Tazama chanzo cha Wawindaji-wakusanyaji

[[File:San tribesman.jpg|thumb|upright=0.7|right|[[Mwanamume]] wa [[Wasan]] wa [[Namibia]], ambao wengi wao wanaendelea kuwa wawindaji-wakusanyaji.]]
[[File:Mbendjele meat sharing.jpg|thumb|Mgawo wa [[nyama]] kati ya [[Wambendjele]].]]
'''Wawindaji-wakusanyaji''' ni [[jina]] wanalopewa [[kundi|makundi]] ya [[watu]] wanaoishi bila kuzalisha [[chakula]] chao kwa njia [[ufugaji]] na [[kilimo]] kama ilivyozidi kuwa kawaida ya wengi tangu [[uzalishaji]] huo ulipoanza [[milenia]] [[kumi na mbili]] iliyopita<ref>Groeneveld, Emma (9 December 2016). "Prehistoric Hunter-Gatherer Societies". Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 9 April 2018.</ref>.

Kwa kusongwa na [[wafugaji]] na [[wakulima]], mara nyingi wawindaji-wakusanyaji wameishia katika maeneo yasiyofaa kwa uzalishaji, wanapoishi kwa kuhamahama, na wametazamwa na kudharauliwa kama watu wasioendelea, ingawa wanaweza kuwazidi wengine kwa [[maadili]]<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Erdal | first1 = D. | last2 = Whiten | first2 = A. | year = 1994 | title = On human egalitarianism: an evolutionary product of Machiavellian status escalation? | url =https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1994-04_35_2/page/175| journal = Current Anthropology | volume = 35 | issue = 2| pages = 175–183 | doi=10.1086/204255}}</ref><ref>Erdal, D. and A. Whiten 1996. Egalitarianism and Machiavellian intelligence in human evolution. In P. Mellars and K. Gibson (eds), ''Modelling the early human mind.'' Cambridge: McDonald Institute Monographs.</ref><ref>Christopher Boehm (2001), [https://books.google.com/?id=ljxS8gUlgqgC ''Hierarchy in the Forest: The Evolution of Egalitarian Behavior''], Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.</ref><ref name=gowdy>{{cite book |title=Limited Wants, Unlimited Means: A Reader on Hunter-Gatherer Economics and the Environment |url=https://archive.org/details/limitedwantsunli0000unse |last=Gowdy |first=John M. |year=1998 |publisher=Island Press |location=St Louis |isbn=1-55963-555-X |page=[https://archive.org/details/limitedwantsunli0000unse/page/342 342]}}</ref><ref name=Dahlberg>{{cite book |last=Dahlberg |first=Frances |url=https://books.google.com/?id=eTPULzP1MZAC&pg=PA120&dq=Gathering+and+Hominid+Adaptation |title=Woman the Gatherer |location=London |publisher=Yale University Press |year=1975 |isbn=0-300-02989-6}}</ref><ref>Erdal, D. & Whiten, A. (1996) "Egalitarianism and Machiavellian Intelligence in Human Evolution" in Mellars, P. & Gibadfson, K. (eds) Modelling the Early Human Mind. Cambridge MacDonald Monograph Series</ref><ref>Karen Endicott 1999. "Gender relations in hunter-gatherer societies". In R.B. Lee and R. Daly (eds), ''The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Hunters and Gatherers.'' Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 411–8.</ref> 

Kwa sababu ya kujali [[usawa]] kati yao, [[Karl Marx]] aliita mtindo wao wa kuishi [[Ukomunisti]] wa awali.<ref>Scott, John; Marshall, Gordon (2007). A Dictionary of Sociology. USA: Oxford University Press. 
ISBN 978-0-19-860987-2.</ref>

[[Matarajio ya kuishi]] ni kufikia kwa [[wastani]] [[umri]] wa miaka 21-37 tu<ref>{{cite journal |last=Guenevere |first=Michael |last2=Kaplan |first2=Hillard |title=Longevity amongst Hunter-gatherers |journal=Population and Development Review |year=2007 |volume=33 |issue=2 |page=326 |url=http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/gurven/papers/GurvenKaplan2007pdr.pdf | doi = 10.1111/j.1728-4457.2007.00171.x }}</ref>.

Kati ya [[makabila]] ya [[Afrika]] yaliyo maarufu kwa mtindo huo wa [[maisha]] wapo [[Wahadzabe|Wahadza]] wa [[mkoa wa Singida]], [[Tanzania]].

