Tazama chanzo cha Vijasumu

{{Uainishaji (Mimea)
| rangi = lightgrey
| jina = Bakteria
| picha = Clostridium botulinum.jpg
| upana_wa_picha = 250px
| maelezo_ya_picha = Bakteria aina ya ''Clostridium botulinum'' katika [[hadubini]]
| domeni = [[Bakteria]]
| subdivision = Faili
*'''[[Gram positive]] / haina utando wa nje'''
[[Actinobacteria]] (ina guanini na sitosini nyingi)<br />
[[Firmicutes]] (ina guanini na sitosini chache)<br>
[[Tenericutes]] (haina ganda la nje)
*'''[[Gram negative]] / ina utando wa nje'''
[[Aquificae]]<br/>
[[Deinococcus-Thermus]]<br/>
[[Fibrobacteres]]–[[Chlorobi]]/[[Bacteroidetes]] ([[Sphingobacteria (phylum)|kundi la FCB]])<br/>
[[Fusobacteria]]<br />
[[Gemmatimonadetes]]<br />
[[Nitrospirae]]<br />
[[Planctomycetes]]–[[Verrucomicrobia]]/[[Chlamydiae]] ([[Planctobacteria|kundi la PVC]])<br/>
[[Proteobacteria]]<br />
[[Spirochaete]]s<br />
[[Synergistetes]]
*'''Isiyoainishwa'''
[[Acidobacteria]]<br />
[[Chloroflexi (phylum)|Chloroflexi]]<br />
[[Chrysiogenetes]]<br />
[[Cyanobacteria]]<br />
[[Deferribacteraceae|Deferribacteres]]<br />
[[Dictyoglomi]]<br />
[[Thermodesulfobacteria]]<br />
[[Thermotogae]]
}}
[[Picha:E. coli Bacteria (7316101966).jpg|thumb|180px|Bakteria ya [[Escherichia coli]] ziliongezwa ukubwa mara 25,000.]]
'''Vijasumu''' (kutoka [[Kiyunani]] βακτήριον, baktērion, yaani "kifimbo", kutokana na [[umbo]] la vijasumu vya kwanza kugundulika; pia: '''bakteria''') ni [[viumbehai]] wadogo sana aina ya [[vidubini]]. [[Mwili]] wa vijasumu huwa na [[seli]] moja tu. Huonekana kwa [[hadubini]] tu na kwa sababu hiyo hawakujulikana katika [[karne]] za kale.

Kuna aina nyingi sana za vijasumu na [[idadi]] yao ni kubwa kushinda viumbe vingine vyote [[duniani]].

Huishi kwenye [[ardhi]] na kwenye [[maji]], ziko pia [[Hewa|hewani]] zinaposukumwa na [[upepo]]. 

Aina nyingi huishi ndani ya viumbe vikubwa zaidi. [[Mwanadamu]] huwa na bakteria nyingi ndani ya [[utumbo]] wake ambazo ni za lazima kwa [[mmeng'enyo]] wa [[chakula]]. Hata katika [[ngozi]] kuna bakteria nyingi ambazo zinakinga mwili dhidi ya vidubini vilivyo tishio. Lakini bakteria nyingine katika [[mazingira]] huweza kusababisha [[Ugonjwa|magonjwa]] na sehemu kubwa ya [[magonjwa ya kuambukiza]] yametokana na bakteria.

Bakteria huzaa kwa njia ya kujigawa na kuwa bakteria mbili ambazo ni sawa na seli asilia.

Bakteria ya kawaida huwa na [[kipenyo]] cha [[µm]] 1.

==Historia ya elimu vijasumu==
{{main|Mikrobiolojia}}
[[File:Jan Verkolje - Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, mwanamikrobiolojia wa kwanza na mtu wa kwanza aliyeona bakteria kwa darubini.]]
Bakteria waligunduliwa mara ya kwanza na [[Antonie van Leeuwenhoek]] [[mwaka]] wa [[1676]], kwa kutumia [[hadubini|hadubini ya lensi moja]] ya muundo wake mwenyewe.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Porter JR |title=Antony van Leeuwenhoek: tercentenary of his discovery of bacteria |journal=Bacteriological Reviews |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=260–9 |year=1976 |month=June |pmid=786250 |pmc=413956 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=786250}}</ref> Aliwaita "animalcules" na alichapisha habari za [[utafiti]] wake kwenye msururu wa [[barua]] kwa Shirika la Muungano wa Mfalme. Jina ''bacteriam'' lililetwa miaka mingi baadaye, na Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg katika mwaka wa 1838.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bacteria | title = Etymology of the word "bacteria" | work = Online Etymology dictionary | accessdate = 2006-11-23}}</ref>

Mwaka [[1859]] [[Louis Pasteur]] alionyesha kuwa mchakato wa kuchachusha unasababishwa na ukuaji wa vijiumbe, na kwamba ukuaji huu si wa kizazi cha kujianzia. ([[Hamira]] na [[kuvu]], ambazo kwa kawaida zinahusishwa na uchachushaji, si bakteria, ila ukungu.) Pamoja na mwenzake, [[Robert Koch]], Pasteur alikuwa wa kwanza kuitetea nadharia ya kijidudu ya ugonjwa.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm#paperII | title = Pasteur's Papers on the Germ Theory | publisher = LSU Law Center's Medical and Public Health Law Site, Historic Public Health Articles | accessdate = 2006-11-23}}</ref>

Robert Koch alikuwa [[mwanzilishi]] wa [[taaluma]] ya [[uuguzi]] wa [[mikrobiolojia]] na alishughulikia [[kipindupindu]], [[kimeta]] na [[kifua kikuu]]. Katika utafiti wake wa kifua kikuu, Koch hatimaye alithibitisha nadharia ya kijidudu, ambayo ilimfanya atunukiwe [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba|Tuzo]] la [[Tuzo ya Nobel ya Tiba|Nobel]] mwaka wa [[1905]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1905/ | title = The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1905 | publisher =  Nobelprize.org | accessdate = 2006-11-22}}</ref> Katika madai yake, Koch aliweka vigezo vya kutathmini kama kiumbe ndicho husababisha ugonjwa, na madai haya yanatumika mpaka leo hii.<ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Brien S, Goedert J |title=HIV causes AIDS: Koch's postulates fulfilled |journal=Curr Opin Immunol |volume=8 |issue=5 |pages=613–618 |year=1996 |pmid=8902385 |doi=10.1016/S0952-7915(96)80075-6}}</ref>

Ingawa katika [[karne ya 19]] ilijulikana kwamba bakteria ndio chanzo cha magonjwa mengi, hakuna [[matibabu]] yoyote ya viuabakteria yaliyopatikana.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thurston A |title=Of blood, inflammation and gunshot wounds: the history of the control of sepsis |journal=Aust N Z J Surg |volume=70 |issue=12 |pages=855–61 |year=2000 |pmid=11167573 |doi=10.1046/j.1440-1622.2000.01983.x}}</ref> Katika mwaka wa [[1910]], [[Paul Ehrlich]] alitengeneza [[kiuavijasumu]] cha kwanza, kwa kubadilisha [[rangi]] ambazo kwa kuchagua zilitia mawaa ''Treponema pallidum'', spirokaeti ambayo husababisha [[kaswende]] katika mchanganyiko wa ambao uliua kisababishi magonjwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schwartz R |title=Paul Ehrlich's magic bullets |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=350 |issue=11 |pages=1079–80 |year=2004|pmid = 15014180 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp048021}}</ref> Ehrlich alikuwa ametuzwa [[Tuzo la Nobel]] mwaka [[1908]] kwa kazi yake kuhusu [[elimu ya kingamaradhi]], na alianzisha matumizi ya madoa ili kuchunguza na kubaini bakteria, na kazi yake ilijikita kwenye misingi ya [[doa la Gram]] na [[doa la Ziehl-Neelsen]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlich-bio.html | title = Biography of Paul Ehrlich | publisher =  Nobelprize.org | accessdate = 2006-11-26}}</ref>

Mafanikio makubwa katika utafiti wa bakteria yalikuwa kutambuliwa kwa [[Carl Woese]] mwaka [[1977]] kwamba [[Archaea|akea]] walitokana na mabadiliko tofauti na yale ya bakteria.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Woese C, Fox G |title=Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=74 |issue=11 |pages=5088–5090 |year=1977|pmid = 270744 |doi=10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088 |pmc=432104}}</ref> [[Uanishaji]] huu mpya wa jamii ya filojenetiki ulikitwa kwenye misingi ya kufululizwa kwa [[ribosomu]] [[RNA]] 16S, ukagawa [[prokaryota]] katika makundi mawili yenye mageuko tofauti, kama mojawapo ya sehemu ya mifumo ya vikoa vitatu.<ref name="Woese">{{cite journal |author=Woese CR, Kandler O, Wheelis ML |title=Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=87 |issue=12 |pages=4576–9 |year=1990 |month=June |pmid=2112744 |doi=10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576 |pmc=54159}}</ref>

==Asili na mabadiliko ya awali==
{{main|Mageuko ya spishi}}
Asili ya bakteria wa sasa ilikuwa vijiumbe vya seli moja ambavyo ndivyo [[viumbehai]] wa kwanza duniani, takriban miaka [[bilioni]] 4 iliyopita. 

