Tazama chanzo cha Al-Qaeda

{{Infobox militant organization
|name = al-Qaeda<br />{{rtl-lang|ar|القاعدة}} </small>
|logo = Flag_of_al-Qaeda_in_Iraq.svg<!-- I'm concerned that this alleged flag of al-Qaeda is not the global al-Qaeda flag.  After all, the file name of this flag is "Flag of al-Qaeda in Iraq".  I have found a website which gives a different design for the al-Qaeda flag: http://www.tridentmilitary.com/islamic.html  It is the top flag, apparently. -->
|caption = Bendera ya Al-Qaeda.
|leader = [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]]
|dates = 1988–sasa |
|area = [[Dunia]]
|ideology = [[Kiislamu]] <br /> [[Islamic fundamentalism]] <br />  [[Sunni]] [[Islam]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Atwan|2006|p=40}}.</ref> <br /> [[Pan-Islamism]]<br /> [[Jihad salafi|Salafi]] <br />  [[Qutbism]]
|allies = Taliban, Hamid
|opponents = United States, Israel, United Nations, United Kingdom, Afghan National Army, Iraqi Armed Forces, Coalition Forces/Tribes, Canada, NATO, European Union, ASEAN, African Union, etc.
|status = Designated as [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|Foreign Terrorist Organization]] by the [[United States Department of State|U.S. State Department]]<ref name=USTerrorList>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2002/12535.htm|title=Foreign Terrorist Organizations List|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|accessdate=2007-08-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021002023829/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/fs/2002/12535.htm|archivedate=2002-10-02}} – [[U.S. State Department list of Foreign Terrorist Organizations|USSD Foreign Terrorist Organization]]</ref><br />Designated as [[Terrorism Act 2000|Proscribed Group]] by the [[United Kingdom|UK]] [[Home Office]]<ref name=UKTerrorList>{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/20000011.htm|title=Terrorism Act 2000|publisher=[[Home Office]]|accessdate=2007-08-14}} – [[Terrorism Act 2000]]</ref><br />Designated as terrorist group by [[European Union|EU]] [[Common Foreign and Security Policy]]<ref name=EUTerrorList>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/45394.htm|title=Council Decision|publisher=[[Council of the European Union]]|accessdate=2007-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050506203604/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/45394.htm|archivedate=2005-05-06}}</ref>
}}

'''Al-Qaeda''' (pengine imeandikwa '''al-Qaida'''; kutoka [[Kiarabu]] ''al-qa'idah,'' "msingi") ni kundi la [[Kiislamu]] lililoanzishwa kati ya [[Agosti]] [[1988]] <ref name="bergen75"> {{Harvnb|Bergen|2006|p=75}}</ref> na mwanzoni mwa [[1990]]. <ref name="al-Fadl">{{cite web |url=http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm |title=Testimony of Jamal Ahmad Al-Fadl |date=6 Februari 2001 |publisher=James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies |author=United States District Court, Southern District of New York |work=United States v. Usama bin Laden et al., defendants |accessdate=2008-09-03 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011214040200/http%3A//cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm |archivedate=2001-12-14 }}</ref> 

Ni mtandao wa kimataifa usiotegemea taifa fulani<ref>{{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|pp=95–96}}. "Mtandao wa kimataifa wa Al Qaida, tunavyoijua leo, iliundwa mjini Khartoum, kuanzia Desemba 1991 hadi Mei 1996. Ili kuratibu oparesheni zake wakati makadirio na rasilimali zake zikiongezeka,iliunda uongozi wa kikanda. [...] Kama mtandao wa kimataifa, Al Qaeda hufanya mataifa na makabila tanzu, ambapo kuna dazeni kadhaa, kuwajibika kwa  kanda au eneo la kijiografia fulani. Ingawa ''modus operandi''  yake ni ya seli, mahusiano ya kifamilia yanahimili."<br /> Tazama pia:
* {{cite journal|last=Naím|kwanza=Moisés|authorlink=Moisés Naím|kichwa=The Five Wars of Globalization|nakala=[[Foreign Policy (nakala)|Foreign Policy]]|toleo=134|kurasa=28–37|tarehe=Januari/Februari 2003}} </ref> na [[kundi]] la [[wanaharakati]] wa [[Sunni]] wanaotoa wito wa [[jihad]] kwa [[ulimwengu]] mzima.

Al-Qaeda imeweza kushambulia [[raia]] na malengo ya kijeshi katika nchi mbalimbali, mashuhuri zaidi ikiwa [[mashambulio ya 11 Septemba 2001]]. [[Serikali]] ya [[Marekani]] iliitikia kwa kuzindua [[Vita dhidi ya Ugaidi]]. Kati ya wanachama 3,000 na 4,000 wa mtandao huu wamekamatwa, na maelfu zaidi kuuawa vitani [[Afghanistan]].

Mbinu zao za kushambulia ni pamoja na [[mashambulizi ya kujitolea mhanga]] na ulipuaji wa mabomu ya malengo tofauti kwa wakati mmoja. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|pp=107–108, 185, 270–271}}</ref> Shughuli zake zinaweza kuhusisha wanachama wa harakati, ambao wamechukua amana ya uaminifu kwa kiongozi (sasa Mmisri Ayman al-Zawahiri), au wengi zaidi "watu binafsi wanaohusishwa na al-Qaeda" ambao wamepitia mafunzo katika moja ya kambi zake nchini [[Afghanistan]] au [[Sudan]], bila kuchukuliwa amana yoyote. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=270}}</ref>

Wakereketwa wa Al-Qaeda wanaangazia kukatiza kabisa mvuto wa kigeni katika [[nchi za Kiislamu]], na uumbaji wa [[ahmadiyya]] mpya ya Kiislamu. Imani ambazo zimeripotiwa ni pamoja na kuwa muungano wa [[Wakristo]] na [[Wayahudi]] unakusudia kuharibu Uislamu, <ref> Fu'ad Husayn `Al-Zarqawi ... "The Second Generation of al-Qaida, Sehemu ya Kumi na nne," ''Al-Quds al-Arabi,''  13 Julai 2005</ref> na kwamba mauaji ya raia wanaopatikana pahali pa mashambulizi yanakubalika katika jihad.

Usimamizi wake [[falsafa]] umeelezewa kama "umoja wa uamuzi na madaraka ya utekelezaji mikoani." <ref>al-Hammadi, Khalid, `The Inside Story of al-Qaeda,` sehemu ya 4, ''Al-Quds al-Arabi,''  22 Machi 2005</ref> Kufuatia vita dhidi ya ugaidi, imedhaniwa kwamba uongozi wa al-Qaida "umegawanyika kijiografia", na hili limepelekea "kuibuka kwa uongozi uliogawanywa kikanda" wa makundi yanayotumia jina la al-Qaeda.

== Asili ya jina ==
Kwa [[Kiarabu]], ''al-Qaeda'' ina [[silabi]] [[nne]]. Jina hilo linaweza [[kusomwa]] pia kama al-Qaida au el-Qaida. <ref>[http://ibb7.ibb.gov/pronunciations/sounds/2930.ra Listen to the US Pronounciation] {{Wayback|url=http://ibb7.ibb.gov/pronunciations/sounds/2930.ra |date=20051211020849 }} ([[RealPlayer]]).</ref>

Jina hili linatoka katika jina la Kiarabu ''qā'idah,'' ambalo lina maana ya ''msingi'' na pia inamaanisha kambi la kijeshi. Silabi ya kwanza ''al-'' ni makala ''ya'' uhakika "the" ya lugha ya Kiingereza katika Kiarabu.

[[Osama Bin Laden]] alielezea asili ya jina hilo katika mahojiano na [[mwandishi wa habari]] wa [[Al Jazeera Tayseer Alouni]] katika Oktoba 2001:
{{quotation|The name 'al-Qaeda' was established a long time ago by mere chance. The late [[Abu Ubaidah al-Banshiri|Abu Ebeida El-Banashiri]] established the training camps for our mujahedeen against Russia's terrorism. We used to call the training camp al-Qaeda. The name stayed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/05/binladen.transcript/index.html |title=Transcript of Bin Laden's October interview |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=2002-02-05 |accessdate=2006-10-22 |archivedate=2006-12-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061206081331/http://archives.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/south/02/05/binladen.transcript/index.html }}</ref>}}

Imesemekana kuwa hati mbili zilizochukuliwa kutoka ofisi ya [[Sarajevo]] ya [[Benevolence International Foundation]] zinathibitisha kwamba jina halikuchukuliwa tu na wanaharakati hao wa mujahid na kwamba kundi linaloitwa al-Qaeda lilianzishwa mwezi Agosti 1988. Hati zote mbili zina dakika za mikutano iliyofanyika kuanzisha kikundi kipya cha kijeshi zenye jina "al-Qaeda". <ref> {{Harvnb|Bergen|2006|p=75}} Wright ananakili, sio moja kwa moja, moja ya hati, yenye msingi kwenye onyesho kutoka "Tareek Osama" hati iliyotolewa katika <span class="plainlinks">[http://fl1.findlaw.com/news.findlaw.com/hdocs/docs/bif/usarnaout10603prof.pdf ''United States v. Enaam M. Arnaout.'' ]</span></ref>

Mwezi Aprili 2002, kundi hili lilichukua jina ''Qa'idat al-Jihad,'' lenye maana "msingi wa Jihad". Kulingana na [[Diaa Rashwan]], hii ilikuwa, "inaonekana, kama matokeo ya kukutanishwa kwa tawi la Misri la [[al-Jihad]] (EIJ), likiongozwa na [[Ayman El-Zawahiri]], pamoja na makundi ambayo Bin Laden alileta pamoja chini ya utawala wake baada ya kurudi Afghanistan katikati ya miaka ya 1990. <ref>[http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/619/op13.htm "After Mombassa",] {{Wayback|url=http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/619/op13.htm |date=20130514233523 }} ''[[Al-Ahram Weekly Online]],''  2-8 Januari 2003 (Issue Na. 619). Ilirudishwa18 Septemba 2009.</ref>

== Itikadi ==
Wanaharakati wenye itikadi kali wa Kiislam kwa ujumla na al-Qaeda waliendelea kukua hasa katika wakati wa [[uamsho]] wa [[Kiislamu]] na [[harakati ya Kiislam]] ya miongo mitatu iliyopita ya karne ya 20 pamoja na harakati za chini zilizokithiri.

Baadhi wamesema kuwa "bila ya maandiko" ya mwandishi na muwazaji wa Kiislamu [[Sayyid Qutb]] "al-Qaeda isingekuwepo." <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=332}}</ref> Qutb alihubiri kwamba kwa sababu ya ukosefu wa sheria ya [[Sharia]] ulimwengu wa Kiislamu haukuwa tena wa Kiislamu, ikiwa imerudia ujinga wa kabla ya Uislamu unaojulikana kama [[jahiliyyah]].

Kurejesha Uislamu halisi, kundi la wanaharakati wa haki Waislamu mara lilihitajika kuanzisha "[[nchi]] za kweli za [[Kiislamu]]", kutekeleza Sharia, na kuondoa kutoka ulimwengu wa Waislamu mivuto yote yasiyo ya Kiislamu, kama vile dhana kama [[usoshalisti]] au [[utaifa]]. Maadui wa Uislamu ni pamoja na "Waorientalisti makhaini" <ref> {{Harvnb|Qutb|2003|pp=63, 69}}</ref> na "ulimwengu wa Kiyahudi", ambao walipanga "njama" na wakapinga Uislamu "kiovu".

Katika maneno ya Mohammed Jamal Khalia, rafiki wa karibu chuoni wa Osama Bin Laden: ''Uislamu ni tofauti na dini nyingine yoyote; ni njia ya maisha.'' ''Sisi [Khalia na Bin Laden] tulikuwa tunajaribu kuelewa nini Uislamu unasema kuhusu jinsi ya kula, nani tunamuoa, jinsi tunaongea.'' ''Tunamsoma Sayyid Qutb.'' ''Yeye ndiye ameathiri kizazi chetu zaidi.''  <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=79}}</ref>

Qutb alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa hata zaidi kwa mshauri wa Osama Bin Laden  na  mwanachama mwingine mkuu wa al-Qaeda, <ref>[http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/qutb_milest_influence_obl.html Je, Sayyid Qutb  alimshawishi Osama Bin Laden kwa jinsi gani?]</ref> [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]]. Mjomba wa Zawahiri na dume wa familia ya mamake, Mafouz Azzam, alikuwa mwanafunzi wa Qutb, kisha mfuasi, kisha wakili wake binafsi na hatimaye mhifadhi wa mali- mmoja wa watu wa mwisho kumuona Qutb kabla ya utekelezaji wa kunyongwa kwake. "Ayman al Zawahiri akiwa mdogo alisikiliza mara kwa mara kutoka kwa mjombake  mpendwa  Mahfouz kuhusu usafi wa tabia na Qutb na adhabu aliyovumilia gerezani." <ref>Mafouz Azzam; imetajwa katika {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=36}}</ref> Zawahiri alilipa heshima kwa Qutb katika kazi yake ''Knights under the Prophet's Banner.''  <ref>[http://gemsofislamism.tripod.com/milestones_qutb.html#footnote_24 Mafanikio ya Sayyid Qutb (tanbihi 24)]</ref>

Moja ya madhara ya mawazo ya Qutb ilikuwa wazo kwamba wengi ambao walisema walikuwa Waislamu hawakuwa, yaani, walikuwa [[walioasi]], hili halikuwapa tu wafuasi wa jihadi "shimo la kisheria kuhusiana na kukatazwa mauaji ya Muislamu mwingine," lakini liliifanya " kuwa wajibu wa kidini wa kila Muislamu nadhiri nitafanya "ya. Waliodaiwa kuwa walioasi ni pamoja na viongozi wa nchi za Kiislamu, tangu walishindwa kutekeleza sharia. <ref>[http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm Qutbism: An Ideology of Islamic-Fascism] {{Wayback|url=http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/07spring/eikmeier.htm |date=20070609120804 }} Dale C. EIKMEIER Kutoka ''Parameters,''  Spring 2007, uk. 85-98.</ref>

== Historia ==
=== Uanzishaji nchini Pakistan ===
Maandiko ya mkutano wa Bin Laden na wengine tarehe 20 Agosti 1988, yanaonyesha al-Qaeda ilikuwa kundi rasmi: 'kimsingi ikiwa kundi binafsi la Kiislamu, ikiwa na lengo la kuinua neno la Mungu, kuifanya dini Yake kushinda.' Orodha ya mahitaji ya uanachama yalikuwa kama yafuatayo: uwezo wa kusikiliza, tabia nzuri, utiifu na kufa amana (bayat) kufuata wakubwa wa mmoja.