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist}}

==Marejeo==
{{Refbegin}}

;Vitabu
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=SU-tuR9t5KoC |title=Hunter-gatherers in history, archaeology and anthropology |last=|first=|publisher=Berg |year=2004 |isbn=1-85973-825-7|location=|pages=|via=|editor=Barnard, A. J. }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=5F-bmYoOr6cC |title=Hunter-gatherers: archaeological and evolutionary theory |publisher=Plenum Press |year=1991 |isbn=0-306-43650-7|location=|pages=|via=|author=Bettinger, R. L. }}
*{{Cite book |url=http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/A-cooperative-species-human-reciprocity-and-its-evolution-by-Bowles-and-Gintis.php |title=A Cooperative Species: Human Reciprocity and Its Evolution|last2=Gintis |first2=Herbert |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2011 |isbn=0-691-15125-3|location=|pages=|via=|last1=Bowles |first1=Samuel }} (Reviewed in ''[http://www.themontrealreview.com/2009/A-cooperative-species-human-reciprocity-and-its-evolution-by-Bowles-and-Gintis.php The Montreal Review]'')
* {{Cite book |title=The Other Side Of Eden: hunter-gatherers, farmers and the shaping of the world |url=https://archive.org/details/othersideofedenh00brod |last=Brody |first=Hugh |publisher=North Point Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-571-20502-X|location=|pages=|via=}}
* {{Cite book |title=Why forage?: hunters and gatherers in the twenty-first century |editor1-last=Codding |editor1-first=Brian F.|editor2-last=Kramer |editor2-first=Karen L. |publisher=School for Advanced Research Press, University of New Mexico Press|year=2016 |isbn=9780826356963|location=Santa Fe, Albuquerque|pages=|via=}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=8onGWvNpw18C |title=Man the hunter |last=|first=|publisher=Aldine de Gruyter |year=1968 |isbn=0-202-33032-X|location=|pages=|via=|editor1-last=Lee |editor1-first=Richard B. |editor2-first=Irven |editor2-last=DeVore }}
* {{cite book
 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jWgZPz6oXSwC
|title=First peoples in a new world: colonizing ice age America
 |last=Meltzer
 |first=David J. |publisher=University of California
 |year=2009
 |isbn=0-520-25052-4
 |edition=
 |location=Berkeley
 |pages=|via=}}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=6IAUKE7xv_cC |title=Forager-traders in South and Southeast Asia: long term histories |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-521-01636-3|location=|pages=|via=|editor1 =Morrison, K. D. |editor2 =L. L. Junker }}
* {{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=7yCpBRAY22UC |title=Hunter-gatherers: an interdisciplinary perspective|publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-521-77672-4|location=|pages=|via=|editor1 =Panter-Brick, C. |editor2 =R. H. Layton |editor3 =P. Rowley-Conwy }}
* {{Cite book |title=The Forest People |publisher=Touchstone |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-671-64099-6|location=|pages=|via=|author=Turnbull, Colin }}
{{Refend}}

{{Refbegin}}

;Makala
* {{cite journal |last1=Mudar |first1=Karen |last2=Anderson |first2=Douglas D.  |date=Fall 2007 |title=New evidence for Southeast Asian Pleistocene foraging economies: faunal remains from the early levels of Lang Rongrien rockshelter, Krabi, Thailand |url=http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asi/summary/v046/46.2mudar.html |journal=Asian Perspectives |volume=46 |issue=2 |pages=298–334|doi=10.1353/asi.2007.0013 |via=Project MUSE |subscription=yes }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Nakao |first1=Hisashi |last2=Tamura |first2=Kohei |first3=Yui |last3=Arimatsu |first4=Tomomi |last4=Nakagawa |first5=Naoko |last5=Matsumoto |first6=Takehiko |last6=Matsugi |date=30 March 2016 |title=Violence in the prehistoric period of Japan: the spatio-temporal pattern of skeletal evidence for violence in the Jomon period |url=http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/12/3/20160028 |journal=[[Biology Letters]] |publisher=The [[Royal Society]] publishing |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages= 20160028| doi= 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0028 |quote=Our results suggest that the mortality due to violence was low and spatio-temporally highly restricted in the Jomon period, which implies that violence including warfare in prehistoric Japan was not common. |pmc=4843228 }}
* {{cite web|last1=Ember|first1=Carol R.|title=Hunter Gatherers (Foragers)|url=http://hraf.yale.edu/ehc/summaries/hunter-gatherers|website=Explaining Human Culture|publisher=Human Relations Area Files|accessdate=22 February 2018|quote=Most cross-cultural research aims to understand shared traits among hunter-gatherers and how and why they vary. Here we look at the conclusions of cross-cultural studies that ask: What are recent hunter-gatherers generally like? How do they differ from food producers? How and why do hunter-gatherers vary?}}
{{Refend}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commonscat-inline|Hunter-gatherers}}
* [http://www.foragers-association.org The Association of Foragers: An international association for teachers of hunter-gatherer skills.]
* [http://foragers.wikidot.com/start A wiki dedicated to the scientific study of the diversity of foraging societies without recreating myths]
* {{Cite web|last=Balmer |first=Yves |title=Ethnological videos clips. Living or recently extinct traditional tribal groups and their origins |publisher=Andaman Association |year=2013 |url=http://www.andaman-video.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111014239/http://andaman-video.org/ |archivedate=January 11, 2014 |df= }}
{{mbegu-utamaduni}}
[[Jamii:Utamaduni]]
[[Jamii:Uchumi]]
[[Jamii:Historia]]