Karibu miaka bilioni 3 iliyopita, viumbe wote walikuwa hawawezi kuonekana kwa [[macho]], na bakteria na akea walikuwa ndio aina kubwa za viumbehai duniani.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schopf J |title=Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=91 |issue=15 |pages=6735–42 |year=1994 |pmid=8041691 |pmc=44277 |doi=10.1073/pnas.91.15.6735}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=DeLong E, Pace N |title=Environmental diversity of bacteria and archaea |journal=Syst Biol |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=470–78 |year=2001|pmid = 12116647 |doi=10.1080/106351501750435040}}</ref> 

Ingawa [[Kisukuku|visukuku]] vya bakteria vipo, kama vile [[stromatoliti]], ukosefu wao wa [[umbo]] maalumu unazuia kutumiwa katika uchunguzi wa [[historia]] ya mabadiliko ya bakteria, au kueleza lini [[spishi]] ya bakteria maalumu ilianza. Hata hivyo, mpangilio wa [[jeni]] unaweza kutumiwa kuelezea upya [[filojeni]] ya bakteria, na utafiti huo unaonyesha kuwa bakteria wa kwanza walitokana na [[nasaba]] ya akea / eukaryota.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brown JR, Doolittle WF |title=Archaea and the prokaryote-to-eukaryote transition |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=456–502 |year=1997 |month=December |pmid=9409149 |pmc=232621 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9409149}}</ref> 

Huenda asili ya bakteria wa hivi karibuni na ya akea ilikuwa [[haipathamofili]] iliyoishi miaka bilioni 2.5 hadi 3.2 iliyopita. <ref>{{cite journal |author=Di Giulio M |title=The universal ancestor and the ancestor of bacteria were hyperthermophiles |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_2003-12_57_6/page/721 |journal=J Mol Evol |volume=57 |issue=6 |pages=721–30 |year=2003 |pmid=14745541 |doi=10.1007/s00239-003-2522-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Battistuzzi FU, Feijao A, Hedges SB |title=A genomic timescale of prokaryote evolution: insights into the origin of methanogenesis, phototrophy, and the colonization of land |journal=BMC Evolutionary Biology |volume=4 |issue= |pages=44 |year=2004 |month=November |pmid=15535883 |pmc=533871 |doi=10.1186/1471-2148-4-44}}</ref>

Aidha bakteria walishiriki katika geuko la pili kubwa, la akea na [[eukaryota]]. Hapo, eukaryota walitokana na bakteria wa kale na kuwa na uhusiano uliowafaidi wote huku seli za kwanza za eukaryota, ambazo huenda zilihusiana na akea.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poole A, Penny D |title=Evaluating hypotheses for the origin of eukaryotes |journal=Bioessays |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=74–84 |year=2007 |pmid=17187354 |doi=10.1002/bies.20516}}</ref><ref name="Dyall">{{cite journal |author=Dyall S, Brown M, Johnson P |title=Ancient invasions: from endosymbionts to organelles |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=5668 |pages=253&ndash;7 |year=2004 |pmid=15073369 |doi=10.1126/science.1094884}}</ref> Hii ilihusu kumezwa kwa seli za proto-eukaryota na alfa-protobakteria kwa manufaa ya wote na kuunda ama [[mitokondria]] au haidrojenisomi, ambazo bado zinapatikana kwenye eukaryota zote (wakati mwingine katika hali iliyo dhaifu sana, kwa mfano katika [[protozoa]] ya "amitokondrial" ya kale). Baadaye, baadhi ya eukaryota ambazo tayari zilikuwa na mitokondria pia zilimeza viumbe ambavyo vilikuwa kama cyanobakteri. Hii ilisababisha kuundwa kwa [[kloroplasti]] katika [[mwani]] na [[mimea]]. Aidha, kuna baadhi ya mwani ambayo ilichimbuka baadaye kutoka kwa matukio ya hali ya kutegemeana. Hapa, eukaryota zilimeza eukaryota ya mwani ambayo baadaye ilinawiri na hata kuwa plastidi ya "kizazi cha pili".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lang B, Gray M, Burger G |title=Mitochondrial genome evolution and the origin of eukaryotes |journal=Annu Rev Genet |volume=33 |issue= |pages=351–97 |year= 1999|pmid=10690412 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.33.1.351}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=McFadden G |title=Endosymbiosis and evolution of the plant cell |journal=Curr Opin Plant Biol |volume=2 |issue=6 |pages=513–9 |year=1999 |pmid=10607659 |doi=10.1016/S1369-5266(99)00025-4}}</ref> Hii inajulikana kama hali ya kutegemeana ya daraja la pili.

==Mofolojia==
[[File:Prokaryote cell.svg|right|thumb|360px|Aina ya maumbo ya seli za bakteria na mpangilio wake.]]
Bakteria huwa na maumbo na ukubwa tofautitofauti, unaoitwa [[mofolojia]]. Seli za bakteria ni karibu sudusi moja 1 / 10 ya seli za eukaryota na kwa kawaida huwa na [[urefu]] wa [[mikromita]] 0.5-5.0. Hata hivyo, spishi chache, kama vile ''Thiomargarita namibiensis'' na ''Epulopiscium fishelsoni'', huwa na urefu wa milimita nusu ya muda mrefu na zinaweza kuonekana kwa macho bila darubini.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schulz H, Jorgensen B |title=Big bacteria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2001_55/page/105 |journal=Annu Rev Microbiol |volume=55 |issue=|pages=105&ndash;37 |year=2001|pmid=11544351 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.55.1.105}}</ref> 

Kati ya bakteria ambao ni wadogo ni wale wa jenasi ya ''Mykoplasma,'' ambao wana kipimo cha mikromita 0.3 tu, udogo wao unalingana na virusi vilivyo vikubwa zaidi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Robertson J, Gomersall M, Gill P. |title=Mycoplasma hominis: growth, reproduction, and isolation of small viable cells |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-bacteriology_1975-11_124_2/page/1007 |journal=J Bacteriol. |volume=124 |issue=2 |pages=1007&ndash;18 |year=1975 |pmid=1102522 |pmc=235991}}</ref> Baadhi ya bakteria wanaweza kuwa hata wadogo zaidi, lakini bakteria hao wadogo zaidi hawajatafitiwa vizuri.<ref name="Velimirov2001">{{cite journal | author = Velimirov, B. | year = 2001 | title = Nanobacteria, Ultramicrobacteria and Starvation Forms: A Search for the Smallest Metabolizing Bacterium | journal = Microbes and Environments | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 67–77 | url = http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsme2/16/2/67/_pdf | accessdate = 2008-06-23 | doi = 10.1264/jsme2.2001.67 | archive-date = 2009-01-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090113011403/http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsme2/16/2/67/_pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref>

Spishi za bakteria nyingi huwa ama duara-dufu, waitwao koksi (umoja: kokusi, kutoka neno la Kigiriki ''κόκκος'' - ''kókkos,'' [[nafaka]], [[mbegu]]) au umbo la fimbo, waitwao bacilli (umoja: Bacillus, kutoka neno la [[Kilatini]] ''baculus'' [[Kilatini|Kilatini]], fimbo). Kurefuka huhusishwa na kuogelea.<ref>Dusenbery, David B.2009). Living at Micro Scale, pp.20-25. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.</ref> 

Baadhi ya bakteria wenye umbo la fimbo, waitwao vibrio, huwa na mviringo kidogo au umbo la koma; na wengine, wanaweza kuwa na umbo la pia, waitwao spirilla, au kuzungushwa kwa pamoja, waitwao spirokiti. Idadi ndogo ya spishi wana umbo la [[pembenne]] au hata umbo la [[sanduku]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fritz I, Strömpl C, Abraham W |title=Phylogenetic relationships of the genera Stella, Labrys and Angulomicrobium within the 'Alphaproteobacteria' and description of Angulomicrobium amanitiforme sp. nov |url=http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/54/3/651 |journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol |volume=54 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=651–7 |year=2004 |pmid=15143003 |doi=10.1099/ijs.0.02746-0 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2008-10-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081010212929/http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/54/3/651 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hivi majuzi, bakteria waligunduliwa ndani ya [[sahani ya dunia]] ambao na kuwa na urefu kama wa fimbo na sehemu ya pembeni yenye umbo la [[nyota]]. 

Eneo lao kubwa ukilinganishwa na uwiano wa kiasi cha mofolojia hii linaweza kufaidi hawa bakteria katika mazingira yaliyo na [[madini]] machache.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wanger Onstott Southam |title=Stars of the terrestrial deep subsurface: A novel `star-shaped' bacterial morphotype from a South African platinum mine |journal=Geobiology |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=325–330 |year=2008 |doi=10.1111/j.1472-4669.2008.00163.x |pmid=18498531 |last1=Wanger |first1=G |last2=Onstott |first2=TC |last3=Southam |first3=G}}</ref> Maumbo haya tofauti ni kutokana na ukingo wa ukuta wa seli za bakteria na kuamua na bakteria na mfupa wa saitoplazimu, na ni muhimu kwa sababu unaweza kuathiri uwezo wa bakteria wa kupata virutubisho au madini, kujigandisha kwenye kingo, kuogelea kwa vitu viwevu na kujiepusha na [[Mnyama mla nyama|kuwindwa.]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cabeen M, Jacobs-Wagner C |title=Bacterial cell shape |journal=Nat Rev Microbiol |volume=3 |issue=8 |pages=601&ndash;10 |year=2005 |pmid=16012516 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1205}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Young K |title=The selective value of bacterial shape |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2006-09_70_3/page/660 |journal=Microbiol Mol Biol Rev |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=660&ndash;703 |year=2006 |pmid=16959965 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.00001-06 |pmc=1594593}}</ref>

Spishi nyingi za bakteria zinaishi kama seli moja tu, wengine huwa na ruwaza fulani ya muungano: ''Neisseria'' huunda diploidi ([[jozi]]), ''Streptococcus'' huunda minyororo, na ''Staphylococcus'' hujiunga kwenye kikundi cha "rundo la zabibu". Aidha bakteria zinaweza kurufushwa kuunda filamenti, kwa mfano Aktinobakteria. Mara nyingi bakteria za nyuzi huzungukwa na uo ambao una chembechembe nyingi za kibinafsi. Aina fulani, kama vile spishi za jenasi ya ''Nocardia,'' huweza hata kuunda filamenti za kushangaza zenye matagaa, zinazofanana na vimelea vya mycelia.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Douwes K, Schmalzbauer E, Linde H, Reisberger E, Fleischer K, Lehn N, Landthaler M, Vogt T |title=Branched filaments no fungus, ovoid bodies no bacteria: Two unusual cases of mycetoma |journal=J Am Acad Dermatol |volume=49 |issue=2 Suppl Case Reports |pages=S170&ndash;3 |year=2003 |pmid=12894113 |doi=10.1067/mjd.2003.302}}</ref>

[[File:Relative scale.svg|thumb|310px|left|Aina ya maumbo ya prokaryoti ikilinganishwa na viumbe wengine.]]