Kulingana na Wright, jina halisi la kundi  halikuwa likitumika katika maongeo ya umma kwa sababu "uwepo wake bado ulikuwa siri iliowekwa na watu wachache wa karibu." <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=260}}</ref> Utafiti wake unaonyesha kuwa al-Qaeda iliundwa katika mkutano wa 11 Agosti 1988,  kati ya "viongozi waandamizi kadhaa" wa [[Egyptian Islamic Jihad, Abdullah Azzam]], na [[Osama Bin Laden]], ambapo ilikubaliwa kuunganisha fedha za Bin Laden na utaalamu wa shirika la Islamic Jihad na kuchukua ya njia ya jihadi mahali pengine baada ya Wasovieti kujiondoa kutoka [[Afghanistan]]. <ref name="RebellionWright"> {{Harvnb|Wright|2008}}</ref>

=== Jihad nchini Afghanistan ===
Asili ya al-Qaeda kama mtandao unaoendeleza ugaidi kote duniani na mafunzo ya washirika unaweza kufuatiliwa nyuma hadi kwenye [[vita]] vya [[Urusi katika Afghanistan]]. <ref>{{cite web|last=Cooley|first=John K.|authorlink=John K. Cooley|title=Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism|work=[[Demokratizatsiya]]|date=Spring 2003|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3996/is_200304/ai_n9199132|format=reprint}}</ref> Umoja wa Marekani ilichukulia vita nchini Afghanistan, iliyokuwa na Afghanistan Allied Marxists na askari wa Urusi upande mmoja na raia Afghanistan mujahideen upande mwingine, kama kesi ya upanuzi bila aibu na uchokozi wa Kisovyeti. Marekani ilituma fedha kupitia kwa  wakala wa [[Inter-Services Intelligence]] ya [[Pakistan]] kwa raia asili wa Kiafghan mujahedeen waliokuwa wakipigana dhidi ya ukoloni wa Kisovyeti katika mpango wa CIA uliyoitwa [[Operation Cyclone]]. <ref name="HOW-THE-CIA-CREATED-OSAMA-BIN-LADEN">{{cite news
|title=How the CIA created Osama bin Laden
|url=http://www.greenleft.org.au/2001/465/25199
|date=2001-09-19
|publisher=[[Green Left Weekly]]
|accessdate=2007-01-09
|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20120803184811/http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/24198
|archivedate=2012-08-03
}}</ref> <ref name="1986-1992-CIA-AND-BRITISH-RECRUIT-AND-TRAIN-MILITANTS-WORLDWIDE-TO-HELP-FIGHT-AFGHAN-WAR">{{cite web
|title=1986-1992: CIA and British Recruit and Train Militants Worldwide to Help Fight Afghan War
|url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a86operationcyclone
|publisher=Cooperative Research History Commons
|accessdate=2007-01-09}}</ref>

Wakati huohuo, idadi kubwa ya mujahideen wa Kiarabu iliyokuwa ikiongezeka walijiunga na jihad dhidi ya serikali ya [[Afghanistan Marxist]], iliwezeshwa na mashirika ya kimataifa ya Waislamu, na hasa [[Maktab al-Khidamat]], <ref name="MAKTAB-AL-KHIDAMAT-GLOBALSECURITY">{{cite web
|title=Maktab al-Khidamat
|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/maktab_al-khidamat.htm
|publisher=[[GlobalSecurity.org]]
|date=2006-01-11
|accessdate=2007-02-11
|archivedate=2007-02-14
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070214205625/http://www.globalsecurity.org/security/profiles/maktab_al-khidamat.htm
}}</ref> ambayo ilipata fedha kutoka kwa baadhi ya dola milioni 600 kwa mwaka iliyochangiwa jihad na serikali ya Saudi Arabia na Waislamu binafsi - hasa wafanyabiashara wa Saudi wa kujitegemea waliokuwa wamekaribiwa na Osama Bin Laden. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006}}</ref>

Maktab al-Khidamat iliundwa na [[Abdullah Azzam]] na Bin Laden katika [[Peshawar]], Pakistan, mwaka wa 1984. Kuanzia 1986 ilianzisha mtandao wa kuajiri ofisi Marekani, ambazo kwazo ya kitovu ilikuwa [[Kituo cha Wakimbizi cha Al Kifah]] katika Msikiti wa Farouq kwenye barabara ya Atlantic Avenue, [[Brooklyn]]. Miongoni mwa watu mashuhuri katika kituo cha Brooklyn walikuwa "ajenti mara mbili" [[Ali Mohamed]], ambaye wakala maalum wa FBI Jack Cloonan alimwita "mkufunzi wa kwanza wa Bin Laden," <ref>[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline//////torture/interviews/cloonan.html mahojiano ya ''Frontline''  Cloonan  ,] PBS, 13 Julai 2005.</ref> na "Sheikh Kipofu" [[Omar Abdel-Rahman]], msajili mkuu wa [[mujahideen]] kwa Afghanistan.

Al-Qaeda imeendelea kutoka [[Maktab al-Khidamat]], au "Ofisi ya Huduma ", shirika la Uislamu lililoanzishwa mwaka wa 1980 kukusanya fedha na recruit kanal [[mujahideen]] kigeni kwa ajili ya vita dhidi ya Soviets nchini Afghanistan. Ilianzishwa na [[Abdullah Yusuf Azzam]], msomi wa Kiislamu wa Kipalestina na mwanachama wa Udugu wa Kiislamu.

MAK ilipanga [[nyumba za wageni]] katika Peshawar, karibu na mpaka wa Afghanistan na ikakusanya vifaa kwa ajili ya ujenzi wa makambi ya mafunzo ya kijeshi kuandaa wasajiliwa wa kigeni kwa vita vya Afghanistan. Azzam akamshawishi Bin Laden kujiunga na MAK. {{When|date=Septemba 2009}} Bin Laden akawa "mfadhili mkuu" wa mujahideen, akitumia pesa zake mwenyewe na uhusiano wake na "familia ya kifalme ya Saudi na mabilionea wa mafuta wa Ghuba" ili kuboresha maoni ya umma ya vita hiyo na kuongeza fedha zaidi. <ref> {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=19}} Nukuu kutoka {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=42}} na {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=103}}</ref>

Kuanzia mwaka 1987, Azzam na Bin Laden walianza kujenga makambi ndani ya Afghanistan. <ref> {{Harvnb|Sageman|2004|p=35}}</ref> Jukumu la mujahideen wa kujitolea wa kigeni, au "Waarabu wa Kiafghan", na MAK katika vita hiyo si moja kubwa. Wakati juu ya wamujahideen wa Afghanistan 250,000 wakipigana na Wasovieti na serikali ya kikomunisti ya Afghanistan, inakadiriwa kwamba kamwe kulikuwa na zaidi ya mujahideen wa kigeni 2000 vitani wakati wowote ule. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=137}}</ref> Hata hivyo, walijitolea mujahedeen wa kigeni kutoka nchi 43 na idadi ya walioshiriki katika harakati za Afghanistan kati ya 1982 na 1992 wameripotiwa kuwa 35,000. <ref name="THE-WAR-ON-TERROR-AND-THE-POLITICS-OF-VIOLENCE-IN-PAKISTAN">{{cite web
|title=The War on Terror and the Politics of Violence in Pakistan
|url=http://www.jamestown.org/news_details.php?news_id=54
|date=2004-07-02
|publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]]
|accessdate=2007-01-09}}</ref>

[[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] hatimaye ilijiondoa kutoka Afghanistan mwaka wa 1989. Kwa mshangao wa wengi, serikali ya kikomunisti ya Afghanistan ya [[Mohammed Najibullah]] ilishikilia uongozi kwa zaidi ya miaka mitatu kabla ya kulemewa na wapiganaji wa mujahedeen. Huku viongozi wa mujahedeen wakishindwa  kukubaliana juu ya muundo wa utawala, machafuko yaliibuka, daima kukiwa na fungamano zilizoundwa na kusambaratika kila mara zikipigania kudhibiti uongozi wa wilaya ambazo hazikugawanywa vyema, na yakaacha nchi ikiwa imesambaratika.

=== Upanuaji wa shughuli ===
Kuelekea mwisho wa utume wa kijeshi wa [[Kisovyeti]] nchini Afghanistan, baadhi mujahedeen walitaka kupanua shughuli zao kujumuisha mapambano ya Kiislamu katika maeneo mengine ya dunia, kama Israeli na Kashmir. Idadi fulani ya mashirika yanayohusiana na kushirikiana yalianzishwa kuendeleza matarajio hayo.

Moja ya haya mashirika ni ile ambayo hatimaye ilikuja kuitwa al-Qaeda, lililoundwa na Osama Bin Laden na mkutano wa kwanza uliofanyika 11 Agosti 1988. <ref name="THE-OSAMA-BIN-LADEN-I-KNOW">{{cite web
|title=The Osama bin Laden I know
|url=http://www.tpmcafe.com/story/2006/1/18/13810/7770
|date=2006-01-18
|accessdate=2007-01-09
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070101144608/http://www.tpmcafe.com/story/2006/1/18/13810/7770
|archivedate=2007-01-01
}}</ref> Bin Laden alitaka kuanzisha shughuli zizizo za kijeshi katika maeneo mengine ya dunia; Azzam, kwa kulinganisha, naye alitaka kubakia ikilenga kampeni ya kijeshi. Baada ya Azzam kuuawa mwaka wa 1989, MAK iligawanyika huku idadi kubwa wakijiunga na shirika la Bin Laden.

Mnamo Novemba 1989, [[Ali Mohamed]], awali Sergeant wa [[vikosi maalum]] a [[Fort Bragg]], North Carolina, kushoto huduma za kijeshi na kuhamia [[Santa Clara, California]]. Alisafiri kwenda Afghanistan na Pakistan na akawa "anahusika kwa undani na mipango Bin Laden." <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=181}}</ref>

Mwaka mmoja baadaye, tarehe 8 Novemba 1990, FBI ilivamia nyumba ya New Jersey ya mshirika wa Mohammed [[El Sayyid Nosair]], na kugundua ushahidi wa mipango mikubwa ya kigaidi, pamoja na mipango ya kulipua vyumba virefu vya New York. <ref>[http://www.tkb.org/CaseHome.jsp?caseid=332 Mkusanyiko wa Hekima Kuhusu Ugaidi wa MIPT]</ref> Nosair hatimaye alipatikana na hatia kuhusiana na ulpuaji wa bomu wa 1993 katika [[World Trade Center]], na kwa mauaji ya [[Rabbi Meir Kahane]] tarehe 5 Novemba 1990. Mwaka wa 1991, Ali Mohammed amesemekana kuwa alisaidi kupanga kuhamishwa kwa Osama Bin Laden Sudan. <ref> {{cite web
|title=Osama bin Laden: The Past
|url=http://www.iacsp.com/itobli3.html
|accessdate=2007-01-12 }} </ref>

=== Vita vya Ghuba na kuanza uadui na Marekani ===
Kufuatia uondoaji wa Wasovyeti kutoka Afghanistan, Osama Bin Laden alirudi Saudi Arabia. [[Uvamizi]] wa [[Iraq wa nchi ya Kuwait]] mwaka 1990 ulikuwa umeweka ufalme na utawala wa [[Nyumba ya Saud]] hatarini. Mashamba yenye wingi zaidi wa [[mafuta]] ya thamani duniani yalikuwa karibu sana na vikosi vya Iraq katika Kuwait, na wito wa Saddam wa "harakati za Kiarabu/Kiislamu" ungeweza kuleta migawanyiko ya ndani.

Katika uso wa kuonekana uwepo mkubwa wa kijeshi wa Iraq, vikosi vya Saudi Arabia vyenyewe vilikuwa vizuri lakini wachache na mbali. Bin Laden alitoa huduma za mujahedeen wake kwa [[Mfalme Fahd]] wa Saudi Arabia kulinda Saudi Arabia kutoka kwa jeshi la Iraq. Mfalme wa Saudi alikataa toleo la Bin Laden, badala akaruhusu majeshi ya Marekani na Washirika kupeleka askari ndani eneo la Saudi. <ref>{{cite news | last = Jehl | first = Douglas | title = A Nation Challenged: Holy war lured Saudis as rulers looked away | work = The New York Times | date = 2001-12-27 | pages = A1, B4 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/27/world/a-nation-challenged-saudi-arabia-holy-war-lured-saudis-as-rulers-looked-away.html | accessdate = 2009-09-05}}</ref>

Hili lilimkasirisha Bin Laden, kwani yeye aliamini kuwepo kwa askari wa kigeni katika "nchi ya misikiti miwili" ([[Makka]] na [[Madina]]) ilikuwa dharau kwa udongo mtakatifu. Baada ya kutamka hadharani dhidi ya serikali ya Saudi kwa kuwaweka askari wa Marekani, alifukuzwa na kulazimishwa kuishi uhamishoni nchini Sudan.

Tarehe 9 Aprili 1994, uraia wake wa Saudi ulifutwa. <ref name="OSAMA-BIN-LADEN-A-CHRONOLOGY-OF-HIS-POLITICAL-LIFE">{{cite web
|title=Osama bin Laden: A Chronology of His Political Life
|publisher=[[PBS]]
|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline///shows/binladen/etc/cron.html
|accessdate=2007-01-12 }}</ref> Familia yake ilimkataa hadharani. Kuna utata kuhusiana na kiasi cha msaada alichoendelea kupata kutoka kwa wajumbe wa familia yake na / au serikali ya Saudi. <ref name="CONTEXT-OF-SHORTLLY-AFTER-APRIL-1994">{{cite web
|title=Context of 'Shortly After April 1994'
|url=http://www.cooperativeresearch.org/context.jsp?item=a94familydisown
|publisher=[[Cooperative Research History Commons]]
|accessdate=2007-01-12 }}</ref>

=== Sudan ===
Kutoka 1992 hadi 1996, al-Qaeda na Bin Laden makao wenyewe nchini [[Sudan]] katika mwaliko wa [[Hassan al Turabi]]. Hatua hii ilifuatia mapinduzi ya Kiislamu yakiongozwa na Kanali [[Omar al-Bashir]], ambaye nadhiri alijitoa kupanga tena maadili ya kisiasa ya Kiislamu; hakuna yeyote katika al-Qaeda angeweza kutabiri kufukuzwa kwao kutoka nchini humo. Wakati huo Bin Laden alisaidia serikali ya Sudan, alinunua au kuanzisha makampuni ya biashara mbalimbali, na kuanzisha makambi ambapo wapiganaji walipata mafunzo.

