, inawezekana kufanya upambanuzi wa kufaa wa uenezaji sahihi wa imani leo. 

==Tazama pia==
*[[Watakatifu wa Agano la Kale]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wakristo]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika]]
*[[Orodha ya Watakatifu Wafransisko]]
*[[Mababu wa Kanisa]]
*[[Walimu wa Kanisa]]

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}

==Vyanzo==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
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*{{citation|first=Gustaf |last=Wingren|date=n.d.|title=Saint Irenaeus|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Irenaeus}}
{{refend}}

==Marejeo mengine==
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* Irenaeus, ''Proof of the Apostolic Preaching'', trans JP Smith, (ACW 16, 1952)
* Irenaeus, ''Proof of the Apostolic Preaching'', trans John Behr (PPS, 1997)
* Irenaeus, [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm ''Against Heresies''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316114638/http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm |date=16 March 2016 }}, trans. Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut, in ''Ante-Nicene Fathers'', vol. 1, ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Co., 1885). 
* {{cite book|editor-last=Coxe|editor-first=Arthur Cleveland|url=https://archive.org/details/antenicenefathe05menzgoog|title=The Ante-Nicene Fathers|year=1885|publisher=The Christian Literature Company|location=Buffalo, NY|isbn=9780802880871}}
* {{Cite book|last=Edwards|first=Mark|year=2009|title=Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church|publisher=Ashgate|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z9acTl-jAkAC|isbn=9780754662914}}
* {{cite book |last=Eusebius|title=The Ecclesiastical History|year=1932|publisher=Putnam|location=New York|others=Kirsopp Lake and John E.L. Oulton, trans}}
* {{cite book |last=Hägglund|first=Bengt|title=History of Theology|year=1968|publisher=Concordia Publishing|location=St. Louis|others=Gene J.Lund, trans}}
* {{cite book |last=Minns|first=Denis|title=Irenaeus|url=https://archive.org/details/irenaeus0000minn|year=1994|publisher=Georgetown University Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=0-87840-553-4}}
* Payton Jr., James R. ''Irenaeus on the Christian Faith: A Condensation of 'Against Heresies'' (Cambridge, James Clarke and Co Ltd, 2012).
* {{cite book |last=Quasten|first=J.|title=Patrology: The Beginnings of Patristic Literature|year=1960|publisher=Newman Press|location=Westminster, MD}}
* {{cite book|last=Schaff|first=Philip|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofthechri009648mbp|title=History of the Christian Church: Ante-Nicene Christianity, A.D. 100–325|year=1980|publisher=Wm. Eerdmans|location=Grand Rapids, Mich|isbn=0-8028-8047-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Tyson|first=Joseph B.|title=A Study of Early Christianity|url=https://archive.org/details/studyofearlychri0000tyso|year=1973|publisher=Macmillan|location=New York}}
* {{cite book |last=Wolfson|first=Henry Austryn|title=The Philosophy of the Church Fathers: Faith, Trinity, Incarnation|url=https://archive.org/details/philosophyofchur0000harr|year=1970|publisher=Harvard University Press|location=Cambridge, MA}}
{{refend}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Sister project links|s=Author:Irenaeus|wikt=no|n=no|voy=no|v=no|b=no}}
* [http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/irenaeus.html Early Christian Writings Irenaeus]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0134.htm Fragments from his lost works]
* [http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm Alexander Roberts and William Rambaut 1885 Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 1. translation of Against Heresies]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060925041929/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/TOC.htm A nineteenth-century translation of Irenaeus's work]
** [http://www.ccel.org/ccel/irenaeus/demonstr.toc.html Demonstration of the Apostolic Preaching]
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20080520122853/http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/ANF-01/anf01-59.htm#P7011_1802900 Book II, ch. 22], where Irenaeus argues his unconventional views about the age of Jesus and the length of his ministry.
* [http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/irenaeus.php EarlyChurch.org.uk] Extensive bibliography.
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2007/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20070328.html [[Papa Benedikto XVI]] on St. Irenaeus] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100207140719/http://www.revneal.org/Writings/evil.htm Gregory S. Neal: "The Nature of Evil and the Irenaean Theodicy" ''Grace Incarnate'' (1988)]
* [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/religion/story/emergence.html Critique of Irenaeus], [[Elaine H. Pagels]]
* [http://www.catholicculture.org/news/features/index.cfm?recnum=43736 Critique of Pagel's article by Paul Mankowski]
* [http://www.documentacatholicaomnia.eu/20_30_0130-0202-_Iraeneus.html Opera Omnia by Migne Patrologia Graeca with analytical indexes]
* [http://www.bartleby.com/210/6/281.html "St. Irenæus, Bishop of Lyons, Martyr"], ''Butler's Lives of the Saints''
* [http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=291 "Catholic Online"]
* [http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/23500 "Santiebeati"]
*{{YouTube|id=6hH4g-Thmg0|title=The First Theologians: Irenaeus and Tertullian }} a lecture by [[James L. Papandrea]]
{{walimu wa Kanisa}}
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[[Jamii:Mababu wa Kanisa]]