Mara nyingi bakteria hujiunganisha kwenye sehemu zingine ili kuunda mikusanyiko mikubwa iitwayo biofilamu au mikeka ya bakteria. Filamu hizi zinaweza kuwa kati ya mikromita chache kwa unene hadi [[nusu]] [[mita]] kwa [[kina]], na zinaweza kuwa na spishi nyingi za bakteria, [[protista]] na [[Archaea|akea.]] Bakteria wanaoishi katika biofilamu huwa na mpangilio mgumu wa seli na vipengele vya nje ya seli, na kuunda maumbo ya daraja la pili kama vile mikrokoloni, umbo ambalo huwa na njia nyingi kuwezesha upitishaji wa virutubisho.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Donlan R |title=Biofilms: microbial life on surfaces |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=8 |issue=9 |pages=881–90 |year=2002 |pmid=12194761 |pmc=2732559}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Branda S, Vik S, Friedman L, Kolter R |title=Biofilms: the matrix revisited |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2005-01_13_1/page/20 |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=20–26 |year=2005 |pmid=15639628 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2004.11.006}}</ref> 

Katika mazingira ya kawaida, kama vile udongo au mimea, bakteria wengi huunganishwa kwenye kingo katika bio-filamu.<ref name="Davey">{{cite journal |author=Davey M, O'toole G |title=Microbial biofilms: from ecology to molecular genetics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2000-12_64_4/page/847 |journal=Microbiol Mol Biol Rev |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=847–67 |year=2000|pmid = 11104821 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.64.4.847-867.2000 |pmc=99016}}</ref> Bio-filamu ni muhimu pia katika [[uuguzi]], kwa sababu mara nyingi maumbo haya yanapatikana kwenye magonjwa mabaya ya kuambukizwa au katika maambukizi ya vifaa vya matibabu ambavyo vimewekwa mwilini, na bakteria wanaolindwa ndani ya bio-filamu ni vigumu sana kuwaua kuliko bakteria walio pweke.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Donlan RM, Costerton JW |title=Biofilms: survival mechanisms of clinically relevant microorganisms |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-microbiology-reviews_2002-04_15_2/page/167 |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=167–93 |year=2002 |pmid=11932229 |doi=10.1128/CMR.15.2.167-193.2002 |pmc=118068}}</ref>

Wakati mwingine mabadiliko mengine makubwa ya kimofolojia yanaweza kutokea. Kwa mfano, wakinyimwa [[amino asidi]], miksoobakteria wanaweza kugundua seli ambazo zimewazingira, hali iitwayo hisi ya kikundi, hujumuika pamoja, na hukusanyika kuunda maumbo marefu ambayo yanaweza kufika mikromita 500 na yenye takriban seli za bakteria 100,000.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Shimkets L |title=Intercellular signaling during fruiting-body development of Myxococcus xanthus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_1999_53/page/525 |journal=Annu Rev Microbiol |volume=53 |issue=|pages=525–49 | year =1999|pmid = 10547700 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.53.1.525}}</ref> Katika maumbo haya, bakteria hutekeleza majukumu tofauti: aina hii ya ushirikiano ni mfano rahisi wa ushirika wa seli nyingi. Kwa mfano, karibu seli moja kwa kila seli 10 huhamia sehemu ya juu ya maumbo haya na huwa katika hali ya utulivu iitwayo "myxospores", ambayo ina uwezo wa kustahimili [[ukavu]] na hali nyingine mbaya zaidi za mazingira, kinyume na ilivyo seli zingine.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite journal |author=Kaiser D |title=Signaling in myxobacteria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2004_58/page/75 |journal=Annu Rev Microbiol |volume=58 |issue=|pages=75–98 |year=2004|pmid=15487930 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123620}}</ref>

==Muundo wa seli ==
[[File:Average prokaryote cell- en.svg|thumb|280px|right|Muundo na sehemu ya kiini cha bakteria wa Gram chanya]]
===Miundo ya ndani ya seli===
Seli ya bakteria imezungukwa na utando wa [[lipidi]], au utando wa seli, ambao huifunika na pia kuikinga dhidi ya kushikilia virutubisho, [[protini]] na sehemu nyingine muhimu za [[saitoplazimu]] ndani ya seli. Kwa kuwa hizi seli ni prokaryota, bakteria mara nyingi huwa hazina [[oganeli]] kwenye utando katika saitoplazimu yao, kwa hivyo, huwa na sehemu chache zilizo kubwa ndani ya seli. Kwa sababu hiyo hawana [[kiini]], [[mitokondria]], [[kloroplast]] na oganeli nyingine ambazo zinapatikana katika seli za eukaryota, kama vile [[sehemu za Golgi]] na [[retikilamu]] ya endoplazimu.<ref name="Stryer">{{cite book | author = Berg JM, Tymoczko JL Stryer L | title = Molecular Cell Biology | url = https://archive.org/details/biochemistrysupp0000stry | edition = 5th | publisher = WH Freeman | year = 2002 | isbn = 0-7167-4955-6}}</ref> 

Wakati fulani bakteria walionekana kama mifuko tu ya saitoplazimu, lakini vitu kama vile mfupa-seli wa prokariyoti,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gitai Z |title=The new bacterial cell biology: moving parts and subcellular architecture |journal=Cell |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=577–86 |year=2005 |pmid=15766522 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.026}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Shih YL, Rothfield L |title=The bacterial cytoskeleton |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2006-09_70_3/page/729 |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=70 |issue=3 |pages=729–54 |year=2006 |month=September |pmid=16959967 |pmc=1594594 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.00017-06}}</ref> na ujanibishaji wa protini katika maeneo maalum ndani ya saitoplazimu <ref>{{cite journal |author=Gitai Z |title=The new bacterial cell biology: moving parts and subcellular architecture |journal=Cell |volume=120 |issue=5 |pages=577–86 |year=2005 |month=March |pmid=15766522 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2005.02.026}}</ref> umedhihirisha viwango vya kuendelea. Vijisehemu hivi vya seli vimekuja kujulikana kama "maumbo ya hali ya juu ya bakteria".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Norris V, den Blaauwen T, Cabin-Flaman A, ''et al.'' |title=Functional taxonomy of bacterial hyperstructures |journal=	Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=71 |issue=1 |pages=230–53 |year=2007 |month=March |pmid=17347523 |pmc=1847379 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.00035-06 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=17347523 |last12=Saier M |first12=Jr |last13=Skarstad |first13=K}}</ref>

Vijisehemu vidogo kama vile [[kaboksisomu]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kerfeld CA, Sawaya MR, Tanaka S, ''et al.'' |title=Protein structures forming the shell of primitive bacterial organelles |journal=Science (journal) |volume=309 |issue=5736 |pages=936–8 |year=2005 |month=August |pmid=16081736 |doi=10.1126/science.1113397}}</ref> vinadhihisha kiwango kingine cha mpangilio, ambavyo ni sehemu zilizo ndani ya bakteria ambazo zimezungukwa na [[ushanga|shanga]] za [[polihedra]] ya protini, badala ya utando wa lipidi.<ref name="Bobik2007">{{cite journal | author = Bobik, T. A. | title = Bacterial Microcompartments | year = 2007 | journal = Microbe | volume = 2 | pages = 25–31 | url = http://www.asm.org/ASM/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000002765/znw00107000025.pdf | publisher = Am Soc Microbiol | format = PDF | access-date = 2015-05-07 | archive-date = 2008-08-02 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080802025916/http://www.asm.org/ASM/files/ccLibraryFiles/Filename/000000002765/znw00107000025.pdf | dead-url = yes }}</ref> "Oganeli hizi za polihedra" hujikusanya na kugawa [[umetaboli]] wa bakteria katika vyumba, kazi ambayo hutekelezwa na oganeli zinazopatikana kwenye utando kwenye eukaryota.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yeates TO, Kerfeld CA, Heinhorst S, Cannon GC, Shively JM |title=Protein-based organelles in bacteria: carboxysomes and related microcompartments |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=6 |pages=681–691 |year=2008 |month=August |pmid=18679172 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1913 |issue=9}}</ref>

Mifanyiko mingi ya [[Biokemia|kibiokemia]], kama vile kualisha nguvu, hutokana na tofauti za viwango vya chumvi kupitia kwa utando, sifa ambayo pia hupatikana katika [[betri]] ya. Kukosekana kwa jumla kwa utando wa ndani kwenye bakteria kunamaanisha kwamba mifanyiko kama vile [[usafiri]] wa [[elektroni]] hutokea kwenye utando baina ya saitoplazimu na nafasi kati ya periplazimu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Harold FM |title=Conservation and transformation of energy by bacterial membranes |journal=Bacteriological Reviews |volume=36 |issue=2 |pages=172–230 |year=1972 |month=June |pmid=4261111 |pmc=408323 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=4261111}}</ref> Hata hivyo, katika bakteria wengi wanaotengeneza [[chakula]] kutoka kwa [[mwanga]] utando wa plazimu huwa umekunjwa sana na hujaza seli na safu ya utando wa kukusanya mwanga.<ref name="bryantfrigaard">{{cite journal |author=Bryant DA, Frigaard NU
|year=2006 |title=Prokaryotic photosynthesis and phototrophy illuminated |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=14 |issue=11 |pages=488 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001 |pmid=16997562 |last1=Bryant |first1=DA |last2=Frigaard |first2=NU }}</ref> Utando huo wa kukusanya mwanga unaweza hata kuunda maumbo yaliyofunikwa na lipidi yaitwayo [[klorosomu]] katika bakteria za kijani za [[salfa]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Psencík J, Ikonen TP, Laurinmäki P, ''et al.'' |title=Lamellar organization of pigments in chlorosomes, the light harvesting complexes of green photosynthetic bacteria |journal=Biophys. J. |volume=87 |issue=2 |pages=1165–72 |year=2004 |month=August |pmid=15298919 |pmc=1304455 |doi=10.1529/biophysj.104.040956 |url=http://www.biophysj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15298919 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2020-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510024136/https://www.cell.com/biophysj/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15298919 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Protini zingine huleta virutubisho kupitia kwa utando wa seli, au kutoa molekiuli ambazo hazihitajiki kutoka kwa saitoplazimu.