Wakati akiwa nchini Sudan Bin Laden alipoteza pasipoti yake ya Saudi na chanzo cha mapato yake kama mwitikio kwa kumkasirisha mfalme wa Saudi. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=195}}</ref> Mgeuko mkuu kwa Bin Laden ulitokea mwaka wa 1993 wakati Saudi Arabia ilikubaliana na [[Oslo Accords]] ambayo iliweka njia ya amani kati ya [[Israel]] na [[Wapalestina]]. <ref> {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=52}}</ref>

Zawahiri na EIJ, ambao walikuwa kama msingi wa al-Qaeda lakini pia wakishiriki katika shughuli zingine tofauti dhidi ya serikali ya Misri, walikuwa na bahati mbaya zaidi nchini Sudan. Katika mwaka wa 1993, msichana mdogo mwanafunzi wa shule aliuawa katika jaribio la EIJ lililotibuka kwenye maisha ya Waziri wa Mambo ya Ndani wa Misri, [[Hasan al-Alfi]]. Maoni ya umma ya Misri ikageuka dhidi ya ulipuaji wa mabomu na wanaharakati wa Kiislam na polisi <ref> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=186}}</ref> wakawakamata zaidi ya wanachama 280 wa al-Jihad na kuwanyonga wasita wao.

Katika mwaka wa 1995 [[jaribio la kumuua rais Mubarak wa Misri]] uliotibuka hata zaidi ulipelekea kufukuzwa kwa EIJ kutoka Misri na si muda mrefu baadaye kufukuzwa kwa Bin Laden na serikali ya Sudan.

=== Kukimbilia nchini Afghanistan ===
Baada ya Wasovyeti ya kuondoka, Afghanistan ikawa haina serikali kwa miaka saba na wakikumbana na mapigano ya daima kati ya washirika wa zamani na vikundi mbalimbali vya mujahedeen.

Katika miaka ya 1990, nguvu mpya ikaanza kuibuka. Asili ya [[Taliban]] (imaanishayo "wanafunzi") ilitokea katika watoto wa Afghanistan, wengi wao mayatima baada ya vita, na wengi ambao walikuwa wameelimishwa katika mtandao uliokuwa ukipanuka haraka  wa shule za Kiislamu ([[Madrassa]]) aidha katika [[Kandahar]] au katika makambi ya wakimbizi, mpakani mwa Afghanistan na Pakistan.

Kulingana na [[Ahmed Rashid]], viongozi watano wa Taliban walikuwa wahitimu wa [[Darul Uloom Haqqania]], shule ya Madrassa katika mji mdogo wa Akora Khattak. <ref name="Harvnb|Rashid|2002"> {{Harvnb|Rashid|2002}}</ref> Mji huo uko karibu na [[Peshawar]] nchini Pakistan, lakini kwa ukubwa umehudhuriwa na wakimbizi wa [[Kiafghan]]. <ref name="Harvnb|Rashid|2002"/> Taasisi hii inaonyesha imani za Salafi katika mafundisho yake, na kiasi kikubwa cha fedha zake binafsi zimetoka kwa michango kutoka kwa Waarabu matajiri. Washirika wa Bin Laden walikuwa bado wanavuja zaidi ya michango hii, kwa kutumia benki za Kiislamu kuhamisha fedha hizi kwa "safu" za mashirika ya msaada ambayo yalitumika kama vikundi vya mbele vya al-Qaeda au kusafirisha fedha zilizojazwa ndani ya mifuko moja kwa moja ndani ya Pakistan. <ref>{{Harvnb|Napoleoni|2003|pp=121–123}} {{Harvnb|Akacem|2005}} ( <small>"[Napoleoni] anafanya kazi ya heshima ya kufunika al-Qaida na anatoa baadhi ya idadi na makadirio ambayo ni ya thamani [kwa wasomi wa ugaidi].").</small></ref> Viongozi wengine wanne wa Taliban walihudhuria Madrassa iliyofadhiliwa na kusukumwa sawa na hili katika Kandahar, Afghanistan.

Wengi wa mujahedeen ambao baadaye walijiunga na Wataliban walipigana kando ya kundi la mkereketwa wa vita [[Nabi Muhammad Mohammadi]] la Harkat i Inqilabi wakati wa uvamizi wa Urusi. Kundi hili pia lilipata uaminifu wa wapiganaji wengi Waarabu wa Kiafghani.

Ugomvi uliokuwa ukiendelea kati ya makundi mbalimbali, na uasi na kutofuata sheria kufuatia kuondoka kwa Urusi, iliwawezesha Wataliban, waliokuwa wakiongezeka na nidhamu nzuri, kupanua udhibiti wa wilaya zao katika Afghanistan, na walikuja kuanzisha eneo ambalo waliita [[Emirati]] ya Kiislamu ya Afghanistan. Katika mwaka wa 1994, waliteka kituo cha mikoa cha [[Kandahar]], na baada ya kutengeneza faida za kieneo haraka, wakachukua mji mkuu [[Kabul]] mwezi Septemba 1996.

Baada ya Sudan kuweka wazi kuwa Bin Laden kamwe hakaribishwi  kurudi,{{Clarify|date=Septemba 2009}} Afghanistan iliyodhibitiwa na Taliban-pamoja na kuanzishwa kwa uhusiano awali kati ya makundi mbali mbali, ikisimamiwa na uanajeshi uliogawiwa, <ref> {{Harvnb|Kronstadt|Katzman|2008}}</ref> na kwa kiasi kikubwa ikiwa imetengwa kutoka ushawishi wa kisiasa na nguvu za wa Marekani na kijeshi-zinazotolewa mkamilifu hatiani kwa al-Qaeda kuanzisha makao makuu yake. Al-Qaeda ilipata ulinzi wa Taliban na kipimo  uhalali kama sehemu yao ya Wizara ya Ulinzi, ingawa tu [[Pakistan]], Saudi Arabia, na [[United Arab Emirates]] alitambua Taliban halali kama serikali ya Afghanistan.

=== Wito kwa jihad ya kimataifa ===
Katika mwaka wa 1994, makundi ya Salafi Kutokea "[[jihad]]" katika Bosnia yaliingia katika hayawezi kusahihishwa inaonekana kushuka. Huku wakipungua kidogo na kidogo katika hazma, makundi kama vile EIJ yalianza kujitenga mbali na harakati za Salafi katika Ulaya. Al-Qaeda ilichukua hatua ikaingia na kuchukua udhibiti wa karibu asilimia 80 ya seli za kigaidi katika Bosnia mwishoni mwa 1995.

Wakati huo huo, al-Qaeda waliwaelekeza wasajili wa mtandao wa kuangalia kwa ''[[Jihadi kimataifa]],''  Waislamu ambao waliamini kwamba lazima jihad walipigana kwenye ngazi ya kimataifa. Dhana ya "jihad ya Salafi ya kimataifa" ilikuwepo tangu angalau mapema miaka ya 1980. Makundi kadhaa walikuwa sumu kwa madhumuni ya kuwaondoa wasiokuwa Waislamu nje ya nchi  Muislamu, wakati huo huo na kwa upeo carnage. Hili lilikuwa, hata hivyo, mkakati wa kujihami kimsingi.

Al-Qaeda walitaka kufungua "awamu ya kukera" ya jihad ya kimataifa Salafi. <ref> {{Harvnb|Sageman|2004|pp=48, 51}}</ref> Waislamu wa Kibosnia leo wanatoa wito wa "mshikamano kwa sababu ya Uislamu duniani kote", wakiunga mkono wapiganaji katika Kashmir na Iraq na vile vile makundi yanayopigania kuwepo kwa jamuhuri ya Palestina. <ref> {{Harvnb|Trofimov|2006|p=282}}</ref>

=== Fatwa ===
Katika mwaka wa 1996, al-Qaeda ilitangaza jihad yake ya kufukuza maslahi na majeshi ya kigeni kutoka ardhi walizofikiria kuwa za Kiislamu. Bin Laden alitoa Fatwa, <ref>{{cite news
|title=Bin Laden's Fatwa
|url=http://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html
|publisher=[[Al Quds Al Arabi]]
|date=Agosti 1996
|accessdate=2007-01-09
|archivedate=2018-12-25
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225172127/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/terrorism/international/fatwa_1996.html
}}</ref> ambayo ilifikia tamko la umma kutangaza vita dhidi ya Marekani na washirika wake wowote, na wakaanza kulenga rasilimali za al-Qaeda kuelekea mashambulizi makubwa. Pia kilichotokea tarehe 25 Juni 1996, ilikuwa ulipuaji bomu minara ya Khobar, ziko katika Khobar, Saudi Arabia.

Tarehe 23 Februari 1998, Osama Bin Laden na [[Ayman al Zawahiri]], kiongozi wa Jihad ya Kiislamu ya Misri (EIJ), pamoja na viongozi wengine watatu wa Kiislamu, walitia saini pamoja na wakatoa Fatwa (tangazo la kidini linalofungamana) ikiwaita Waislamu kuwaua Wamarekani na washirika wao ambapo wanaweza, wakati wanaweza. <ref>Summary imechukuliwa kutoka kwa mahojiano ya Bin Laden 26 Mei 1998 na mwandishi wa Marekani [[John Miller]]. Hivi karibuni matangazo katika makala ya ''Age of Terror,''  sehemu ya 4, na tafsiri zote zimesahihishwa na Barry Purkis (mtafiti wa mkusanyiko).</ref> Chini ya bendera ya [[World Islamic Front for Combat Against Jews and Crusaders]] wao walisema:

{{quotation|[T]he ruling to kill the Americans and their allies—civilians and military—is an individual duty for every Muslim who can do it in any country in which it is possible to do it, in order to liberate the al-Aqsa Mosque [in Jerusalem] and the holy mosque [in Makka] from their grip, and in order for their armies to move out of all the lands of Islam, defeated and unable to threaten any Muslim. This is in accordance with the words of Almighty Allah, 'and fight the pagans all together as they fight you all together,' and 'fight them until there is no more tumult or oppression, and there prevail justice and faith in Allah'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm|title=Text of Fatwah Urging Jihad Against Americans|accessdate=2006-05-15|archivedate=2006-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060422210853/http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm}}</ref>}}

Bin Laden wala al-Zawahiri hawakuwa na sifa za kitaalamu za jadi za Kiislamu kutoa Fatwa ya aina yoyote, hata hivyo, walikataa mamlaka ya [[ulema]] wa kisasa (walioonekana kama watumishi wa kulipwa wa watawala wa ''[[jahiliyya]]'' ) na wakachukua jukumu hilo wenyewe. <ref> {{Harvnb|Benjamin|Simon|2002|p=117}} "Kwa kutoa Fatwas, Bin Laden na wafuasi wake wanahudumu kutokana na kujiteua kibinafsi na kujitegemea miadi kama alim: wao ni tunadai haki zao kama wakalimani wa sheria za Kiislamu."</ref> {{Verify credibility|reason=questionable statement as at least one of the other signers of the fatwa may have indeed been able to issue such an edict – bin Laden and al-Zawahiri were co-signers|date=Mei 2009}} Ajenti wa zamani wa FSB aliyeuawa [[Alexander Litvinenko]] alidai kuwa [[FSB]] ya Urusi ilimpa mafunzo al Zawahiri katika kambi iliyoko Dagestan miezi minane kabla ya Fatwa ya mwaka wa 1998. <ref>{{cite web| last = Nyquist| first = J.R. | title = Is Al Qaeda a Kremlin Proxy?| work = | publisher = jrnyquist.com| date = 13 Agosti 2005| url = http://www.jrnyquist.com/nyquist_2005_0813.htm| accessdate = 2008-04-17 }}</ref> <ref>{{cite web| title = Obituary: Alexander Litvinenko | publisher = BBC News| date = 24 Novemba 2006| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/6163502.stm| accessdate = 2008-04-16 }}</ref>

=== Njia ya kwenda Somalia na Yemen ===
Wakati viongozi wa Al Qaeda walipokuwa mafichoni katika maeneo ya kikabila kando ya mpaka wa Afghanistan na Pakistan, mrengo wa kati wa wanaharakati hao ulionyesha hali ya juu ya shughuli katika Somalia na Yemen.
"Tunajua kwamba Asia ya Kusini tena si wigo wao wa msingi," chanzo katika shirika la ulinzi Marekani alisema katika Washington Times. "Wao wanatafuta maficho katika maeneo mengine ya dunia na wanaendelea kupanua shirika lao. "
Nchini Somalia, mawakala wa Al Qaeda wanashirikiana na kikundi cha Shahab, wanawasjili watoto kwa mafunzo ya walipuaji wa kujitolea mhanga, na kupeleka vijana kushiriki katika hatua za kijeshi dhidi ya Wamarekani mpakani mwa Afghanistan na Pakistan.
Mwaka huu, mgawanyiko wa Al Qaida nchini Saudi Arabia has umejikutanisha na mrengo wa Yemeni kuunda Al Qaeda katika Peninsula ya Arabia wenye wigo katika Yemen.
Hapa magaidi huchukua faida ya uchumi maskini, demografia na usalama wa ndani. Katika mwezi wa Agosti walifanya jaribio la kwanza la mauaji dhidi ya mwanachama wa nasaba ya kifalme ya Saudi Arabia katika miongo.
Rais Obama katika barua yake yake alimuuliza mwenzake wa Yemen Ali Abdullah Saleh kuhakikisha ushirikiano wa karibu na Marekani katika mapambano dhidi ya kuongezeka kwa shughuli ya Al Qaeda katika [[wilaya za Yemen]], na aliahidi kutuma nyongeza ya misaada ya kimataifa.
Kwa sababu ya vita nchini Iraq na Afghanistan, Marekani imeshindwa kulipa kipaumbele ya kutosha kwa Somalia na Yemen, ambayo yanaweza kusababishia Marekani baadhi ya matatizo makubwa katika siku chache zijazo. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/hotspots/terror/109278-0/|title=Al-Qaeda Slowly Makes Its Way to Somalia and Yemen |accessdate=2009-09-23|publisher=Pravda.ru}}</ref>

=== Oparesheni za Marekani ===
[[Anwar al-Awlaki]], [[imam]] mzaliwa wa Marekani amebainishwa na [[vyombo vya habari vya Magharibi]] {{Specify|date=Novemba 2009}} kama "Imam wa 9 / 11 " na "msajili wa al Qaeda", ingawa uchunguzi wa FBI kuhusiana na ugaidi haukukusanya ushahidi wa kutosha kwa ajili ya uchunguzi kamili au mashtaka. {{Citation needed|date=Novemba 2009}} Yeye hivi karibuni amehusishwa na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Iman]] katika [[Yemen]] ambapo yeye sasa anakaa. Kuna madai ya wanafunzi wa chuo hicho  kuhusishwa na mauaji, na inaongozwa na [[Abdul Majeed Al-Zindani]], ambaye anaonekana katika orodha ya Marekani na [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] kama  anayehusishwa na Al-Qaeda, na anatakikana kujibu maswali kuhusiana na mashambulizi katika [[USS Cole]] uko Yemen. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/01/21/monitor/entry4745907.shtml |title=CBS News Januari 21, 2009 7:44 Al Qaeda wazindua mpango presenterar Strike Lines Ugavi wa Marekani katika majeshi ya Kiarabu "Zindani, ambaye ni alitaka kwa kuhoji na FBI juu ya mashambulizi ya USS Cole" |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archivedate=2009-03-03 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303112803/http://www.cbsnews.com/blogs/2009/01/21/monitor/entry4745907.shtml }}</ref>
Mahubiri ya Awlaki uko Marekani yalihudhuriwa na watatu wa watekaji wa [[9 / 11]] , vilevile mtuhumiwa mpiga risasi wa[[Fort Hood Nidal Malik Hasan]]. Majasusi wa Marekani walipata barua pepe kutoka kwa Hasan Awlaki kati ya Desemba 2008 na mapema 2009. Katika tovuti yake Awlaki alisifu vitendo vya Hasan katika Fort Hood.<ref name="abcnews.go.com">[http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/fort-hood-shooter-contact-al-qaeda-terrorists-officials/story?id=9030873 Esposito, Richard, Cole, Mathew, na Ross, Brian , "Maafisa: Jeshi la Marekani laambiwa juu ya mawasiliano ya Hasan  na al Qaeda;Meja wa Jeshi wa Fort Hood alitumia 'njia za kielektroniki' to kuwasiliana na magaidi," ''[[ABC News]],''  9 Novemba 2009, iliangaliwa 12 Novemba 2009]</ref>

Awlawki sasa anatafutwa na mamlaka za Yemen kuhusu uwezekano wa mahusiano yake na al-Quaeda, lakini mamlaka hazijawezasi lokalisera naye kwa miezi. 