[[File:Carboxysome 3 images.png|thumb|left|450px|Karboksisomu ni protini-iliyoambatanishwa viungovya bakteria. Upande wa kushoto juu ni picha ya darubini ya elektroni ya karboksisomu katika Halothiobacillus neapolitanus , chini ni picha safi ya karboksisomu. Katika upande wa kulia ni mfano wa muundo wao. Viwango vya kupima ni 100 nm.]]
Bakteria hawana kiini chenye utando, na wameundwa kutoka kwa jeni ya kromosomu moja ya mviringo iliyo katika saitoplazimu katika umbo lisilo na muundo maalum liitwalo nukleoidi.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Thanbichler M, Wang S, Shapiro L |title=The bacterial nucleoid: a highly organized and dynamic structure |journal=J Cell Biochem |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=506–21 |year=2005 |pmid=15988757 |doi=10.1002/jcb.20519}}</ref> Kiini cha bakteria kina kromosomu yenye protini na RNA. Planktomaisiti  zina upekee katika kukosekana kwa jumla kwa utando wa ndani katika bakteria, kwa sababu zina utando unaozunguka kiini chao na huwa na maumbo mengine ya seli yenye utando.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fuerst J |title=Intracellular compartmentation in planctomycetes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2005_59/page/299 |journal=Annu Rev Microbiol |volume=59 |pages=299–328 |year=2005 |pmid=15910279 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121258}}</ref> Kama ilivyo kwa [[Kiumbehai|viumbe wote wenye]] uhai, bakteria huwa na ribosome kwa ajili ya kutengeneza protini, lakini maumbo ya ribosome wa bakteria ni tofauti ikilinganishwa na wa [[Eukaryota|yukariyoti]] na [[Archaea|Akea.]]<ref>{{cite journal |author=Poehlsgaard J, Douthwaite S |title=The bacterial ribosome as a target for antibiotics |journal=Nat Rev Microbiol |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=870–81 |year=2005|pmid = 16261170 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1265}}</ref>

Baadhi ya bakteria hutengeneza chembechembe ndani ya seli za kuhifadhi virutubisho, kama vile glikojeni, <ref>{{cite journal |author=Yeo M, Chater K |title=The interplay of glycogen metabolism and differentiation provides an insight into the developmental biology of Streptomyces coelicolor |url=http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/151/3/855?view=long&pmid=15758231 |journal=Microbiology |volume=151 |issue=Pt 3 |pages=855–61 |year=2005 |pmid=15758231 |doi=10.1099/mic.0.27428-0 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2007-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092242/http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/151/3/855?view=long&pmid=15758231 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>polifosfeti, <ref>{{cite journal |author=Shiba T, Tsutsumi K, Ishige K, Noguchi T |title=Inorganic polyphosphate and polyphosphate kinase: their novel biological functions and applications |url=http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v65/full/65030375.html |journal=Biochemistry (Mosc) |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=315–23 |year=2000 |pmid=10739474 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2006-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925070012/http://protein.bio.msu.ru/biokhimiya/contents/v65/full/65030375.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>[[Sulfuri|salfa]] <ref>{{cite journal |author=Brune DC |title=Isolation and characterization of sulfur globule proteins from Chromatium vinosum and Thiocapsa roseopersicina |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_archives-of-microbiology_1995-06_163_6/page/391 |journal=Archives of Microbiology |volume=163 |issue=6 |pages=391–9 |year=1995 |month=June |pmid=7575095 |doi=10.1007/BF00272127}}</ref> au polihaidroksyalkanoeti.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kadouri D, Jurkevitch E, Okon Y, Castro-Sowinski S |title=Ecological and agricultural significance of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoates |journal=Critical Reviews in Microbiology |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=55–67 |year=2005 |pmid=15986831 |doi=10.1080/10408410590899228}}</ref> Chembechembe hizi huwezesha bakteria kuhifadhi misombo kwa ajili ya matumizi ya baadaye. Baadhi ya spishi za bakteria, kama vile zile za Sayanobacteria wa  kifotosinthetiki, hutengeneza  vilengelenge vya gesi vya ndani, ambavyo huvitumia kuwawezesha kuelea - na kuwaruhusu kuogolea juu na chini katika rusu za maji  zenye mwanga na  virutubisho tofauti.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Walsby AE |title=Gas vesicles |journal=Microbiological Reviews |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=94–144 |year=1994 |month=March |pmid=8177173 |pmc=372955 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8177173}}</ref>

===Miundo ya nje ya seli===
Karibu na nje ya utando wa seli kuna ukuta wa seli wa  bakteria. kuta za seli za bakteria zimetengenezwa na peptidoglaikani (ambayo awali iliitwa murein), ambayo hutokana na mfululizo wa polisakaraidi zilizounganishwa na peptide isiyo ya kawaida yenye  amino asidi ya D.<ref>{{cite journal |author=van Heijenoort J |title=Formation of the glycan chains in the synthesis of bacterial peptidoglycan | url=http://glycob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/11/3/25R |journal=Glycobiology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=25R&ndash;36R |year=2001 |pmid=11320055 |doi=10.1093/glycob/11.3.25R}}</ref> Kuta za seli za bakteria hutofautiana na kuta za [[Mmea|mmea]]  na [[Kuvu|kuvu]], ambao hutengenezwa kutokana na selulosi na chitini, mtawalia.<ref name="Koch">{{cite journal |author=Koch A |title=Bacterial wall as target for attack: past, present, and future research |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/16/4/673?view=long&pmid=14557293 |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=673&ndash;87 |year=2003 |pmid=14557293 |doi=10.1128/CMR.16.4.673-687.2003 |pmc=207114 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2008-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928093055/http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/content/full/16/4/673?view=long&pmid=14557293 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Ukuta wa seli ya bakteria pia ni tofauti na ule wa Akea, ambao hauna peptidoglaikani. Ukuta wa seli ni muhimu katika maisha ya bakteria wengi, na antibiotiki ya penicillin anaweza kuua bakteria kwa kuzuia hatua moja katika matumizi ya peptidoglaikani.<ref name="Koch"></ref>

Kuna aina mbili kuu za kuta za seli katika bakteria, ziitwazo Gramu-chanya na Gramu-hasi. Majina haya yanatokana na athari ya seli kwa waa la Gram,utafiti ambao ulitumiwa kwa muda mrefu katika kuainisha spishi za bakteria.<ref name="Gram">{{cite journal | last = Gram | first =  HC | authorlink = Hans Christian Gram |year=1884 |title=Über die isolierte Färbung der Schizomyceten in Schnitt- und Trockenpräparaten |journal=Fortschr. Med. |volume=2 |pages=185&ndash;189 }}</ref>

Bakteria za Gram-chanya zina ukuta wa seli mnene ambao una rusu nyingi za peptidoglaikani na  asidi ya teikoiki. Kinyume na matarajio, bakteria wa Gramu-hasi wana ukuta mwembamba uliyo na rusu chache za peptidoglaikani iliyozungukwa na utando wa pili wa lipidi wenyelipopolisakaride na lipoprotini. Bakteria wengi wana ukuta wa seli wa Gramu-hasi, na  Fimikuti tu na Aktinobakteria  ambao(asilia walijulikana kama bakteria wa G + C ya chini na  G + C ya juu Gramu-chanya, mtawalia) huwa na mpangilio wa Gramu-chanya mbadala.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hugenholtz P |title=Exploring prokaryotic diversity in the genomic era |journal=Genome Biology |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=REVIEWS0003 |year=2002 |pmid=11864374 |pmc=139013 |url=http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/3/REVIEWS0003 |doi=10.1186/gb-2002-3-2-reviews0003 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2020-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315111159/http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/3/REVIEWS0003 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Utofauti huu katika miundo unaweza kuleta tofauti katika kuathirika kwa antibiotiki, kwa mfano, vankomisin inaweza tu kuua bakteria wa Gram-chanya na hushindwa kuua pathojeni za Gram-hasi, kama vile ''Haemophilus influenzae''  au ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa.'' <ref>{{cite journal |author=Walsh F, Amyes S |title=Microbiology and drug resistance mechanisms of fully resistant pathogens |journal=Curr Opin Microbiol |volume=7 |issue=5 |pages=439–44 |year=2004 |pmid=15451497 |doi=10.1016/j.mib.2004.08.007}}</ref>

Katika bakteria wengi rusu ya S ya molekiuli za protini zilizounganishwa pamoja hufunika nje ya ukuta wa seli.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Engelhardt H, Peters J |title=Structural research on surface layers: a focus on stability, surface layer homology domains, and surface layer-cell wall interactions |journal=J Struct Biol |volume=124 |issue=2&ndash;3 |pages=276–302 |year=1998|pmid = 10049812 |doi=10.1006/jsbi.1998.4070}}</ref> Rusu hii hukinga seli dhidi ya athari za kikemikali na zingine na inaweza kuzuia kuenea kwamakromolekiula. Rusu za S- zina kazi mbalimbali lakini ambazo hazieleweki vizuri, lakini inajulikana kwamba hufanya kazi kama sumu kali katika ''Campylobacter'' na zina [[Kimeng'enya|vimeng'enya]] katika ''stearothermophilus Bacillus.'' <ref>{{cite journal |author=Beveridge T, Pouwels P, Sára M, Kotiranta A, Lounatmaa K, Kari K, Kerosuo E, Haapasalo M, Egelseer E, Schocher I, Sleytr U, Morelli L, Callegari M, Nomellini J, Bingle W, Smit J, Leibovitz E, Lemaire M, Miras I, Salamitou S, Béguin P, Ohayon H, Gounon P, Matuschek M, Koval S |title=Functions of S-layers |journal=FEMS Microbiol Rev |volume=20 |issue=1&ndash;2 |pages=99&ndash;149 |year=1997 |pmid=9276929 |last12=Morelli |first12=L |last13=Callegari |first13=ML |last14=Nomellini |first14=JF |last15=Bingle |first15=WH |last16=Smit |first16=J |last17=Leibovitz |first17=E |last18=Lemaire |first18=M |last19=Miras |first19=I |last20=Salamitou |first20=S |last21=Béguin |first21=P |last22=Ohayon |first22=H |last23=Gounon |first23=P |last24=Matuschek |first24=M |last25=Koval |first25=SF}}</ref>

[[File:EMpylori.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Mchoro wa elektroni za helikobakta pailori elektroni, unaoonyesha flajela nyingi kwenye seli]]

Flajela ni maumbo magumu yenye protini, yana kipenyo cha takriban nanomita 20 [[Mita|Mita]] huwa na urefu wa hadi mikromita 20, ambazo hutumika kuwezesha usafiri wa ufanisi. Flajela huendeshwa kutokana na nguvu zinazozalishwa kupitia kwa ubadilishanaji wa Ionchini ya mwinamo wa elektrokemikali kupitia kwa utando wa seli.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kojima S, Blair D |title=The bacterial flagellar motor: structure and function of a complex molecular machine |journal=Int Rev Cytol |volume=233 |issue=|pages=93&ndash;134 |year=2004|pmid=15037363 |doi=10.1016/S0074-7696(04)33003-2}}</ref>

Fimbriae ni nyuzi nyororo za protini, zenye kipenyo cha nonimita 20-10 tu na urefu wa mikromita kadhaa. Huwa wamesambaa kwenye sehemu za sseli, na hufanana na nywele laini zinapoonwa kupitia kwa hadubini ya elektroni. Inaaminika kuwa Fimbriae huhusika katika kuunganisha vitu yabisi kwenye sehemu zingine au katika seli zingine na ni muhimu katika kutengeneza sumu kali ya pathojeni fulani za bakteria.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beachey E |title=Bacterial adherence: adhesin-receptor interactions mediating the attachment of bacteria to mucosal surface |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1981-03_143_3/page/325 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=143 |issue=3 |pages=325&ndash;45 |year=1981|pmid = 7014727}}</ref> Pili ''(kwa umoja''  pilus) ni viambatisho vya seli, kubwa kidogo kuliko fimbriae, ambavyo vinaweza kuhamisha vitu vya jenetiki baina ya seli za bakteria katika mchakato uitwao muungano (tazama jenetiki ya bakteria, hapa chini).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Silverman P |title=Towards a structural biology of bacterial conjugation |journal=Mol Microbiol |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=423&ndash;9 |year=1997 |pmid=9044277 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2958.1997.2411604.x}}</ref>

Kapsuli au rusu za slimi zinazotengenezwa na bakteria wengi kuzingira seli zao, na hutofautiana kwa maumbo na miundo: kuanzia rusu ya slimu isiyo na mpangilio ya   ya nje ya polima ya seli, na yenye muundo bainishi wa kapsuli au glaikokaliksi. Maumbo haya yanaweza kulinda seli dhidi ya kumezwa na seli za yukariyoti, kama vile makrofeji.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stokes R, Norris-Jones R, Brooks D, Beveridge T, Doxsee D, Thorson L |title=The glycan-rich outer layer of the cell wall of Mycobacterium tuberculosis acts as an antiphagocytic capsule limiting the association of the bacterium with macrophages |url=http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/full/72/10/5676?view=long&pmid=15385466 |journal=Infect Immun |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=5676&ndash;86 |year=2004 |pmid=15385466 |doi=10.1128/IAI.72.10.5676-5686.2004 |pmc=517526 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2008-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080929082456/http://iai.asm.org/cgi/content/full/72/10/5676?view=long&pmid=15385466 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Pia wanaweza kufanya kazi  kama Antijeni na kushirikishwa katika utambuzi wa seli, kadhalika kuwezesha katika kuunganisha na na kutengenza bio-filamu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Daffé M, Etienne G |title=The capsule of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its implications for pathogenicity |journal=Tuber Lung Dis |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=153&ndash;69 |year=1999 |pmid=10656114 |doi=10.1054/tuld.1998.0200}}</ref>

Kuleta pamoja hii miundo au maumbo ya seli kunategemea mifumo ya utoaji wa ugiligili wa bakteria. Uhamisho wa protini kutoka kwa saitoplazimu hadi kwa periplazimu au katika mazingira yaliyo karibu na seli. Mifumo ya aina nyingi ya utoaji ugiligili inajulikana na mara nyingi miundo hii ni muhimu kwa ajili ya pathojeni za sumu kali, kwa hiyo hutafitiwa kwa kina.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Finlay BB, Falkow S |title=Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=61 |issue=2 |pages=136–69 |year=1997 |month=June |pmid=9184008 |pmc=232605 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=9184008}}</ref>

===Endospora===
{{main|Endospora}}
[[File:Gram Stain Anthrax.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Bacillus anthracis (yenye doa la zambarau) inyokua kwenye ugiligili wa uti wa mgongo]]
Baadhi ya [[Jenasi|nasaba]] ya bakteria wa Gram-chanaya, kama vile Bacillus, Clostridium, Sporohalobacter, Anaerobacter na ''Heliobacterium,''  zinaweza kutengeneza maumbo yaliyotulia yenye uwezo kustahimili yaitwayo endospora.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nicholson WL, Munakata N, Horneck G, Melosh HJ, Setlow P |title=Resistance of Bacillus endospores to extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=64 |issue=3 |pages=548–72 |year=2000 |month=September |pmid=10974126 |pmc=99004 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=10974126 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.64.3.548-572.2000}}</ref> Karibu katika visa vyote, endospora moja hutengenezwa na huu siyo mchakato wa uzazi, ingawa ''Anaerobacter'' wanaweza kutengeneza endospora kwenye seli moja.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Siunov A, Nikitin D, Suzina N, Dmitriev V, Kuzmin N, Duda V |title=Phylogenetic status of Anaerobacter polyendosporus, an anaerobic, polysporogenic bacterium |url=http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/49/3/1119.pdf |journal=Int J Syst Bacteriol |volume=49 Pt 3 |issue= |pages=1119&ndash;24 |year=1999 |pmid=10425769 |format=PDF |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2007-06-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070616050314/http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/cgi/reprint/49/3/1119.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Endospora huwa na kitovu muhimu cha satoplazimu chenye [[ADN]] na ribosomu iliyozungukwa na rusu ya gamba na kulindwa na ngozi ngumu isiyopenyeka.

Endospora haina umetaboli usiyoweza kuonekana nainaweza kustahimmili hali mbaya ya kimwili na kikemikali, kama vile viwango vya juu vya mwanga wa miale ya jua, mionzi ya gamma, sabuni za maji, vipukusi, joto, kuzizima, shinikizo na ukavu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nicholson W, Fajardo-Cavazos P, Rebeil R, Slieman T, Riesenman P, Law J, Xue Y |title=Bacterial endospores and their significance in stress resistance |journal=Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek |volume=81 |issue=1&ndash;4 |pages=27&ndash;32 |year=2002 |pmid=12448702 |doi=10.1023/A:1020561122764}}</ref> Katika hali hii iliyotulia, viumbe hawa wanaweza kusalia na uwezo wa kujitegemea kwa mamilioni ya miaka,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Vreeland R, Rosenzweig W, Powers D |title=Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal |journal=Nature |volume=407 |issue=6806 |pages=897&ndash;900 |year=2000 |pmid=11057666 |doi=10.1038/35038060}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cano R, Borucki M |title=Revival and identification of bacterial spores in 25- to 40-million-year-old Dominican amber |journal=Science |volume=268 |issue=5213 |pages=1060&ndash;4 |year=1995 |pmid=7538699 |doi=10.1126/science.7538699}}</ref> na endospora huwezesha bakteria hata kushi kwenye ombwe tupu na mionzi ya anga.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nicholson W, Schuerger A, Setlow P |title=The solar UV environment and bacterial spore UV resistance: considerations for Earth-to-Mars transport by natural processes and human spaceflight |journal=Mutat Res |volume=571 |issue=1&ndash;2 |pages=249&ndash;64 |year=2005|pmid = 15748651 |doi=10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.10.012}}</ref> Aidha, bakteria ambao hutengeneza endospora wanaweza kusababisha ugonjwa kwa mfano, unaweza kupata kimeta kwa kuvuta hewa yenye endospora za ''Bacillus'' ''anthracis,''  na uchafuzi wa vindnda vya ndani na endospora za '' Clostridium tetani''  husababisha pepopunda.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hatheway CL |title=Toxigenic clostridia |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=66–98 |year=1990 |month=January |pmid=2404569 |pmc=358141 |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=2404569 }}</ref>

==Umetaboli==
Bakteria huonyesha aina mbalimbali za umetaboli.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nealson K |title=Post-Viking microbiology: new approaches, new data, new insights |journal=Orig Life Evol Biosph |volume=29 |issue=1 |pages=73–93 |year=1999 |pmid=11536899 |doi=10.1023/A:1006515817767}}</ref> Sifa za kundi la bakteria kijadi zimetumika katika kuainisha jamii zao, lakini aghalabu sifa hizi hazioani na uainishaji wa kisasa wa jeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Xu J |title=Microbial ecology in the age of genomics and metagenomics: concepts, tools, and recent advances |journal=Mol Ecol |volume=15 |issue=7 |pages=1713–31 |year=2006|pmid = 16689892 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02882.x}}</ref> Umetaboli wa bakteria huainishwa katika makundi ya lishe kwa misingi ya vigezo vitatu vikuu: aina ya nishati inayotumika katika kukua, chanzo cha [[Kaboni|kaboni]], na nyenzo za elektroni zinazotumika kwa ajili ya ukuaji. Kigezo kingine cha ziada cha  vidubini vinavyopumua ni vinasa elektronivinavyotumika katika  uzalishaji wa nguvu kwa kutumia oksijeni au  bila oksijeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zillig W |title=Comparative biochemistry of Archaea and Bacteria |journal=Curr Opin Genet Dev |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=544–51 |year=1991 |pmid=1822288 |doi=10.1016/S0959-437X(05)80206-0}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
|+ Aina za lishe katika umetaboli wa bakteria
|-
!Aina ya lishe
!Chanzo cha nguvu
!Chanzo cha kaboni
!Mifano
|-
| &nbsp;Fototrofu&nbsp;
|  align="center"|Mwanga wa jua
|  align="center"|&nbsp;Misombo ya kaboni (fotoheterotrofu) au uongezaji wa kaboni (fotoautotrofu)
| &nbsp;Cyanobakteria, Bakteria wa kijani wa salfa, Klorofleksi, au bakteria wa zambarau &nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;Lithotrofu
|  align="center"|Iso-Misombo
|  align="center"|&nbsp;Misombo ya kikaboni (lithoheterotrofu) au uongezaji wa kaboni (lithoautotrofu)
| &nbsp;Thamodesalfobakteria, ''Hydrogenophilaceae,''  au Nitrospirae&nbsp;
|-
| &nbsp;Oganotrofi
|  align="center"|Misombo ya kaboni
|  align="center"|&nbsp;Misombo kaboni (kemoheterotrofi) au uongezaji wa kaboni (kemoautotrofi) &nbsp;
| &nbsp;''Bacillus, Clostridium''  au ''Enterobacteriaceae'' &nbsp;
|}

Umetaboli wa kaboni katika bakteria huwa aidha pale ambapo misombo ya kaboni kiheterotrofiki, ambapo misombo kikaboni  hutumiwa kama vyanzo vya kaboni, au  kiototrofiki, kumaanisha kamba sseli ya kaboni hutokana na uongezaji wa  [[Dioksidi kabonia|gesi ya kaboni yenye oksijeni]]. Bakteria za heterotrofiki ni pamoja na aina ya vimelea. Mfano mzuri wa bakteria za ototrofiki fototrofiki siyano-bakteria, bakteria za salfa ya kijani na baadhi wa bakteria za zambarau, lakini pia spishi nyingi za aina ya kemolithotrofiki, kama vile bakteria za kuongeza naitrojeni ama za kuongeza oksijeni katika salfa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hellingwerf K, Crielaard W, Hoff W, Matthijs H, Mur L, van Rotterdam B |title=Photobiology of bacteria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_antonie-van-leeuwenhoek_1994_65_4/page/331 |journal=Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=331&ndash;47 |year=1994|pmid = 7832590 |doi=10.1007/BF00872217}}</ref> Umetaboli wa nishati ya bakteria ama huwa umejikita katika ototrofi, utumiaji wa mwanga kupitia kwa [[Usanisinuru|usanisinuru]], au kupitia kwa kemotrofi, utumiaji wa dutu za kemikali kuzalisha vyakula, ambayo mara nyingi hutengenzwa kwa gharama ya oksijeni au vipokea elektroni mbadala (mpumuo wa erobiki / anerobiki).