Maafisa wa Marekani wamemwita Awlaki "mfano wa al-Qaeda kufikia ndani" ya Marekani katika mwaka wa 2008 baada ya uchunguzi katika mahusiano yake na watekaji wa 11 Septemba. Ajenti wa zamani wa FBI anamfahamu Awlaki kama "msajili mwandamizi wa al Qaeda", na mtia nguvu wa kiroho. <ref>[http://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/al-qaeda-recruiter-focus-fort-hood-killings-investigation/story?id=9045492 Chucmach, Megan, na Ross, Brian, "Msajili wa Al Qaeda  mkazo Mpya katika Uchunguzi wa Mauaji ya Fort Hood Meja wa Jeshi Nidal Hasan Alikuwa Katika Mawasiliano na Imam Anwar Awlaki, Maafisa Wasema, ''[[ABC News]],''  10 Novemba 2009,iliangaliwa 12 Novemba 2009]</ref>

Afisa ambaye hajatajwa alidai kulikuwa na sababu nzuri ya kuamini kuwa Awlaki "umekuwa akishiriki katika shughuli za kigaidi sana tangu kuondoka Marekani[baada ya 9 / 11], ikiwa ni pamoja na kupanga mashambulizi dhidi ya Marekani na washirika wetu." <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/26/AR2008022603267_pf.html 27 Februari 2008 Imam From Va.][http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/02/26/AR2008022603267_pf.html Mosque Now Thought to Have Aided Al-Qaeda]</ref>

== Muundo wa Shirika ==
Ingawa mfumo wa sasa wa al-Qaeda haujulikani, habari zaidi zikipatikana kutoka kwa [[Jamal al-Fadl]] ziliwapa mamlaka za Marekani angalau picha ya jinsi kikundi kimeundwa. Wakati ukweli wa taarifa zilizotolewa na al-Fadl na motisha ya ushirikiano wake bado hazijabainishwa, mamlaka za Marekani zimeweka wigo wa maarifa yao ya sasa kuhusu al-Qaeda kwenye ushahidi wake. <ref name="first informant"> {{Harvnb|McGeary|2001}}</ref>

=== Uongozi ===
[[Osama Bin Laden]] alikuwa [[Emir]] na Mwandamizi Mkuu wa Operesheni wa al-Qaeda (ingawa awali jukumu hili huenda lilikuwa limejazwa na [[Abu Ayoub]] al-Iraq). Bin Laden alishauriwa na Baraza la Shura, ambalo linajumulisha wanachama waandamizi wa al-Qaeda, ambao inakadiriwa na maofisa wa ngazi za Magharibi kuwa watu ishirini hadi thelathini.

[[Ayman al Zawahiri]] ni Naibu Mkuu wa Operesheni wa al-Qaida na [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]] kuna uwezekano ni kiongozi mwandamizi wa al-Qaeda nchini Iraq.

Mtandao wa Al-Qaida ulijengwa ''ex nihilo'' kama mtandao wa kuhitaji kutoka kwa viongozi wa mikoa yake yote "kama na wakati muhimu kutumika kama sehemu muhimu ya amri yake kuu." <ref> {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=54}}</ref>

* Kamati ya Jeshi inawajibika kwa mafunzo ya washirika, kupata silaha, na kupanga mashambulizi.
* Kamati ya Fedha/ Biashara inalipia usajili na mafunzo ya washirika kupitia mfumo wa benki ''[[hawala]]''. Jitihada zinazoongozwa na Marekani za kutokomeza vyanzo vya fedha kwa ugaidi <ref> {{Harvnb|White House|2003}}</ref> zilikuwa na wingi wa mafanikio katika mwaka mmoja mara baada ya 11 Septemba; <ref> {{Harvnb|Basile|2004|p=177}}</ref> al-Qaeda inaendelea kufanya kazi kupitia benki bila vikwazo, kama vile ''hawaladars''  elfu moja au hivyo nchini Pakistan, baadhi ambazo zinaweza kushughulikia mikataba ya hadi dola milioni 10. <ref> {{Harvnb|Wechsler|2001|p=135}} alitaja katika {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=63}}</ref> Pia inatoa tiketi za ndege na [[pasipoti]] za uongo, inalipa wanachama wa al-Qaeda, na husimamia faida inayotokana na biashara. <ref> Biashara husimamiwa kutoka chini, na baraza kushauriwa tu kuhusu mapendekezo mapya na kukusanya fedha.<br /> Angalia:

* {{Harvnb|Hoffman|2002}} </ref> Katika Taarifa ya Tume  ya 9 / 11, inakadiriwa kuwa al-Qaeda inahitaji dola milioni 30 kwa mwaka ili kuendesha shughuli zake.
* Kamati ya Sheria inahakiki sheria ya Kiislamu na inaamua kama njia hasa za utekelezaji zinafuata sheria.
* Kamati ya Masomo ya Kiislamu / Fatwah inatoa matangazo ya masuala ya kidini, kama vile tangazo la mwaka wa 1998 lililowaeleza Waislamu kuwaua Wamarekani.
* Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 kulikuwa na Kamati ya Vyombo vya Habari iliyojulikana hadharani, ambayo iliendesha gazeti la ''Nashrat al Akhbar (Newscast)''  iliyoanguka na kusimamia [[mahusiano ya umma]].
* Katika mwaka wa 2005, al Qaeda iliunda [[As-Sahab]], nyumba ya uzalishaji wa vyombo vya habari, na kusambaza vifaa na vyombo vyake vya video na sauti.

==== Muundo wa Amri ====
Alipoulizwa kuhusu uwezekano wa Al Qaida kuhusika na ulipuaji mabomu ya [[London 7 Julai 2005]] ya mwaka wa 2005, mkuu wa Metropolitan Police [[Sir Ian Blair]] alisema:
<blockquote>"Al Qaeda si shirika. Al Qaeda ni njia ya kufanya kazi ... lakini hii ina fadhila mahususi ya mbinu hiyo ... Al Qaeda kwa wazi ina uwezo wa kutoa mafunzo ... kutoa utaalamu ... na nadhani kuwa ni hicho kilitokea hapa. <ref name="foxnewsblair">{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Cops: London Attacks Were Homicide Blasts | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,162476,00.html | work =[[Fox News]] | pages = | accessdate = 2008-06-15 | language = }}</ref></blockquote>

Hata hivyo, tarehe 13 Agosti 2005 gazeti la ''The Independent''  iliripoti, ikinukuu uchunguzi wa [[MI5]] na polisi, kwamba walipuaji wa 7 Julai walijitegemea bila usidizi wa mtaalamu wa ugaidi wa al-Qaeda kutoka mahali fulani nje ya nchi. <ref>{{cite news | title=London bombings: the truth emerges | url=http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article305547.ece | first=Jason | last=Bennetto | coauthors=Ian Herbert | work=The Independent | date=2005-08-13 | accessdate=2006-12-03 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026100045/http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article305547.ece | archivedate=2006-10-26 }}</ref>

Al-Qaeda ni nini hasa, au ilikuwa, inabakia katika mzozo. Mwandishi na mwanahabari [[Adam Curtis]] anaamini kuwa wazo la al-Qaeda kama shirika rasmi kimsingi ni uvumbuzi wa Marekani. Curtis anaamini jina "al-Qaeda" mara ya kwanza uliletwa kwa usikivu wa umma katika kesi ya 2001 Osama Bin Laden na watu wanne wanaotuhumiwa katika ulipuaji mabomu wa mwaka wa [[1998 katika ofisi za ubalozi wa Marekani]] katika Afrika Mashariki.

{{quotation|The reality was that bin Laden and Ayman Zawahiri had become the focus of a loose association of disillusioned Islamist militants who were attracted by the new strategy. But there was no organization. These were militants who mostly planned their own operations and looked to bin Laden for funding and assistance. He was not their commander. There is also no evidence that bin Laden used the term "al-Qaeda" to refer to the name of a group until after Septemba the 11th, when he realized that this was the term the Americans had given it.<ref name="The Power of Nightmares">''The Power of Nightmares''.</ref>}}

Kama suala la sheria, [[Idara ya Haki ya Marekani]] ilihitajika kuonyesha kwamba Osama Bin Laden alikuwa kiongozi wa shirika la jinai ili kumfungulia mashtaka''[[akiwa hayupo]]''  chini ya  [[Sheria ya Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act]], inajulikana pia kama RICO Statutes. Jina la shirika na maelezo ya muundo wake yalitolewa katika ushuhuda wa [[Jamal al-Fadl]], ambaye alidai kuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi wa shirika na mfanyakazi wa zamani wa Osama Bin Laden. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm |title="WMD Terrorism and Usama Bin Laden" na The Center for Nonproliferation Studies |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011214040200/http%3A//cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/binladen.htm |archivedate=2001-12-14 }}</ref>

Maswali kuhusu kuegemea kwa ushuhuda wa al-Fadl yametolewa na idadi fulani ya vyanzo kwa sababu ya historia yake ya udanganyifu na kwa sababu alikuwa akiitoa kama sehemu ya matakwa yake katika mkataba wa mapatano baada ya kupatikana na hatia ya kupanga kushambulia majengo ya kijeshi ya Marekani. <ref name="first informant"/> <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2001/LAW/02/13/Embassy.bombings.trial/
|title=Witness: Bin Laden planned attack on U.S. embassy in Saudi Arabia
|publisher=[[CNN]]
|date=2001-02-13
|accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref> Sam Schmidt, wakili wa mshtakiwa katika kesi, alikuwa yafuatayo kusema kuhusu ushuhuda wa al-Fadl:

<blockquote>Kulikuwa na sehemu za ushahidi wa al-Fadl ambazo naamini zilikuwa uongo, kusaidia picha kwamba yeye alisaidia Wamarekani kujiunga pamoja. Nadhani yeye alisema uongo katika idadi fulani ya ushuhuda hasa kuhusu picha nzima ya nini shirika hili lilikuwa. Ilifanya al-Qaeda kuwa Mafia mpya au Wakomunisti wapya. Iliwafanya kutambulika kama kundi na hivyo kufanya kuwa rahisi mashtaka dhidi ya mtu yoyote anayehusiana na al-Qaeda kwa vitendo au kauli yoyote iliyotolewa na Bin Laden. <ref name="The Power of Nightmares"/></blockquote>

=== Makamanda wa Vitani ===
Idadi ya watu binafsi katika shirika ambao wamepitia mafunzo kamili ya kijeshi, na wana uwezo wa kuongoza vikosi vya wapiganaji, haijulikani kwa ukubwa. Katika mwaka wa 2006, ilikuwa inakadiriwa kwamba al-Qaida walikuwa na makamanda elfu kadhaa walioingizwa katika nchi arobaini mbalimbali. <ref name="Cassidy"> {{Harvnb|Cassidy|2006|p=9}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa 2009, iliaminika kuwa hakukuwa zaidi ya mia mbili au tatu ya wanachama ambao bado walikuwa wakihudumu kama makamanda. <ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.slate.com/id/2211994/
|title=The Terrorists-Are-Dumb Theory: Don't mistake these guys for criminal masterminds
|first=Timothy
|last=Noah
|authorlink=Timothy Noah
|publisher=Slate
|date=2009-02-25}}</ref>

Kulingana na taarifa ya [[BBC]] The Power of Nightmares, al-Qaeda haijaunganishwa pamoja kwa nguvu hadi ni vigumu kusema kuwa iko mbali na Osama Bin Laden na kundi ndogo la washirika wa karibu.

Ukosefu wa idadi kubwa ya wanachama waliopatikana na hatia wa al-Qaeda licha ya idadi yao kubwa kukamatwa kwa madai ya ugaidi imetolewa na makala hayo kuwa sababu ya kushuku kama kundi hilo lililoenea linalokutana na maelezo ya al-Qaeda iko kwa vyovyote vile. Kwa hivyo kiwango na asili ya al-Qaeda inabakia kuwa mada yenye mzozo. <ref>{{cite book
 | last = Gerges
 | first = Fawaz A
 | authorlink =
 | coauthors =
 | title = The Far Enemy: Why Jihad Went Global
 | url = https://archive.org/details/farenemywhyjihad0000gerg
 | publisher = Cambridge University Press
 |date= 2005-09-05
 | isbn = 0-521-79140-5}}</ref>

=== Vikosi vya wapiganaji ===
Kulingana na [[Robert Cassidy]], al-Qaeda inadhibiti vikosi wawili tofauti vinavyo sambamba na wapiganaji nchini Iraq na Pakistan.

Kwanza, wanaohesabika katika makumi ya maelfu, iliundwa, ikafunzwa, na kukabidhiwa vifaa kama vikosi vya wapiganaji wa kupambana" katika vita vya Usovyeti na Afghanistani. <ref name="Cassidy"/> IlIundwa kimsingi na mujahideen wa kigeni kutoka Saudi Arabia na Yemen. Wengi walikwenda kupambana katika Bosnia na Somalia, ambapo vitendo vyao vilisaidia kuinua bendera ya jihad ya kimataifa.