[[File:Bluegreen algae.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Filamenti sinobakteria ya kuzalisha chakula kutoka kwa mwanga]]

Hatimaye, bakteria zimegawanyika kama lithotrof ambazo hutumia vitoa elektroni vya isokaboni na oganotrofu ambazo hutumia misombo ya kikaboni kama vitoa elektroni. Vijiumbe vya kemotropiki hutumia vitoa elektroni husika katika kuhifadhi nguvu (kwa mpumuo wa aerobiki/uchachushaji wa anerobiki) na mifanyiko mingine ya biosinthetiki (kwa mfano, kuongezea gesi ya kaboni dioksidi), navyo viumbe vya fototropiki huzitumia tu kwa madhumuni ya biosinthetiki. Viumbe vipumuzi hutumia misombo ya kemikali kama kiini cha nishati kwa kuchukua elektroni kutoka kwa substreti ilopunguzwa na kuzihamisha hadi kwenye taminali ya kukubali elektroni katika mmenyuko wa aina ya redoksi. Mmenyuko huu husababisha nishati kutolewa inayoweza kutumika kwa kumeng'enya ATP na kuendesha umetaboli. Katika viumbe vya erobiki, [[Oksijeni|oksijeni]] hutumiwa kama kikubalio cha elektroni. Katika viumbe vya anaerobic misombo ya isokaboni nyingine kama vile, naitratisalfeti  au kaboni dioksaidi hutumika kama vikubalio vya elektroni. Hii hupelekea michakato muhimu ya kiikoloji ya di-naitrifikashon kupunguza kwa salfeti na asetojenesis kwa mtiririko huo.

Hali nyingine ya kimaisha ya kemotrofs katika hali ya kukosekana kwa vikubalio vya elektroni inayowezekana ni kuchachua (famenteshon), ambapo elektroni zilizochukuliwa kutoka sabstreti iliyo punguzwa huhamishiwa hadi kwenye substreti za kati zilizo oksidaiziwa kuzalisha bidhaa zilizo chachuka (mfano laktate, ethanol, [[Hidrojeni|hidrojeni]] na asidi ya butiriki). Kuchachuka kwa wezekana, kwa sababu kiwango cha nishati kilichomo kwenye sabstreti ni kikubwa kuliko kile cha mazao, na hii hufanya viumbe kusinthesise ATP na kufanyika kwa metaboli zao.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zumft W |title=Cell biology and molecular basis of denitrification | url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/61/4/533?view=long&pmid=9409151 |journal=Microbiol Mol Biol Rev |volume=61 |issue=4 |pages=533&ndash;616 |date=1 December 1997|pmid=9409151 |pmc=232623 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Drake H, Daniel S, Küsel K, Matthies C, Kuhner C, Braus-Stromeyer S |title=Acetogenic bacteria: what are the in situ consequences of their diverse metabolic versatilities? |journal=Biofactors |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=13&ndash;24 |year=1997 |pmid=9233536 |doi=10.1002/biof.5520060103}}</ref>

Michakato hii ni muhimu pia katika baiolojia kwa mujibu wa  uchafuzi wa mazingira, kwa mfano, bakteria za kupunguza salfeti  huwajibika kwa kiasi kikubwa katika uzalishaji wa aina mbali mbali za sumu aina ya [[zebaki]] ([[methil-]] na [[daimethilzebaki]]) katika mazingira. Anaerobu zisizopumua hutumia uchachuaji kuzalisha nishati na nguvu wa kupunguza, kutengeneza bidhaa za metaboli (kama vile ethanol katika utengezaji wa pombe) kama bidhaa taka. Anaerobu aina ya Fakaltative zinanaweza kubadili kati ya kuchachua na ukomo kubalifu wa elektronitofauti kutegemeana na hali ya mazingira ambayo wao hupatikana.

Bakteria aina ya lithotrofiki hutumia misombo isokaboni kama chanzo cha nishati. Isokaboni fadhili za elektroni za kawaida ni hidrojeni,kaboni monoksidi, [[Amonia|amonia]] (inayopelekea naitrifikashion), chuma na ayoni zingine za metali zilopungukiwa, na misombo kadhaa zilizopunguzwa za [[Sulfuri|sulfuri]]. Mara nyingi gesi ya methane inaweza kutumika na bakteria aina ya methanotrof kama kiini cha [[Elektroni|elektroni]] na chakula katika kunaboli kwa kaboni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dalton H |title=The Leeuwenhoek Lecture 2000 the natural and unnatural history of methane-oxidizing bacteria |url=http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/yl6umjthf30e4a59/ |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=360 |issue=1458 |pages=1207&ndash;22 |year=2005 |pmid=16147517 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2005.1657 |pmc=1569495 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2020-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401112813/http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/content/yl6umjthf30e4a59/ |dead-url=yes }}</ref>  Katika aerobik fototrofi na  kemolithotrofi, oksijeni hutumiwa kama kikomo kubalifu cha elektroni, na huku katika hali ya anaerobik, misombo isokaboni hutumika badala yake. Viumbe vingi aina ya Lithotrofiki ni ototrofiki, navyo viumbe aina ya oganatrofiki ni heterotrofiki.

Mbali na kupachika kaboni dioksidi katika usanisinuru, baadhi ya bakteria pia hupachika gesi ya [[Nitrojeni|naitrojeni]] (upachikaji wa naitrojeni) kutumia enzaimu naitrojeni. Tabia hii muhimu inayoambatana na mazingira inaweza kupatikana katika bakteria wa metaboli karibu wa aina yote waliotajwa hapo mbeleni, lakini si kwa ujumlla.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zehr J, Jenkins B, Short S, Steward G |title=Nitrogenase gene diversity and microbial community structure: a cross-system comparison |journal=Environ Microbiol |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=539&ndash;54 |year=2003 |pmid=12823187 |doi=10.1046/j.1462-2920.2003.00451.x}}</ref>

==Ukuaji na Uzazi==
[[File:Binary fission anim.gif|thumb|right|175px|Bakteria huongeza idadi kwa kujigawanya mara mbili]]
Kinyume na viumbe vyenye seli mingi, kuongezeka kwa ukubwa wa bakteria (ukuaji wa seli) na uzalishi kwa ugawi wa seli zinahusishwa haswa na viumbe vyenye seli moja. Bakteria hukua hadi kiasi fulani na kisha kuzaa kupitia kwa urudufuwa fishoni ambayo ni aina ya uzazi usio wa kingono.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Koch A |title=Control of the bacterial cell cycle by cytoplasmic growth |journal=Crit Rev Microbiol |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=61&ndash;77 |year=2002 |pmid=12003041 |doi=10.1080/1040-840291046696}}</ref> Katika hali ya timilifu, bakteria zinaweza kukua na kugawanya sana kwa haraka, na idadi yao kufikia mara mbili kila baada ya dakika 9.8.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Eagon RG |title=Pseudomonas natriegens, a marine bacterium with a generation time of less than 10 minutes |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=83 |issue=4 |pages=736–7 |year=1962 |month=April |pmid=13888946 |pmc=279347 |url=http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=13888946 }}</ref> Katika mgawanyiko wa seli, seli mbili zenye kufanana clone ni zinazozalishwa. Baadhi ya bakteria, wakati bado zinazalisha bila kutumia ngono, hutengeza miundo ya uzazi ili kusaidia kugawa seli mpya zilizoundwa. Mifano ni pamoja na kutengezwa kwa mwili wa malezi wa matunda na ''Myxobakteria'' na utengezaji wa hypha angani na ''Streptomyces''  au kuunganika. Budding huhusisha seli inayojumuisha kivimbe kinachojitenga na kisha kuutoa seli mpya.

[[File:E.-coli-growth.gif|thumb|300px|Koloni ya Escherichia coli jinsi wanavyojigawanya na kuongezeka<ref> [205] </ref>.]]
Katika maabara, bakteria hukuzwa kwa kutumia vyombo vya mango au viowevu. Vyombo vya ukuaji kama vile sahani ya agar  hutumiwa kutenga aina moja tupu ya bakteria. Hata hivyo, ukuaji katika eneo/vyombo nyong'onyevu hutumika wakati kipimo cha ukuaji au kiasi kikubwa cha seli kinahitajika. Ukuaji katika vyombo vioewevu vilivyochochewa hufanyika kama vining'inio vya seli kwenye uoevu, na kufanya aina hizo rahisi kugawanyishwa na kuzihamisha, ingawa kutenga bakteria moja kutoka vyombo/eneo ya uoevu ni ngumu. Utumizi wa vyombo chagulizi (vyombo vilivyo ongezwa rutuba maalum au kupungukiwa nayo, au kuongezwa antibiotiki) inaweza kusaidia kubaini viumbe maalum.<ref name="Thomson">{{cite journal |author=Thomson R, Bertram H |title=Laboratory diagnosis of central nervous system infections |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_infectious-disease-clinics-of-north-america_2001-12_15_4/page/1047 |journal=Infectious Disease Clinics of North America |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=1047–71 |year=2001 |pmid=11780267 |doi=10.1016/S0891-5520(05)70186-0}}</ref>