Kundi lingine, takriban elfu kumi wenye nguvu, wanaishi katika mataifa ya Magharibi na wamepokea mafunzo kiasi ya kupambana. <ref name="Cassidy"/>

Wachambuzi wengine wameelezea kuwa cheo na faili za al-Qaida kama zinazobadilika kutoka kuwa "unaotegemea Waarabu", katika miaka yake ya kwanza ya oparesheni, na kuwa "kwa ukubwa ya Kipakistani",  wa 2007. <ref>[http://www.meforum.org/article/1710 Jihad's New Leaders] {{Wayback|url=http://www.meforum.org/article/1710 |date=20070704191032 }} na Daveed Gartenstein-Ross na Kyle Dabruzzi, ''Middle East Quarterly,''  Summer 2007</ref> Imekadiriwa kwamba 62% ya wanachama wa al-Qaeda wana elimu ya chuo kikuu. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=c841b52c-b2e7-4e41-b27e-33d10245b935&k=0 |title=Wanajihadi wa sasa: elimu, na tajiri na lengo la kuua? |accessdate=2022-11-26 |archivedate=2007-09-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120758/http://www.canada.com/nationalpost/news/story.html?id=c841b52c-b2e7-4e41-b27e-33d10245b935&k=0 }}</ref>

== Mashambulizi ==
[[Picha:RecentAlQaedaAttacks.svg|thumb|400px|Ramani ya mashambulizi makubwa ya karibuni ulitokana na al-Qaeda: 1. Pentagon, Marekani - Sep 11, 20012. World Trade Center, Marekani - Sep 11, 20013. Istanbul, Uturuki - 15 Novemba 2003; Nov 20, 20034. Aden, Yemen - Oct 12, 20005. Nairobi, Kenya - Aug 7, 19986. Dar es Salaam, Tanzania - 7 Agosti 1998]]
Al-Qaeda imetekeleza jumla ya mashambulizi sita kuu ya kigaidi, nne zao katika jihad yake dhidi ya Marekani. Katika kila kesi uongozi ulipanga shambulizi miaka mapema, ikipanga usafirishaji wa silaha na mabomu na kutumia biashara zake ya kutoa privatized ushirika pamoja na utambulisho safehouses na uongo.

Al-Qaeda kwa kawaida haitumi fedha kwa ajili ya mashambulizi, na mara chache sana hufanya uhamisho wa nyaya. <ref>{{cite news | last = Eichenwald | first = Kurt | authorlink = Kurt Eichenwald | title = A Nation Challenged: Terror money hard to block, officials find | work = The New York Times | date = 2001-12-10 | pages = A1, B4 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2001/12/10/international/10MONE.html | accessdate = 2009-09-04}}</ref>

=== Mwaka 1992 ===
Tarehe 29 Desemba 1992, shambulizi la kwanza la kigaidi la al-Qaida lilifanyika wakati mabomu mawili yalipolipuliwa [[Aden]], [[Yemen]]. Shabaha ya kwanza ilikuwa hoteli ya Mövenpick na ya pili ilikuwa pahali pa kuegeza magari katika hoteli ya Goldmohur.

Ulipuaji huo ulikuwa jaribio la kuondoa askari wa Marekani waliokuwa njiani kwenda Somalia kushiriki katika juhudi za kimataifa unafuu njaa, [[Operation Restore Hope]]. Kindani, al-Qaeda iliamini shambulizi hilo lilikuwa ushindi uliyowatia hofu Wamarekani kutoweka, lakini katika Marekani shambulizi hilo lilikuwa vigumu kujulikana.

Hakuna Wamarekani waliouawa kwa sababu askari walikuwa wakikaa katika hoteli tofauti kabisa, na wao walikwenda kwenye Somalia kama imepangwa. Hata kama lilijulikana kidogo tu, shambulizi hili lilikuwa kama kilele kwani lilikuwa mwanzo wa mabadiliko katika mwelekeo wa al-Qaida, kutoka mapigano na majeshi kwenda kwa maua [[raia]] s. <ref name="wright174"> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=174}}</ref> Watu wawili waliuawa katika shambulizi, mtalii kutoka Australia na mfanyakazi wa hoteli Myemeni. Wengine saba, wengi Wayemeni, walikuwa ukali kujeruhiwa.

Fatwas mbili zimesemekana ziliteuliwa na mwanatheolojia mwenye ujuzi zaidi wa al-Qaida, [[Mamdouh Mahmud Salim]], kwa kuhalalisha mauaji kulingana na sheria za Kiislamu. Salim alinukuu Fatwa maalumu maarufu iliyoteuliwa na [[Ibn Taymiyyah]], mwanachuo wa karne ya kumi na tatu aliyedhaminiwa na Wahhabi, ambayo ilishinikiza upinzani kwa njia yoyote ile wakati wa uvamizi wa Mongol. <ref> {{Harvnb|Jansen|1997}}</ref> {{Verify credibility|date=Septemba 2009}}

=== Ulipuaji wa 1993 wa World Trade Center ===
Katika mwaka wa 1993, [[Ramzi Yousef]] alitumia lori lililobeba bomu kushambulia [[World Trade Center]] jijini [[New York]]. Shambulizi hili lilikusudiwa kuvunja msingi wa Mnara wa Kwanza ili kuigonganisha na Mnara wa pili, na kuyaangusha chini majengo yote mawili.

Yousef alitarajia hili lingewaua watu 250,000. Minara ilisukasuka lakini msingi haukuvunjika na yeye alifanikiwa kuwaua watu wasita tu (ingawa wengine 1,042 kujeruhiwa unasababishwa karibu dola milioni 300 mali ya uharibifu). <ref name="yousef"> {{Harvnb|Wright|2006|p=178}} {{Harvnb|Reeve|1999}}</ref> <ref name="miis">{{cite web
|url=http://www.cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/wtc93.htm
|title=February 1993 Bombing of the World Trade Center in New York City
|publisher=[[Center for Nonproliferation Studies]]
|date=2001-11-12
|accessdate=2007-01-09
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203110421/http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/reports/wtc93.htm
|archivedate=2007-02-03
}}</ref>

Baada ya shambulizi, Yousef alikimbilia Pakistan na baadaye kuhamia [[Manila]]. Huko alianza kuendeleza mpango wa  [[Bojinka Plot]] wa kulipua ndege dazeni za Kimarekan , kumuua Papa [[Yohana Paulo II]] na Rais Bill Clinton, na kuangusha ndege ya kibinafsi katika makao makuu ya CIA. Baadaye alishikwa nchini Pakistan. <ref name="yousef"/>

Hakuna katika mashitaka ya serikali ya Marekani dhidi ya Osama Bin Laden lililopendekeza kwamba alikuwa na uhusiano wowote na  shambulizi huu, lakini Ramzi Yousef inajulikana kuwa walihudhuria kambi ya mafunzo ya kigaidi nchini Afghanistan. Baada ya kukamatwa, Yousef alitangaza kwamba msingi wake wa kuhesabu haki mashambulizi ulikuwa kuadhibu Marekani kwa msaada wake katika uvamizi wa Israel kwenye wilaya za Palestina na hakutaja motisha yoyote ya kidini. <ref name="miis"/>

=== Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 ===
[[Mashambulizi]] kwenye afisi za kibalozi za [[Marekani]] katika Afrika Mashariki, zilisababisha vifo vya zaidi ya watu 300, wengi wazawa. Mashambulizi ya [[cruise missile]] ya majeshi ya Marekani kwa kuitikia yaliharibu wigo wa al-Qaeda iliyokuwa [[Khost]], Afghanistan, lakini uwezo wa mtandao haukuadhiriwa.

Mnamo Oktoba mwaka wa 2000, wapiganaji wa al-Qaeda uko [[Yemen]] walilipua [[Kiangamizi cha missile]] cha [[USS Cole]] katika mashambulizi ya kujitolea, na kuua wanajeshi 17 wa Marekani na kuharibu chombo. Ikiongozwa na mafanikio ya shambulizi hili shaba, al-Qaeda amri ya msingi wakaanza kujiandaa kwa shambulio kwenye Marekani yenyewe.

=== Mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba ===
{{Main|Shambulio la 11 Septemba 2001}}
[[Picha:September 17 2001 Ground Zero 01.jpg|thumb|250px|Baada ya mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba]]
Mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba yalikuwa matendo ya kigaidi ya kuleta uharibifu mkubwa zaidi katika historia ya [[Marekani]] na dunia, iliyoua takriban watu 3,000. Ndege mbili za kibiashara zilielekezwa makusudi kwenye minara ya [[World Trade Center]], ya tatu kwenye jengo la The [[Pentagon]], na la nne, lililokusudiwa kulenga [[Capitol]] ya Marekani,  ilianguka Pennsylvania.

Mashambulizi hayo yalifanywa na al-Qaeda, kaimu kwa mujibu wa ''[[Fatwa]]''  iliyotolewa mwaka wa [[1998]] dhidi ya Marekani na washirika wake na vikosi vya kijeshi chini ya amri ya Bin Laden, al-Zawahiri, na wengine. <ref>{{citeweb|url=http://www.ict.org.il/articles/fatwah.htm|title=Text of Fatwah Urging Jihad Against Americans| accessdate=2006-07-05| date=23 Februari 1998}}</ref> Ushahidi unaangazia wanaharakati wa kujiua wakiongozwa na kamanda wa kijeshi wa al-Qaeda [[Mohamed atta]] kama watekelezaji wa mashambulizi, na [[Bin Laden]], [[Ayman al-Zawahiri]], [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]], [[Hambali]] kama wapangaji na sehemu muhimu ya amri ya kisiasa na ya kijeshi.

Jumbe zilizotolewa na Bin Laden baada ya 11 Septemba 2001, zilisifu mashambulizi, na kuelezea motisha yao wakati kukanusha kuhusika yoyote. <ref>{{cite web| url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.binladen.denial/| title=Bin Laden says he wasn't behind attacks| publisher=[[CNN]]| accessdate=2006-07-06| date=17 Septemba 2001| archivedate=2006-07-05| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060705161654/http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/09/16/inv.binladen.denial/}}</ref> Bin Laden alihalalisha mashambulizi kwa kutambua vilio vilivyoonekana na Waislamu wote tawala na wale wa Kiislamu, kama vile mtazamo wa jumla kwamba Marekani ilikuwa ikiwatesa Waislamu. <ref> {{Harvnb|Esposito|2002|p=22}}</ref>

Bin Laden alisisitiza kuwa Marekani ilikuwa inawaua Waislamu uko '[[Palestina]], [[Chechnya]], [[Kashmir]] na [[Iraq]]' na kwamba Waislamu wanapaswa kuwa na 'haki ya kushambulia katika kuadhibu'. Yeye pia alidai kuwa mashambulizi ya 9 / 11 hayakuwa yakiwalenga wanawake na watoto, lakini 'vinara wa nguvu za kijeshi na kiuchumi'. <ref>Hamid Miir 'Osama claims he has nukes:If US uses N-arms it will get the same response' "Dawn:The Internet Edition" 10 Novemba 2001</ref>

Ushahidi umekuja kwa mwanga kwamba malengo ya awali ya mashambulizi huenda yalikuwa vituo vya nguvu za nyuklia pwani ya mashariki ya Marekani. Malengo hayo baadaye yalibadilishwa al-Qaeda, kwani waliogopa kwamba shambulizi kama hilo "lingetoka nje ya mkono". <ref name="AL-QAIDA-LEADERS-SAY-NUCLEAR-POWER-STATIONS-WERE-ORIGINAL-TARGETS">{{cite news
|title=Al-Qaida leaders say nuclear power stations were original targets
|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/afghanistan/story/0,1284,788431,00.html
|publisher=[[The Guardian]]
|date=2002-09-09
|accessdate=2007-01-11 }}</ref> <ref name="Al-Qaeda-SCALED-BACK-10-PLANE-PLOT">{{cite news
|title=Al Qaeda Scaled Back 10-Plane Plot
|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A45853-2004Jun16_2.html
|publisher=[[Washington Post]]
|date=2004-06-17
|accessdate=2007-01-11 }}</ref>

== Kujulikana kama shirika la kigaidi ==
Al-Qaeda imeteuliwa kama ''[[shirika]]'' la ''[[kigaidi]]'' na idadi ya mashirika, ikiwemo:

* [[Baraza la Usalama]] la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] , <ref name="UNSC-WORK-RELATED-TO-RESOLUTION-1267">{{cite web|title=Security Council Resolutions Related to the Work of the Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1267 (1999) Concerning Al-Qaida and the Taliban and Associated Individuals and Entities|publisher=[[United Nations Security Council]]|url=http://www.un.org/Docs/sc/committees/1267/1267ResEng.htm|accessdate=2007-01-09 }}</ref>
* [[Katibu Mkuu wa Shirika la Mkataba wa Atlantiki]] ya [[Kaskazini]], <ref name="NATOQaeda">{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2001/s011122b.htm|title=Press Conference with NATO Secretary General, Lord Robertson|accessdate=2006-10-23|author=NATO}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nato.int/structur/library/bibref/them0305.pdf|title=AL QAEDA|author=NATO Library|year=2005|accessdate=2007-06-11|format=PDF}}</ref>
* [[Tume ya Jumuiya za Ulaya]] ya Umoja wa Ulaya, <ref name="EU">{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2004/com2004_0700en01.doc|title=COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE COUNCIL AND THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT|author=[[Commission of the European Communities]]|date=2004-10-20|accessdate=2007-06-11|format=DOC|archivedate=2007-06-14|archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20070614032134/http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2004/com2004_0700en01.doc}}</ref>
* [[Idara]] ya Nchi ya [[Marekani]]
* [[Serikali]] ya [[Australia]], <ref name="Australia">{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/www/nationalsecurity.nsf/AllDocs/95FB057CA3DECF30CA256FAB001F7FBD?OpenDocument|title=Listing of Terrorist Organisations|accessdate=2006-07-03|author=Australian Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140204040731/http://www.nationalsecurity.gov.au/agd/www/nationalsecurity.nsf/AllDocs/95FB057CA3DECF30CA256FAB001F7FBD?OpenDocument|archivedate=2014-02-04}}</ref>
* [[Serikali ya India]], <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/09/stories/2002040903651100.htm |title=The Hindu: Centre bans Al-Qaeda |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archivedate=2009-04-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427232058/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/09/stories/2002040903651100.htm |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090427232058/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/04/09/stories/2002040903651100.htm }}</ref>
* [[Usalama wa Umma ya Kanada]], <ref name="Canada">{{cite web|url=http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp|title=Entities list|accessdate=2006-07-03|author=Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061119150657/http://www.psepc.gc.ca/prg/ns/le/cle-en.asp|archivedate=2006-11-19}}</ref>
* Wizara ya Mambo ya Nje, <ref name="Israel">{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Terrorism-+Obstacle+to+Peace/Terrorism+and+Islamic+Fundamentalism-/Summary+of+indictments+against+Al-Qaeda+terrorists+in+Samaria+March 21, 2006.htm|title=Summary of indictments against Al-Qaeda terrorists in Samaria|date=21 Machi 2006|accessdate=2007-06-10|author=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs}}</ref>ya [[Israeli]]
* Kitabu cha Buluu Kidiplomasia ya Ujapani
* [[Wizara ya Nje ya Kikorea Kusini]], <ref name="Korea">{{cite news|url=http://www.korea.net/news/news/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070813015&part=102|title=Seoul confirms release of two Korean hostages in Afghanistan|date=14 Agosti 2007|accessdate=2007-09-16|author=Korean Foreign Ministry|archivedate=2007-12-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071215153000/http://www.korea.net/news/news/NewsView.asp?serial_no=20070813015&part=102}}</ref>
* [[Katibu Mkuu]] wa  [[Ulinzi wa Taifa wa Ufaransa]], <ref name="fr-report">{{cite web|url=http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/cgi-bin/brp/telestats.cgi?brp_ref=064000275&brp_file=0000.pdf|title=La France face au terrorisme|publisher=Secrétariat général de la défense nationale (France)|language={{fr}}|accessdate=2009-08-06|archivedate=2011-08-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807105500/http://lesrapports.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/BRP/064000275/0000.pdf}}</ref>
* [[Huduma ya Ujasusi wa Kijeshi na Usalama ya Kiholanzi]], <ref name="Netherlands">{{cite web|url=http://ftp.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf|title=Annual Report 2004|accessdate=2007-06-11|author=[[General Intelligence and Security Service]]|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614032136/http://ftp.fas.org/irp/world/netherlands/aivd2004-eng.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-14}}</ref>
* [[Home Office]]  ya Uingereza,<ref name="UK">{{cite web|url=http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups|title=Proscribed terrorist groups|accessdate=2006-07-03|author=United Kingdom Home Office|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081106131515/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/security/terrorism-and-the-law/terrorism-act/proscribed-groups|archivedate=2008-11-06}}</ref>
* [[Urusi]], <ref name="Russia">{{cite news| url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2006/07/28/russiaterrorlist.shtml| title=Russia Outlaws 17 Terror Groups; Hamas, Hezbollah Not Included| accessdate=2009-12-09| archivedate=2006-11-14| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114154904/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2006/07/28/russiaterrorlist.shtml}}</ref>
* [[Wizara]] ya [[Mambo ya Nje]] ya [[Sweden]], <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sweden.gov.se/content/1/c6/06/12/67/01b99143.pdf|title=Radical Islamist Movements in the Middle East|author=Ministry for Foreign Affairs Sweden|date=Machi – Juni 2006|accessdate = 2007-06-11|format=PDF}}</ref>
*  [[Vikosi vya Polisi vya Kituruki]] <ref name="Emniyet">{{Cite web |url=http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html |title="Türkiye'de halen faaliyetlerine devam Edeni başlıca terör örgütleri listesi" (Emniyet Genel Müdürlügü) |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130114042731/http://www.egm.gov.tr/temuh/terorgrup1.html |archivedate=2013-01-14 }}</ref>
* na [[Serikali]] ya [[Uswizi]]. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.efv.admin.ch/d/dokumentation/downloads/themen/finanzkrimi/CH_UNTerror_1201_e.pdf|title=Report on counter-terrorism submitted by Switzerland to the Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001)|date=20 Desemba 2001|accessdate=2007-06-11|format=PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609153811/http://www.efv.admin.ch/d/dokumentation/downloads/themen/finanzkrimi/CH_UNTerror_1201_e.pdf|archivedate=2007-06-09}}</ref>

== Vita dhidi ya ugaidi ==
Mara tu baada ya mashambulizi, serikali ya Marekani [[iliamua kujibu kijeshi]], ikaanza kuandaa [[majeshi]] yake kuipindua serikali ya Taliban iliyoamini ilikuwa inawaweka al-Qaeda. Kabla ya Marekani kushambuliwa, ilimpa kiongozi wa Taliban [[Mullah Omar]] nafasi ya kusalimisha Bin Laden na washirika wake wa juu. Vikosi vya kwanza vya kijeshi kuingizwa Afghanistan walikuwa Maafisa kutoka [[Special Activities Division]] (SAD) ya CIA.

[[Taliban]] ilijitolea kumsalimisha Bin Laden kwa kesi katika [[nchi isiyo na ushirika]] kama Marekani ingetoa ushahidi kuwa Bin Laden alishiriki katika mashambulizi. [[Rais wa Marekani]] [[George W. Bush]] alijibu kwa kusema: "Tunajua yeye ana hatia. Msalimisheni", <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.seacoastonline.com/2001news/10_15_w1.htm| title=U.S. Jets Pound Targets Around Kabul| work=[[The Portsmouth Herald]]| date=15 Oktoba 2001| accessdate=2006-07-06| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125170035/http://www.seacoastonline.com/2001news/10_15_w1.htm| archivedate=2005-11-25}}</ref> na Waziri Mkuu wa Uingereza [[Tony Blair]] akaionya serikali ya Taliban:" kumsalimisha Bin Laden, au wasalimishe nguvu ". <ref>[http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2001/10/02/blair_war011002.html Blair and Taliban: Surrender Bin Laden or surrender power]</ref>

Mapema baadaye Marekani na washirika wake walivamia Afghanistan, na pamoja na [[Ushirikiano wa Kazkazini ya Kiafghan]] wakang'oa serikali ya Taliban mamlakani katika [[vita vya Afghanistan]].

[[Picha:Anaconda-helicopter.jpg|thumb|left|Askari wa Marekani nchini Afghanistan]]
Kama matokeo ya [[Marekani]] kutumia [[vikosi vyake maalum]] na kutoa [[msaada wa angani]] kwa [[vikosi vya ardhini vya Ushirika wa Kaskazini]], [[makambi ya mafunzo]] ya [[Taliban]] na [[al-Qaeda]] yaliharibiwa  na kubwa ya muundo wa uendeshaji wa al-Qaeda unaaminika uliharibiwa. Baada kuondolewa kutoka katika nafasi yao muhimu katika eneo la [[Tora Bora]] la [[Afghanistan]], wengi wa wapiganaji wa al-Qaeda walijaribu kujikusanya katika eneo la [[Gardez]] taifa.

Tena, chini ya [[ulipuaji mkali wa angani]], [[majeshi ya ardhini]] ya Marekani pamoja na vikosi vya Kiafghan walishambulia, na wakibomoa msimamo wa al-Qaeda na kuwaua au kuwakamata wapiganaji wengi. Ikifikia mapema mwaka wa 2002, al-Qaeda ilikuwa imepata pigo kubwa kwa uwezo wa uendeshaji wake, na uvamizi wa Afghanistani ulionekana mafanikio ya awali. Hata hivyo, sehemu kubwa ya [[Ukereketwa wa Taliban]] unabakia katika [[Afghanistan]], na viongozi wawili wakuu wa al-Qaida, Bin Laden na Al Zawahiri, walihepa kukamatwa.

Mjadala uliendelea kuhusu asili ya jukumu la al-Qaida katika mashambulizi ya 9 / 11, na baada ya uvamizi wa Marekani kuanza, [[Idara ya Nchi ya Marekani]] pia ilitoa [[video]] iliyoonyesha Bin Laden akiongea na kundi dogo la washirika mahali fulani katika  Afghanistan muda mfupi kabla ya Taliban kuondolewa madarakani. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/2001/b12132001_bt630-01.html| title=U.S. RELEASES VIDEOTAPE OF OSAMA BIN LADEN| accessdate=2006-07-04| date=13 Desemba 2001}}</ref> Ingawa uhalisi wake umeshukiwa na baadhi, <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/september11/story/0,11209,619188,00.html| author=Morris, Steven| title=US urged to detail origin of tape| publisher=The Guardian| accessdate=2006-07-11| date=15 Desemba 2001}}</ref> video hiyo inaonekana kulaumu Bin Laden na Al-Qaeda katika mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba na ilionyeshwa katika [[televisheni]] nyingi kote duniani, pamoja na [http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/tape.transcript/ Tafsiri ya Kiingereza] {{Wayback|url=http://archives.cnn.com/2001/US/12/13/tape.transcript/ |date=20070202084109 }} iliyotolewa na [[Idara ya Ulinzi ya Marekani]].

Mnamo Septemba 2004, [[tume ya serikali]] ya [[Marekani ya]]  kuchunguza mashambulizi ya 11 Septemba ilihitimisha rasmi kwamba mashambulizi yalipangwa na kutekelezwa na al-Qaeda operatives. <ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.9-11commission.gov/| title=National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States| accessdate=2006-04-27| date=20 Septemba 2004}}</ref> Mnamo Oktoba 2004, Bin Laden alionekana akidai uwajibikaji kwa mashambulizi katika [[video]] iliyotolewa kupitia Al Jazeera, akisema yeye aliongozwa na mashambulizi ya Israel kwenye [[majengo marefu]] katika [[uvamizi wa]] 1982 wa [[Lebanon]]: "Nilipoona minara iliyobomolewa nchini [[Lebanon]] , iliingia katika mawazo yangu kwamba tunapaswa kumuadhibu mtesi katika aina na kwamba tunapaswa kuharibu minara katika Amerika ili wapate ladha ya kile sisi tulionja na hivyo kuwa wanapaswa kukoma kuwaua wanawake na watoto wetu. <ref>{{cite web| url=http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/79C6AF22-98FB-4A1C-B21F-2BC36E87F61F.htm| title=Full transcript of bin Ladin's speech| publisher=Al Jazeera| accessdate=2006-07-12| date=1 Novemba 2004}}</ref>

Hadi mwisho wa 2004, serikali ya Marekani alitangaza kwamba theluthi mbili ya waandamizi  al-Qaeda takwimu kuanzia mwaka 2001 alikuwa alitekwa na kuhojiwa na CIA: [[Abu Zubaydah]], [[Ramzi bin al-Shibh]] na [[Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri]] katika 2002; <ref name="martinez interrogations">{{cite news | last = Shane | first = Scott | title = Inside the interrogation of a 9/11 mastermind | work = The New York Times | date = 2008-06-22 | pages = A1, A12–A13 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/22/washington/22ksm.html | accessdate = 2009-09-05}}</ref> [[Khalid Sheikh Mohammed]] mwaka 2003; na [[Saif al Islam el Masry]] mwaka 2004. {{Citation needed|date=Septemba 2009}} [[Mohammed Atef]] na wengine kadhaa waliuawa.

== Shughuli ==
=== Afrika ===
<!--[[Picha:The Guardian al-Qaeda recruitment.jpg|thumb|Ukurasa wa kwanza wa The Guardian Weekly kuhusu adhimisho la nane ya mashambulizi ya Septemba 11. Nakala ilidai kuwa shughuli za al-Qaida  "inaendelea kutawanywa kwa 'makundi shirika' au 'franchises' katika Yemen na Afrika Kaskazini."]]-->
[[Matendo ya al-Qaida katika Afrika]] ni pamoja na idadi ya mashambulizi katika  [[Afrika Kaskazini]], na kusaidia vyama katika vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe nchini [[Eritrea]] na [[Somalia]]. Kutoka mwaka wa 1991 hadi 1996, [[Osama Bin Laden]] na viongozi wengine wa Al-Qaeda walikuwa kimsingi nchini [[Sudan]].

Waasi wa Kiislam katika [[Sahara]] wanaojiita [[Al-Qaeda katika Maghreb ya Kiislamu]] wameongeza vurugu yao katika miaka ya karibuni. <ref>

* {{cite news | last = Trofimov | first = Yaroslav | title = Islamic rebels gain strength in the Sahara | work = The Wall Street Journal | volume = 254 | issue = 39 | date = 2009-08-15 | page = A9 | url = http://online.wsj.com/article/SB125030117348933737.html | accessdate = 2009-09-15}}
* {{cite news | last = Trofimov | first = Yaroslav | title = Islamic rebels gain strength in the Sahara | work = The Wall Street Journal Europe | volume = 27 | issue = 136 | date = 2009-08-17 | page = 12}}
* {{cite news | last = Trofimov | first = Yaroslav | title = Islamic rebels gain in the Sahara | work = The Wall Street Journal Asia | volume = 33 | issue = 245 | date = 2009-08-18 | page = 12}} </ref>Maafisa wa Kifaransa  {{Citation needed|date=Septemba 2009}} wanasema waasi hao hawana viungo halisi na uongozi wa al-Qaeda, lakini hili ni suala la mgogoro katika baadhi ya vyombo vya kimataifa na miongoni mwa wachambuzi wa usalama. Inaonekana kuwa Bin Laden alikubali jina la kikundi hicho mwishoni mwa mwaka wa 2006, na waasi "wakachukua jina la al Qaeda", karibu mwaka mmoja kabla ya vurugu kuanza kuenea. <ref> {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=126}}</ref>

=== Uropa ===
Katika mwaka wa 2003, Waislamu walitekeleza mfululizo wa ulipuaji mabomu katika [[Istanbul]] na kuua watu hamsini na saba na kuwajeruhi mia saba. Watu sabini na wanne walishtakiwa na mamlaka za Kituruki. Baadhi yao awali walikuwa wamekutana na Osama Bin Laden, na ingawa hawakutaka hasa ahadi fungamana na Al-Qaeda wao waliomba baraka yake na msaada. <ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/02/12/AR2007021201715_pf.html Washington Post - Al-Qaida's Hand In Istanbul Plot]</ref> <ref>[http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/3735645/ Msn News - Bin Laden alegedly planned attacks in Turkey - Stymied by tight security at US bases, militants switched targets]</ref>

Katika mwaka wa 2009, watu watatu wakaazi wa London, [[Miles Hussain]], Assad Sarwar na [[Ahmed Abdullah Ali]], walipatikana na hatia ya kupanga kulipua mabomu yaliyofichwa kama vinywaji kwenye ndege saba zilizokuwa zinaelekea Kanada na Marekani. Uchunguzi mkubwa tata wa polisi na [[MI5]] kuhusiana na njama hiyo ilihusisha zaidi ya mwaka mmoja wa kazi ya ufuatiliaji uliofanywa na maafisa juu ya mia mbili. <ref>

* {{cite news | last = Gardham | first = Duncan | title = Gang is brought to justice by most complex operation since the war | work = The Daily Telegraph | date = 2009-09-08 | page = 2 | url =  http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/6152185/Airline-bomb-plot-investigation-one-of-biggest-since-WW2.html | accessdate = 2009-09-15}}
* {{cite news | last = Gardham | first = Duncan | title = Complex operation brings gang to justice | work = The Weekly Telegraph | place = Australian edition, issue 947 | date = 2009-09-16 | page = 9}} </ref> <ref>{{cite news | last = Milmo | first = Cahal | title = Police watched the plot unfold, then pounced | work = The Independent | date = 2009-09-08 | pages = 2–4 | url = http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-watched-the-plot-unfold-then-pounced-1783388.html | accessdate = 2009-09-15 | archivedate = 2009-09-10 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090910200749/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/police-watched-the-plot-unfold-then-pounced-1783388.html }}</ref> Maafisa wa Uingereza na Marekani walisema mpango huo-usiofanana na mengi ya kigaidi yanayopangwa katika Ulaya-mara moja ulihusishwa na al-Qaeda na uliongozwa na wapiganaji waandamizi wa Kiislamu nchini Pakistan. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1251804512098&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |title=UK court convicts 3 of plot to  blow up airliners {{!}} International {{!}} Jerusalem Post |accessdate=2021-09-25 |archivedate=2009-09-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212006/http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1251804512098&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull }}</ref> <ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/8221375.stm BBC NEWS | UK| Airline plot: Al-Qaida connection]</ref>