Mbinu nyingi za maabara za kukuza bakteria hutumiakiasi kikubwa cha virutubisho kuzalisha kiasi kikubwa cha seli kwa bei nafuu na kwa haraka. Hata hivyo, katika mazingira ya asilia, rutuba ni adimu na kwa hivyo ina maana kuwa bakteria haziwezi kuendelea kuzaliana kwa muda usiojulikana. Kuadimika kwa virutubishi imesababisha mageuzi ya ukuaji wa mikakati mbalimbali (angalia r/K nadharia ya uteuzi). Baadhi ya viumbe vinaweza kukua kwa haraka sana wakati virutubisho vipatikanapo, kama vile ukuaji wa mwani (na sainobaktera) ambazo mara nyingi hutokea katika maziwa wakati wa msimu wa joto.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Paerl H, Fulton R, Moisander P, Dyble J |title=Harmful freshwater algal blooms, with an emphasis on cyanobacteria |journal=ScientificWorldJournal |volume=1 |issue=|pages=76&ndash;113 |year=2001|pmid=12805693 |doi=10.1100/tsw.2001.16}}</ref> Vijiumbe vingine hukabiliana na mazingira mbaya, kama vile uzalishaji wa antibiotiki nyingi na Streptomaises ili kuzuia ukuaji wa vijiumbe shindani.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Challis G, Hopwood D |title=Synergy and contingency as driving forces for the evolution of multiple secondary metabolite production by Streptomyces species |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/suppl_2/14555 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=100 Suppl 2 |issue= |pages=14555&ndash;61 |year=2003 |pmid=12970466 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1934677100 |pmc=304118 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2008-07-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725001504/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/100/suppl_2/14555 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Katika maumbile, viumbe vingi huishi katika jamii (mfano bio-filamu) ambayo inaweza kuruhusu kuongezeka kwa ugavi  wa virutubisho na ulinzi kutoka mazingira finyu.<ref name="Davey"></ref> Mahusiano haya yananaweza kuwa muhimu kwa ukuaji wa viumbe fulani au kundi la viumbe (sintrofi).<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kooijman S, Auger P, Poggiale J, Kooi B |title=Quantitative steps in symbiogenesis and the evolution of homeostasis |journal=Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc |volume=78 |issue=3 |pages=435&ndash;63 |year=2003 |pmid=14558592 |doi=10.1017/S1464793102006127}}</ref>

Ukuaji wa bakteria hufuata awamu tatu. Wakati idadi ya bakteria huingia kwanza katika mazingira yenye idadi kubwa ya virutubisho inayoruhusu ukuaji, chembechembe hujiselehi na mazingira yao mapya. Awamu ya kwanza ya ukuaji wa uchumi ni awamu timu, ni kipindi cha kukua polepole wakati seli zinazoea kuishi katika mazingara yenye virutubishi vingi na kujitayarisha kwa ukuaji wa haraka. Awamu ya timu ina viwango vya juu vya mmeng'enyo wa vyakula, kwani protini muhimu kwa ukuaji wa haraka zinazalishwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Prats C, López D, Giró A, Ferrer J, Valls J |title=Individual-based modelling of bacterial cultures to study the microscopic causes of the lag phase |journal=J Theor Biol |volume=241 |issue=4 |pages=939&ndash;53 |year=2006|pmid = 16524598 |doi=10.1016/j.jtbi.2006.01.029}}</ref> Awamu ya pili ya ukuaji hujulikana kama awamu ya logarithimu (awamu ya logi ), pia inajulikana kama  awamu kielelezo. Awamu hii ina  ukuaji wakielel ezo wa haraka. Kiwango cha ukuaji cha seli katika awamu hii inajulikana kama ''kiwango cha ukuaji'' ''(k)'', na muda seli zinachukua kuongezeka mara mbili inajulikana kama ''muda wa kizazi'' ''(g''). Wakati wa awamu logi, virutubishi humetabolaiziwa kwa kasi sana hadi kirutubisho kimoja kuisha na kuwa kikwazo cha ukuaji. Awamu ya mwisho ya ukuaji ni ''awamu simamu'' na husababishwa na virutubisho vilivyomalizika. Seli hupunguza shughuli zao za metaboli na hujitosheleza na protini zisizo-muhimu kwenye chembechembe. Awamu simamu ni kipindi cha mpito kutoka ukuaji wa haraka kwa hali finyu ya na witikio na kuna ongezeko kwa uelekezi wa jeni zinazohusika katika kutengeneza ADN ,metaboli wa vito-oksidishaji na usafirishaji wa madini.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hecker M, Völker U |title=General stress response of Bacillus subtilis and other bacteria |journal=Adv Microb Physiol |volume=44 |issue=|pages=35&ndash;91 |year=2001|pmid=11407115 |doi=10.1016/S0065-2911(01)44011-2}}</ref>

==Jenetikia==
{{main|Jenomu}}
Bakteria wengi huwa na kromosomu moja ya mviringo na ukubwa kutoka misingi jozi 160,000 katika bakteria ya endosimbiotik ''Candidatus Carsonella ruddii'',<ref>{{cite journal |author=Nakabachi A, Yamashita A, Toh H, Ishikawa H, Dunbar H, Moran N, Hattori M |title=The 160-kilobase genome of the bacterial endosymbiont Carsonella |journal=Science |volume=314 |issue=5797 |pages=267 |year=2006 |pmid=17038615 |doi=10.1126/science.1134196}}</ref> hadi misingi jozi  12,200,000 katika bakteria zilizo na makao kwenye ''Sorangium cellulosum''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pradella S, Hans A, Spröer C, Reichenbach H, Gerth K, Beyer S |title=Characterisation, genome size and genetic manipulation of the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum So ce56 |journal=Arch Microbiol |volume=178 |issue=6 |pages=484–92 |year=2002 |pmid=12420170 |doi=10.1007/s00203-002-0479-2}}</ref> Spirochaete za [[Jenasi|jenasi]] ''Borrelia''  ni mojawapo wa bakteria ya kipekee katika utaratibu huu, huku bakteria kama vile ''Borrelia burgdorferi'', inayosababisha ugonjwa wa lyme,ikiwa na kromosumu moja kwenye laini. Jeni katika jinomu za bakteria kawaida huwa kijikamba kimoja kiendelezi cha ADN na ingawa kuna aina mbalimbali za introni zinazopatikana kwenye bakteria, ni nadra ikilinganishwa na ukariotes.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Belfort M, Reaban ME, Coetzee T, Dalgaard JZ |title=Prokaryotic introns and inteins: a panoply of form and function |journal=J. Bacteriol. |volume=177 |issue=14 |pages=3897–903 |date=1 July 1995 |pmid=7608058 |url=http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=7608058 |pmc=177115 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2020-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530142641/https://jb.asm.org/content/177/14/3897.long |dead-url=yes }}</ref>

Bakteria pia zaweza kuwa na plasmids ambazo ni ADN  ndogo  zenye kromosumu za ziada zinazoweza kuwa na jeni zenye kupinga antibiotiki au virusi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Plasmid|url=https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Plasmid|work=Genome.gov|accessdate=2021-03-30|language=en}}</ref>.

Bakteria, kama viumbe hukuzana bila ngono, hurithi nakala za jeni za kufanana za wazazi wao (yaani ni klonal). Hata hivyo, bakteria zote zaweza kubadilika na uteuzi juu ya mabadiliko ya maumbile nyenzo katika ADN yao inayosababishwa na kuja pamoja kwa maumbile au miuteshion. Miuteshions hutotokana na makosa yaliyotokana wakati ADN inapojiiga au kutokana na kujieka wazi kwa visababishaji vya tarasani. Viwango vya mabadiliko ya viinisaba  hutofautiana sana kati ya aina tofauti ya bakteria na hata miongoni mwa kloni mbalimbali za bakteria aina moja.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Denamur E, Matic I |title=Evolution of mutation rates in bacteria |journal=Mol Microbiol |volume=60 |issue=4 |pages=820&ndash;7 |year=2006 |pmid=16677295 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05150.x}}</ref> Mabadiliko ya kimaumbile katika jinomu za bakteria huja aidha kutokana na muteshion za nadra au "muteshion kutokana na hali finyu", ambapo jeni zinazohusika haswa katika michakato kadhaa za kudumisha ukuaji huongeza kiwango cha muteshion.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Wright B |title=Stress-directed adaptive mutations and evolution |journal=Mol Microbiol |volume=52 |issue=3 |pages=643&ndash;50 |year=2004 |pmid=15101972 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04012.x}}</ref>

Baadhi ya bakteria pia kuhamisha nyenzo za maumbile miongoni mwa seli. Hii inaweza kutokea kwa njia tatu kuu. Kwanza, bakteria inaweza kuchukua ADN za kutoka nje ya seli  chembe kwenye mazingira yao, katika mchakato huitwao mabadiliko. Jeni pia zaweza kusafirishwa kwa  wa transdakshion wakati wa mkungamanisho wa bakteriafej huingiza ADN za kigeni kwenye kromosomu. Njia ya tatu ya kuhamisha jeni ni kukonjugati kwa bakteria  ambapo ADN huhamishwa kwa njia ya moja kwa moja baina ya chembechembe. Njia hii ya kupatikana kwa jeni kutoka bakteria zingine au mazingira inajulikana kama uhamisho wa mlalo wa jeni na inaweza kuwa ya kawaida katika hali ya kawaida.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Davison J |title=Genetic exchange between bacteria in the environment |journal=Plasmid |volume=42 |issue=2 |pages=73&ndash;91 |year=1999|pmid = 10489325 |doi=10.1006/plas.1999.1421}}</ref> Uhamisho wa jeni ni muhimu katika upinzani dhidi ya antibiotiki kwani huruhusu uhamisho wa haraka wa jeni pinzani kati miongoni mwa pathojeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hastings P, Rosenberg S, Slack A |title=Antibiotic-induced lateral transfer of antibiotic resistance |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2004-09_12_9/page/401 |journal=Trends Microbiol |volume=12 |issue=9 |pages=401&ndash;4 |year=2004 |pmid=15337159 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.003}}</ref>

==Tabia==
===Uchozaji===
Bakteria mara kwa mara huwachilia kemikali kwenye mazingira yao ili kuyarekebisha iwafaavyo. Kemikali hizi mara nyingi huwa protini na mara nyingi hufanana na enzaimu kwa kusiaga aina fulani ya chakula katika mazingira.

===Bioluminesenz===
Bakteria chache huwa na mifumo ya kemikali ya kuzalisha mwangaza. Bakteri wa bioluminesenz mara nyingi hutokea katika bacteria wanaoishi katika muungano pamoja na samaki, na mwanga pengine husaidia kuvutia samaki au wanyama wengine wakubwa.<ref> Dusenbery, Daudi B. ((1996). Life at Small Scale. Scientific American Library.  ISBN 0-7167-5060-0.</ref> - tazama Athari ya kibahari ya Milky. 