=== Mashariki ya Kati ===
Kufuatia [[kukutanishwa kwa Yemeni]] mwaka 1990, Mwahhabi mitandao wamisionari wakaanza kuhamia ndani ya nchi katika jitihada ya kibepari subvert kaskazini. Ingawa ni ngumu kuwe na uwezekano Bin Laden au al-Qaida ya Saudi walihusika moja kwa moja, urafiki wa kibinafsi waliounda ungekuwa imara zaidi katika muongo uliyofuata na ungetumika katika shambulizi la USS ''Cole.''  <ref>{{Citation
 | last = Weir
 | first = Shelagh
 | authorlink = 
 | publication-date = Julai/Septemba 1997
 | title = A Clash of Fundamentalisms: Wahhabism in Yemen
 | series = Middle East Report
 | publisher = [[Middle East Research and Information Project]]
 | issue = 204
 | url = http://www.merip.org/mer/mer204/weir.htm
 | accessdate = 2009-01-19
 | ref = none
 | archive-date = 2008-10-03
 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081003091516/http://www.merip.org/mer/mer204/weir.htm
 | dead-url = yes
 }} ilitajwa katika {{cite book
 | last = Burke
 | first = Jason
 | authorlink = Jason Burke
 | title = Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror
 | url = https://archive.org/details/alqaedacastingsh00burk
 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/alqaedacastingsh00burk/page/128 128]–129
 | publisher = I.B. Tauris
 | year = 2003
 | location = New York
 | isbn = 1850433968
 }}</ref>

Katika [[Iraq]], vikosi vya al-Qaeda vilivyohusiana na uongozi vilikuwa vimejumuishwa katika [[Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad]] shirika lililoongozwa na [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]]. Wakizingatia zaidi oparesheni za kujitolea mhanga, wamekuwa ni "dereva muhimu " wa [[Ukereketwa wa Kisunni]]. <ref> {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=100}}</ref> Ingawa walishiriki sehemu ndogo katika Ukereketwa kwa ujumla, kati ya 30% na 42% ya ulipuaji mabomu ya kujiua yaliyofanyika katika miaka ya mwanzoni yalidaiwa na shirika la Zarqawi. <ref> Angalia kazi zifuatazo zilizotajwa katika {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|p=101}}<br />
* {{Harvnb|Hafez|2007|pp=97–98}}
* {{cite news | last = Al-Shishani | first = Murad Batal | authorlink = Murad Batal al-Shishani | title = Al-Zarqawi's Rise to Power: Analyzing Tactics and Targets | work = Jamestown Foundation Terrorism Monitor | volume = 3 | issue = 22 | date = 2005-11-17}} </ref>

Kwa ukubwa, ilikuwa si mpaka mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1990 ndipo al-Qaeda ilianza mafunzo kwa Wapalestina. Hii si kupendekeza kuwa wapiganaji wa upinzani hawajawakilishwa vyema katika mtandao kwani idadi ya Wapalestina, wengi kutoka Yordani, walitaka kujiunga na wamejitokeza kutumikia majukumu makubwa nchini Afghanistan. <ref name="palestinian operatives"> {{Harvnb|Gunaratna|2002|p=150}}</ref> Badala yake, makundi makubwa kama [[Hamas]] na [[Islamic Jihad ya Kipalestina]] ambayo hushirikiana na al-Qaeda katika sehemu nyingi-wamekuwa na matatizo kukubali muungano wa kimkakati, wakiogopa kuwa Al-Qaeda itachukua seli zao ndogo. Hii inaweza kuwa imebadilika hivi karibuni, kwani huduma za usalama na ujasusi za Israel zinaamini al-Qaeda imeweza kujiingiza ndani ya washirika kutoka Maeneo Yaliyonyakuliwa na kuingia Israeli, na inangojea wakati mwafaka wa kufanya mashambulizi. <ref name="palestinian operatives"/>

=== Intaneti ===
Timothy L. Thomas anadai kuwa baada ya kuondolewa kwake kutoka Afghanistan, al-Qaeda na waandamizi wake wamehama mtandaoni kuhepa kujulikana katika hali inayoongezeka ya uangalifu kimataifa. Kama matokeo, matumizi ya shirika ya mtandao yameongezeka zaidi, yakijumuisha fedha, ajira, mitandao, uhamasishaji, utangazaji, vilevile usambazaji habari, ukusanyaji na ugawaji. <ref>Timothy Thomas, [https://web.archive.org/web/20030410231224/http://www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/Parameters/03spring/thomas.pdf "Al Qaeda and the Internet: The Danger of Cyberplanning"] Ilirudishwa 14 Februari 2007.</ref>

Harakati ya [[Abu Ayyub al-Masri]] ya al-Qaeda nchini [[Iraq]] mara  hutoa video fupi zinazotukuza  shughuli za walipuaji wa kujitolea mhanga wa kijiha. Pia, kabla na baada ya kifo cha [[Abu Musab al-Zarqawi]] (kiongozi wa zamani wa [[al-Qaeda]] nchini Iraq), shirika mwamvuli ambalo al-Qaeda nchini Iraq ni mshirika, [[Baraza]] la [[Mujahideen Shura]], limekuwa na [[uwepo]] wa mara kwa mara katika [[mtandao]] ambapo matangazo yanapeanwa na [[Murasel]].

Aina ya nakala zinazopatikana inajumuisha video za mafunzo ya Guerrilla, picha za waathiriwa walio karibu kuuawa, shuhuda za walipuaji wa kujitolea mhanga, na video  ushiriki katika jihad kupitia stylized portraits wa misikiti na alama ya muziki. Tovuti moja inazohusiana na al-Qaeda ilitoa video ya mjasiriamali wa Marekani [[Nick Berg]] akiwa anauawa nchini Iraq. Video na picha zingine za mauaji, pamoja na za [[Paul Johnson]], Kim Sun-il, na [[Daniel Pearl]], zilitolewa kwanza katika tovuti za jihadi.

Desemba 2004 ujumbe wa kusikilizwa uliyodai kutoka kwa Bin Laden ulitolewa moja kwa moja kwenye tovuti moja, badala ya kutuma nakala kwa [[al Jazeera]] kama alivyofanya huko nyuma.

Al Qaeda iligeukia na intaneti kutoa video zake ili kuwa na uhakika ingepatikana bila kusahihishwa, kuliko hatari ya uwezekano wa wahariri al Jazeera kuhariri wa video na kukatwa nje chochote muhimu [[kifalme]] wa [[Saudi familia]]. <ref>{{cite web |url=http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373884 |title=Bin Laden Identifies Saudi Arabia as the Enemy of Mujahideen Unity |author=Scheuer, Michael |month=Januari |year=2008 |work=Terrorism Focus |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |accessdate=2009-12-09 |archivedate=2008-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118190019/http://jamestown.org/terrorism/news/article.php?articleid=2373884 }}</ref> Ujumbe wa Bin Laden wa Desemba 2004 ulikuwa shadidi zaidi kuliko kawaida katika hotuba hii, kudumu zaidi ya saa moja.

Huko nyuma, [[Alneda.com]] na [[Jehad.net]] zilikuwa tovuti muhimu zaidi za al-Qaeda. Alneda awali iliangushwa na Mmarekani [[Jon Messner]], lakini wahudumu wakapinga kwa kuchukua tovuti katika tarakilishi kuu mbalimbali na na kchukua y kimkakati.

Marekani kwa sasa inajaribu kumfungulia mashtaka bingwa wa teknolojia ya habari wa Uingereza, [[Babar Ahmad]], juu ya madai ya kuendesha mtandao wa lugha ya Kiingereza na al-Qaeda Nje, kama Azzam.com. <ref>{{cite news | last = Whitlock | first = Craig | authorlink = Craig Whitlock | title = Briton Used Internet As His Bully Pulpit | work = The Washington Post | date = 2005-08-08 | page = A1 | url = http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/07/AR2005080700890.html | accessdate=2009-09-04}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web | title = Babar Ahmad Indicted on Terrorism Charges | publisher = United States Attorney's Office District of Connecticut | date = 2004-10-06 | url=http://www.usdoj.gov/usao/ct/Press2004/20041006.html|dateformat=mdy |accessdate=2006-05-29}}</ref> Mashtaka dhidi yaAhmad yanapingwa na mashirika mbalimbali ya Kiislamu ya Uingereza, kama vile [[Muslim Association of Britain]].

== Madai ya kuhusika kwa CIA ==
Iwe au isiwe mashambulizi ya al-Qaeda yalikuwa "[[kisasi]]" ya mpango wa "[[Operation Cyclone]]" wa [[CIA]] ya Marekani kusaidia [[mujahideen]] wa Afghanistan  ni suala la baadhi cha mjadala. [[Robin Cook]], aliyekuwa Katibu wa kigeni wa Uingereza kutoka 1997-2001, ameandika kuwa al-Qaeda na Bin Laden walikuwa "bidhaa ya  na mashirika ya magharibi ya usalama," na kwamba "Al-Qaida, literally ni" database ", awali ilikuwa faili ya kompyuta ya maelfu wa mujahideen ambao walisajiliwa na kupewa mafunzo pamoja na msaada kutoka CIA ili kuwashinda Warusi. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/terrorism/story/0,12780,1523838,00.html|title=The struggle against terrorism cannot be won by military means|author=Cook, Robin|publisher=Guardian Unlimited|accessdate=2005-07-08}}</ref>

Aina kadhaa za vyanzo- mwandishi wa [[CNN]] Peter Bergen, Brigadier wa ISI [[Muhammad Yousaf wa Pakistan]], na washirika wa CIA waliohusika katika mpango wa Afghanistan, kama [[Vincent Cannistraro]]- wamekana kwamba CIA au  maafisa wengine wa Marekani waliwasiliana na mujahideen wa kigeni au Bin Laden, sembuse kuwapa silaha, au mafunzo yoyote.

Hii inapingana na matamko ya [[Milton Bearden]], Field Officer 1985-1989 wa CIA wa Afghanistan, ambaye anakumbuka hofu aliyohisi wakati wa mkutano na wapiganaji wa Jihadi: ''"nyakati nyingi nilizokuwa katika taabu yoyote halisi nchini Afghanistan ni wakati mimi nilikutana na watu hawa- Unajua kuwa kuna 'wakati' au mawili ambayo yangeonekana kidogo kama sehemu ya bar katika Star Wars, unajua.'' ''Kila kundi mfano ikizunguka na hatimaye mtu anatuliza hali. <ref>''The Power of Nightmares,''  sehemu 2.</ref>''

Lakini Bergen na wengine wanasema kwamba hakukuwa na haja ya kuwasajili wageni ambao hawakujua lugha, mila au walei wa nchi tangu kulikuwa robo milioni ya wazawa wa Afghanistan tayari kupambana; <ref> {{Harvnb|Coll|2005|pp=145–146, 155–156}}</ref> kwamba mujahideen wa kigeni wenyewe walikuwa hawana haja ya fedha za Marekani tangu walipata dola milioni mia kadhaa kwa mwaka kutoka kwa vyanzo visivyo vya Kimarekani; kwamba Wamarekani hawangeweza kuwapa mafunzo mujahideen kwa sababu maafisa wa Pakistan hawangeruhusu zaidi ya kiganja yao kufanya kazi nchini Pakistan na hakuna hata mmoja katika Afghanistan, na kwamba Waarabu wa Kiafghanistan walikuwa karibu sawa na wapiganaji wa Kiislamu ambao walikuwa maadui kwa watu wa nchi za Magharibi iwe ama isiwe watu wa Magharibi walikuwa wakiwasaidia Waislamu wa Afghanistan.

Kulingana na [[Peter Bergen]], anayejulikana kwa kufanya mahojiano  televisheni ya kwanzana Osama Bin Laden mwaka 1997, wazo kwamba "CIA ilimfadhili Bin Laden au kumpa mafunzo ... Bin Laden [ni] hadithi ya watu. Hakuna ushahidi wa hili. ... Bin Laden alikuwa pesa zake mwenyewe, alikuwa mpinga-Amerika na alifanya kazi kwa siri na kwa kujitegemea. ... Habari halisi hapa ni CIA hawakuwa na ukweli kuwa kidokezo kuhusu nani Bin Laden alikuwa mpaka mwaka wa 1996 wakati walianzisha kitengo cha kweli kuanza kumfuatilia. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2006/WORLD/asiapcf/08/15/bergen.answers/index.html|title= Bergen: Bin Laden, CIA links hogwash|author=Bergen, Peter|publisher=CNN|accessdate=2006-08-15}}</ref> Lakini kama Bergen mwenyewe alivyokubali, katika "tukio moja la ajabu" CIA ''ilionekana''   kutoa msaada viza [[mujahideen-recruiter Omar Abdel-Rahman]]. <ref> {{Harvnb|Bergen|2001|pp=72–73}}</ref>

Al-Qaeda ina historia ya muda mrefu na CIA, hasa kitengo cha [[Special Activities Division]]. [[Oparesheni hii maalum]] inayosifika husehemu ya CIA utume ni msingi wa nguvu za Marekani katika vita dhidi ya Al Qaeda na umeleta mafanikio zaidi. <ref> {{Harvnb|Coll|2005}}</ref>

== Ukosoaji ==
Kulingana na idadi ya vyanzo kumekuwa "wimbi la " dhidi ya Al Qaeda na washirika wake na "wasomi wa kidini, wapiganaji wa zamani" wakishangazwa na [[takfir]] ya Al Qaida na mauaji ya Waislamu katika nchi za Kiislamu, hasa Irak. <ref> {{Harvnb|Bergen|Cruickshank|2008}} {{Harvnb|Wright|2008}} Nukuu zimechukuliwa kutoka {{Harvnb|Riedel|2008|pp=106–107}} {{Harvnb|Bergen|Cruickshank|2008}}</ref>

[[Noman Benotman]], Muarabu wa zamani wa Afghanistan na mpiganaji wa [[Kundi la Kupambana la Kiislamu la Libya]], akajitokeza kwa umma na barua ya wazi ya kumkosoa [[Ayman al Zawahiri]] Novemba 2007 baada ya kuwavuta waandamizi wa uongozi wa zamani wa kundi lake waliofungwa jela kuingia katika mazungumzo ya amani na serikali ya Libya  Wakati Ayman al Zawahiri akitangaza kuunganisha wa kikundi hicho na Al Qaeda katika Novemba 2007, serikali ya Libya iliyotolewa 90 wanachama wa kikundi kutoka gerezani miezi kadhaa baadaye baada ya "walikuwa alisema kuwa sagts upp ghasia." <ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/AA64F530-BCA8-40B0-8226-22154CCD1032.htm Libya releases scores of prisoners Aprili 9, 2008]</ref>

Katika mwaka wa 2007, karibu na maadhimisho ya sita ya 11 Septemba na miezi michache kabla ya ''Rationalizing Jihad''  kuonekana katika magazeti, <ref name="RebellionWright"/> ya Saudi [[Salman al-Ouda]] alitoa kemeo binafsi kwa Bin Laden. Al-Ouda, mwanachuo wa kidini na mmoja wa baba wa Sahwa, harakati ya kifandamentalisti iliyoamka na kuenea kote Saudi Arabia katika miaka ya 1980, ni mpinzani wa kuheshimiwa sana wa ujihadi. {{Citation needed|date=Septemba 2009}} Al-Ouda alimuuliza kiongozi wa al Qaida kwenye televisheni
<blockquote>Ndugu yangu Osama, ni damu kiasi gani imemwagika? Watu wasio na hatia wangapi, watoto, wazee, na wanawake wameuawa ... katika jina la Al Qaeda? Je, utakuwa na furaha kukutana na Mwenyezi Mungu ukibeba mzigo wa hawa mamia ya maelfu au mamilioni [ya waathiriwa] nyuma yako? <ref name="theunraveling"> {{Harvnb|Bergen|Cruickshank|2008}}</ref></blockquote>

Kulingana na uchunguzi wa Pew, msaada kwa Al Qaeda umekuwa ukipungua katika dunia ya Kiislamu katika miaka ya kuongoza hadi 2008. <ref>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2008/05/taking_stock_in_the_war_on_ter.html Taking Stock of the War on Terror]</ref> Idadi ya wanaosaidia mabomu ya kujiua nchini Indonesia, Lebanon, na Bangladesh, kwa mfano, imeshuka kwa nusu au zaidi katika miaka mitano iliyopita. Nchini Saudi Arabia, asilimia 10 tu sasa wana mtazamo mwema wa Al Qaeda, kulingana na uchunguzi wa Desemba na Terror Free Tomorrow, yenye makao yake makuu [[Washington]]. <ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/12/17/saudi.poll/index.html Uchunguzi wa 18 Desemba 2007: Most Saudis oppose al Qaeda]</ref>

Katika mwaka wa 2007, [[Sayyed Imam Al-Sharif]], Mwarabu mshawishi wa Afghanistan aliyefungwa jela, "kiitikadi mwandamizi mzazi wa Al Qaeda", na msaidizi wa zamani wa takfir, aliondoa msaada kutoka al Qaeda na kitabu ''[[Wathiqat Tarshid Al-'Aml Al-Jihadi fi Misr w'Al-'Alam]] (Rationalizing Jihad in Egypt and the World).''

Ingawa kwa wakati mmoja ilihusishwa na al-Qaeda, katika Septemba ya 2009 [[LIFG]] ilikamilisha "kodi" mpya kwa jihad, hati ya kidini yenye kurasa 417 inayoitwa "Corrective Studies". Kutokana uaminifu wake na ukweli kwamba wanajihadi wengine kadhaa maarufu katika Mashariki ya Kati wamegeuka dhidi ya al Qaeda, uso kuhusu LIFG inaweza kuwa hatua muhimu kuelekea kuvunja usajili wa al Qaeda. <ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/africa/11/09/libya.jihadi.code/ New jihad code threatens al Qaeda,] Nic Robertson na Paulo Cruickshank, ''[[CNN]],''  10 Novemba 2009</ref>

== Mfumo ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Marejeo ==
=== Bibliografia ===
{{refbegin|colwidth=20em}}
* {{cite book
| last = Atwan
| first = Abdel Bari
| authorlink = Abd al-Bari Atwan
| title = The Secret History of al Qaeda
| url = https://archive.org/details/secrethistoryofa0000atwa
| publisher = University of California Press
| year = 2006
| location = Berkeley, CA
| isbn = 9780520249745
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Basile
| first = Mark
| title = Going to the Source: Why Al Qaeda's Financial Network Is Likely to Withstand the Current War on Terrorist Financing
| journal = [[Studies in Conflict and Terrorism]]
| volume = 27
| issue = 3
| month = Mei
| year = 2004
| pages = 169–185
| doi = 10.1080/10576100490438237
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Benjamin
| first = Daniel
| authorlink = Daniel Benjamin
| last2 = Simon
| first2 = Steven
| title = The Age of Sacred Terror
| url = https://archive.org/details/ageofsacredterro00benj
| publisher = Random House
| year = 2002
| edition = 1st
| location = 
| isbn = 0375508597
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Bergen
| first = Peter
| authorlink = Peter Bergen
| title = Holy War, Inc.: Inside the Secret World of Osama bin Laden
| url = https://archive.org/details/holywarincinside00berg
| publisher = Free Press
| year = 2001
| edition = 1st
| location = New York
| isbn = 0743234952
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Bergen
| first = Peter
| title = The Osama bin Laden I Know: An Oral History of al Qaeda's Leader
| url = https://archive.org/details/osamabinladenikn0000berg
| publisher = Free Press
| year = 2006
| edition = 2nd
| location = New York
| isbn = 0743278925
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Bergen
| first = Peter
| last2 = Cruickshank
| first2 = Paul
| authorlink2 = Paul Cruickshank
| title = The Unraveling: The jihadist revolt against bin Laden
| work = [[The New Republic]]
| volume = 238
| issue = 10
| date = 2008-06-11
| pages = 16–21
| url = http://www.tnr.com/toc/story.html?id=702bf6d5-a37a-4e3e-a491-fd72bf6a9da1
| accessdate = 2009-05-12
| ref = harv
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090705142813/http://www.tnr.com/toc/story.html?id=702bf6d5-a37a-4e3e-a491-fd72bf6a9da1
| archivedate = 2009-07-05
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Bin Laden
| first = Osama
| authorlink = Osama bin Laden
| editor-last = Lawrence
| editor-first = Bruce
| editor-link = Bruce Lawrence
| title = Messages to the World: The Statements of Osama bin Laden
| url = https://archive.org/details/messagestoworlds00binl
| year = 2005
| publisher = Verso
| isbn = 1844670457
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Cassidy
| first = Robert M.
| authorlink = Robert Cassidy
| title = Counterinsurgency and the Global War on Terror: Military Culture and Irregular War
| url = https://archive.org/details/counterinsurgenc0000cass
| publisher = Praeger Security International
| year = 2006
| location = Westport, CT
| isbn = 0275989909
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Coll
| first = Steve
| authorlink = Steve Coll
| title = Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001
| url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780141020808
| edition = 2nd
| year = 2005
| publisher = Penguin Books
| isbn = 0143034669
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Esposito
| first = John L.
| authorlink = John L. Esposito
| title = Unholy War: Terror in the Name of Islam
| url = https://archive.org/details/unholywarterrori0000espo_h9s9
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 2002
| location = New York
| isbn = 0195154355
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gunaratna
| first = Rohan
| authorlink = Rohan Gunaratna
| title = Inside Al Qaeda
| publisher = C. Hurst & Co.
| year = 2002
| edition = 1st
| location = London
| isbn = 1850656711
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Hafez
| first = Mohammed M.
| authorlink = Mohammed Hafez
| title = Martyrdom Mythology in Iraq: How Jihadists Frame Suicide Terrorism in Videos and Biographies
| journal = [[Terrorism and Political Violence]]
| volume = 19
| issue = 1
| date = Machi 2007
| year = 2007
| pages = 95–115
| doi = 10.1080/09546550601054873
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Hoffman
| first = Bruce
| authorlink = Bruce Hoffman
| contribution = The Emergence of the New Terrorism
| editor-last = Tan
| editor-first = Andrew
| editor2-last = Ramakrishna
| editor2-first = Kumar
| title = The New Terrorism: Anatomy, Trends, and Counter-Strategies
| url = https://archive.org/details/newterrorismanat0000work
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/newterrorismanat0000work/page/n41 30]–49
| publisher = Eastern Universities Press
| year = 2002
| location = Singapore
| isbn = 9812102108
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Jansen
| first = Johannes J.G.
| authorlink = Johannes J.G. Jansen
| title = The Dual Nature of Islamic Fundamentalism
| url = https://archive.org/details/dualnatureofisla00jans
| publisher = Cornell University Press
| year = 1997
| location = Ithaca, NY
| isbn = 080143338X
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite news
| last = McGeary
| first = Johanna
| title = A Traitor's Tale
| work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]
| volume = 157
| issue = 7
| date = 2001-02-19
| pages = 36–37
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999237,00.html
| accessdate = 2009-09-15
| ref = harv
| archivedate = 2009-02-09
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090209074154/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,999237,00.html
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Napoleoni
| first = Loretta
| authorlink = Loretta Napoleoni
| title = Modern Jihad: Tracing the Dollars Behind the Terror Networks
| url = https://archive.org/details/modernjihadtraci0000napo
| publisher = Pluto Press
| year = 2003
| location = London
| ref = harv
| isbn = 0745321178
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Qutb
| first = Sayyid
| authorlink = Sayyid Qutb
| title = [[Ma'alim fi al-Tariq|Milestones]]
| publisher = Kazi Publications
| year = 2003
| location = Chicago
| isbn = 0911119426
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Rashid
| first = Ahmed
| authorlink = Ahmed Rashid
| title = Taliban: Militant Islam, Oil and Fundamentalism in Central Asia
| url = https://archive.org/details/talibanislamoiln0000rash_x9l1
| publisher = Yale University Press
| year = 2002
| location =
| isbn = 1860648304
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Reeve
| first = Simon
| authorlink = Simon Reeve (UK television presenter)
| title = The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism
| url = https://archive.org/details/newjackalsramziy00reev
| publisher = Northeastern University Press
| year = 1999
| location = Boston
| isbn = 1555534074
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Riedel
| first = Bruce
| authorlink = Bruce Riedel
| title = The Search for al Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology, and Future
| url = https://archive.org/details/searchforalqaeda00ried
| publisher = Brookings Institution Press
| year = 2008
| location = Washington, D.C.
| isbn = 9780815774143
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Sageman
| first = Marc
| authorlink = Marc Sageman
| title = Understanding Terror Networks
| url = https://archive.org/details/understandingter00sage
| publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press
| year = 2004
| location = Philadelphia
| isbn = 0812238087
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Trofimov
| first = Yaroslav
| authorlink = Yaroslav Trofimov
| title = Faith At War: A Journey On the Frontlines of Islam, From Baghdad to Timbuktu
| url = https://archive.org/details/faithatwarjourne0000trof
| publisher = Picador
| year = 2006
| location = New York
| isbn = 9780805077544
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Wechsler
| first = William F.
| contribution = Strangling The Hydra: Targeting Al Qaeda's Finances
| editor-last = Hoge
| editor-first = James
| editor-link = James F. Hoge, Jr.
| editor2-last = Rose
| editor2-first = Gideon
| editor2-link = Gideon Rose
| title = How Did This Happen? Terrorism and the New War
| url = https://archive.org/details/howdidthishappen00hoge
| publisher = PublicAffairs
| year = 2001
| location = New York
| pages = [https://archive.org/details/howdidthishappen00hoge/page/129 129]–143
| isbn = 1586481304
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Wright
| first = Lawrence
| authorlink = Lawrence Wright
| title = The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11
| url = https://archive.org/details/loomingtoweralqa00wrig
| publisher = Knopf
| year = 2006
| location = New York
| isbn = 037541486X
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Wright
| first = Lawrence
| title = The Rebellion Within
| work = [[The New Yorker]]
| volume = 84
| issue = 16
| date = 2008-06-02
| pages = 36–53
| url = http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/06/02/080602fa_fact_wright?currentPage=all
| accessdate = 2009-09-15
| ref = harv
}}
{{refend}}

----

{{refbegin}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Akacem
| first = Mohammed
| title = Review: Modern Jihad: Tracing the Dollars behind the Terror Networks
| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-middle-east-studies_2005-08_37_3/page/444
| journal = [[International Journal of Middle East Studies]]
| volume = 37
| issue = 3
| date = Agosti 2005
| year = 2005
| pages = 444–445
| doi = 10.1017/S0020743805362143
| ref = harv
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Bale
| first = Jeffrey M.
| title = Deciphering Islamism and Terrorism
| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_middle-east-journal_autumn-2006_60_4/page/777
| journal = [[Middle East Journal]]
| volume = 60
| issue = 4
| date = Oktoba 2006
| year = 2006
| pages = 777–788
}}
{{refend}}

=== Taarifa za Serikali ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite web
| author = White House
| title = Progress Report on the Global War on Terrorism
| publisher = [[United States Department of State]]
| date = Septemba 2003
| year = 2003
| url = http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/24087.htm
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030922090723/http://www.state.gov/s/ct/rls/rpt/24087.htm
| archivedate = 2003-09-22
| ref = harv
| accessdate = 2009-12-09
}}
* {{cite web
| last = Kronstadt
| first = K. Allen
| last2 = Katzman
| first2 = Kenneth
| title = Islamist Militancy in the Pakistan-Afghanistan Border Region and U.S. Policy
| publisher = [[Congressional Research Service|United States Congressional Research Service]]
| date = Novemba 2008
| year = 2008
| url = http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/113202.pdf
| format = PDF
| ref = harv
}}
{{refend}}

=== Filamu ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite video | people = [[Adam Curtis]] | year2 = 2004 | title = [[The Power of Nightmares]] | publisher = BBC}}
* [[Petro Taylor]]. (2007). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/age_of_terror/7306413.stm "Vita ya Magharibi".] ''Umri wa ugaidi,''  No 4, mfululizo 1. BBC.
* {{cite video | people = Various commentators | year2 = 2007 | title = [[Islam: What the West Needs to Know]] | publisher = Quixotic Media}}
{{refend}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* Idara ya Haki ya Marekani, [https://web.archive.org/web/20050331091340/http://www.usdoj.gov/ag/trainingmanual.htm Al Qaeda Training Manual]
* [http://spaces.brad.ac.uk:8080/display/ssispsru/Home Utafiti wa Usalama wa Pakistan (PSRU)] {{Wayback|url=http://spaces.brad.ac.uk:8080/display/ssispsru/Home |date=20120915030412 }}
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/al-qaida/ Al-Qaida] taarifa zinazoendelea kutoka ''[[The Guardian]]''
* [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/front Mwelekeo mpya wa Al Qaeda] kutoka ''[[PBS Frontline]],'' Januari 2005

[[Jamii:Ugaidi]]
[[Jamii:Uislamu]]