===Uwepo wa seli nyingi===
Bakteria mara nyingi hufanya kazi kama totala ya seli mingi  inayojulikana kama bio-filamus, zikibadilishana ishara za molekuli mbalimbali kwa mawasiliano baina ya chembechembe, na kushiriki katika shuguli zenye uratibu.<ref name="shapiro1">{{cite journal |author=Shapiro JA |title=Thinking about bacterial populations as multicellular organisms |journal=Annu. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=52 |issue= |pages=81–104 |year=1998 |pmid=9891794 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.52.1.81 |url=http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/newton/math501/Sp05/Shapiro.pdf |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2012-03-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301075327/http://www.sci.uidaho.edu/newton/math501/Sp05/Shapiro.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref><ref name="costerton1">{{cite journal |author=Costerton JW, Lewandowski Z, Caldwell DE, Korber DR, Lappin-Scott HM |title=Microbial biofilms |journal=Annu. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=49 |issue= |pages=711–45 |year=1995 |pmid=8561477 |doi=10.1146/annurev.mi.49.100195.003431 |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8561477}}</ref> 

Faida ya jumuiya ya ushirikiano wa pamoja wa seli za bakteria ni pamoja na ugavi wa kazi baina ya seli, upatifu wa rasilimali ambazo kawaida seli moja haiwezi kufanikiwa kutimiza, kwa pamoja kulinda dhidi ya adui , na kulinda dhidi ya kufifia kwa idadi yao kwa kujibadili hadi kwenye chembechembe tofauti.<ref name="shapiro1"></ref> Kwa mfano, bakteria katika bio-filamus zaweza kuwa zimeongeza upinzani wake kwa ajenti wa bakteria mara zaidi ya 500 kuliko "bakteria" za kipekee za planktonik za aina hiyo.<ref name="costerton1"></ref>

Aina moja ya mawasiliano baina ya seli kupitia ishara za molekuli inaitwa Kiwango hisi ambayo huumika kwa kusudi ya kutathmini uwepo wa msongamano wa idadi ya kutosha ili kujiingiza kwenye shughuli ambazo zitafanikiwa tu iwapo kuna idadi kubwa ya viumbe sawia vyenye kujishughulisha kwenye shughuli sawia, kama vile katika utoaji wa Enzaimu za utumbo au kutoa mwangaza.

Kiwango hisi huruhusu bakteria kuratibu kujieleza kwa jeni, na kuziwezesha kuzalisha, kutoa na kubaini uwepo wa autoindusa au feromoni  ambazo hujilimbikiza na ukuaji wa idadi ya chembechembe.
<ref> http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11544353</ref>

===Usongaji===
Bakteria nyingi huenda kwa kutumia mbinu mbalimbali: flajela hutumika kwa kuogelea majini, utelezi na misuli ya bakteria huisongeza sakafuni, na mabadiliko ya ueleaji huruhusu mwendo wa wima.<ref name="Bardy">{{cite journal |author=Bardy S, Ng S, Jarrell K |title=Prokaryotic motility structures |url=http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/149/2/295?view=long&pmid=12624192 |journal=Microbiology |volume=149 |issue=Pt 2 |pages=295&ndash;304 |year=2003 |pmid=12624192 |doi=10.1099/mic.0.25948-0 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2007-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070914013532/http://mic.sgmjournals.org/cgi/content/full/149/2/295?view=long&pmid=12624192 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> 

[[File:Flagellum base diagram-en.svg|thumb|right|350px|Flajelam ya Bakteria ya Gram-hasi. Viendesha msingi vya mzunguko wa kunasa na filamenti.]]

Bakteria za kuogelea mara kadhaa husonga kiasi cha umbali wa miili yao mara 10 kwa sekunde na chache hata kwa kasi ya mara 100. Hii huwafanya angalau kuwa kasi kama samaki, kwa uzani fulani.<ref> Dusenbery, Daudi B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale, p. 136.  Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.</ref>

Katika utumizi wa misuli kusogelea, bakteria hutumia Pili aina ya IV kama ndoano ya kushikilia, zikiirefusha zaidi, zikiishiliza na kisha kuirudisha kwa kutumia nguvu ya ajabu (>80[[Nyutoni|pN)]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Merz A, So M, Sheetz M |title=Pilus retraction powers bacterial twitching motility |journal=Nature |volume=407 |issue=6800 |pages=98–102 |year=2000 |pmid=10993081 |doi=10.1038/35024105}}</ref>

Flajela ni miundo ya nusu-silinda iliyozungushwa na hufanya kazi kama propela kwa meli. Vitu vidogo kama bakteria hufanya kazi chini ya Nambari ya Reynold na mfumo wa silinda ni bora zaidi kuliko wa bapa, wa ki-kafi, mifumo muafaka kwa saizi ya binadamu.<ref> Dusenbery, David B. (2009). {. Living at Micro Scale, Chapter 13. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass ISBN 978-0-674-03116-6.</ref>

Spishi za aina za bakteria hutofautiana katika idadi na mpangilio wa flajela juu yazo; baadhi zina flajela moja (monotrikaos), zingine zina flajela kila upembe (amfitrikas), mrundiko wa flajela kwenye ubanze wa seli (lofotrikas), wakati zingine zina flajela zilizosambazwa kote kwenye seli (peritrikos). Flajela ya bakteria ndiyo iliyoeleweka kama kiungo cha usongezi katika kiumbe chochote na imetengezwa kwa takribani protini 20, na takriban protini 30 zingine zikihitajika kwa ajili ya udhibiti wake na mkutano. Flajela ni kiumbo kinachoendeshwa kwa mfumo wa kupokezana wa mota iliyoko chini na hutumia gradient ya elektrokemia kwenye utando kwa nguvu. Mota hii husukuma mwendo wa filamenti, ambayo hufanya kazi kama propela. 

Bakteria nyingi (kama vile ''E. coli)'' zina mbinu mbili tofauti za kujisongeza: kusonga mbele (kuogelea) na kutumbua. Kutumbua huziwezesha kujirekebisha na hufanya mwenendo zao kuwa tembezi baghala na mwenendo wa hali-tatu.(Tazama viungo vya nje chini kwa viungo zilizounganishwa na video.) Flajela wa kundi la kipekee la bakteria, spairochet,  hupatikana kati ya utando mbili katika nafasi ya periplasmik. Wana mwili wa kipekee wa helikal ambao hufurukuta inaposonga.<ref name="Bardy"></ref>

Bakteria songezi huvutiwa au hukataliwa kwa baadhi ya chochezi katia tabia iitwayo ''taksis'': na hizi hujumulisha kemotaksis, fototaksis na magnetotakis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Lux R, Shi W |title=Chemotaxis-guided movements in bacteria |journal=Crit Rev Oral Biol Med |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=207–20 |year=2004 |pmid=15284186 |doi=10.1177/154411130401500404}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Frankel R, Bazylinski D, Johnson M, Taylor B |title=Magneto-aerotaxis in marine coccoid bacteria |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_biophysical-journal_1997-08_73_2/page/994 |journal=Biophys J |volume=73 |issue=2 |pages=994&ndash;1000 |year=1997 |pmid=9251816 |doi=10.1016/S0006-3495(97)78132-3 |pmc=1180996}}</ref> Katika kundi moja pekee, myksobakteria, bakteria za kipekee hutembea pamoja kuunda mawimbi ya seli ambayo huunda vyombo vyenye matunda.<ref name="autogenerated1"></ref> Myksoobakteria husogelea tu kwenye sakafu kavu, tofauti na ''E. coli'' ambayo husogelea katika miundo kavu au oevu.

''Listeria'' na ''Shigella'' kadhaa husogelea ndani ya seli enyeji kwa kupenyeza saitoskeletoni, ambayo  kawaida hutumika kwa kusafairisha viini ndani ya seli. Kwa kukuza upolimishaji wa actin kwenye banzi moja ya seli, zaweza kuunda aina ya mkia unaozisukuma kwenye saitoplasm ya seli enyeji.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Goldberg MB |title=Actin-based motility of intracellular microbial pathogens |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2001-12_65_4/page/595 |journal=Microbiol Mol Biol Rev |volume=65 |issue=4 |pages=595–626 |year=2001 |pmid=11729265 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.65.4.595-626.2001 |pmc=99042 }}</ref>

==Uainisho na utambulisho==
[[File:Streptococcus mutans Gram.jpg|right|thumb|200px|Mabadiliko ya Streptococcus inavyoonekana katika doa la Gram]]
{{main|Uainishaji wa kisayansi}}
Madhumuni ya uainishaji ni kuelezea spishi tofauti za bakteria kwa kuzitaja na kuwaweka viumbe msingi yanayofanana. Bakteria wanaweza kwa misingi ya umbo la kiini chao, umetaboli wa seli au kwa mujibu wa tofauti wa yaliyomo kwenye seli kama vile ADN, asidi za mafuta, rangi asili, antijeni s na kuinoni s.<ref name="Thomson"></ref> Ingawa skimu hizi ziliruhusu utambulisho na Uainishaji wa bakteria, haikubainika wazi kama tofauti hizi ziliwakilisha aina mbalimbali za spishi mbili tofauti ama aina ya spishi moja. uhakika huu umebadilisha kutokana na ukosefu wa miundo tofauti katika bakteria wengi, kama vile uhamisho jeni lateral kati ya aina unrelated. Kutokana na uhamisho wa jeni ya chini, baadhi ya bakteria wanaohusiana kwa karibu wanaweza kuwa umbo na umetaboli tofauti. Ili kuondokana na dukuduku hili, uainishaji wa bakteria wa kisasa husisitiza mpangilio wa molekiuli, kwa kutumia mbinu za kimaumbile kama vile guanine uwiano wa uamuzi wa sitosini uzalishaji wa genome-genome, pamoja na uratibishaji wa jeni ambazo hazijapitia ubadilishanaji mkubwa wa jeni za chini, kama vile jeni ya RNA.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Olsen GJ, Woese CR, Overbeek R |title=The winds of (evolutionary) change: breathing new life into microbiology |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=176 |issue=1 |pages=1–6 |year=1994 |month=January |pmid=8282683 |pmc=205007 |url=http://jb.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8282683}}</ref> Uainisho wa bakteria umetokana na Juzuu la Kimataifa kuhusu Mfumo Taaluma ya Bakteria,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/ |title=IJSEM - Home |accessdate=2015-05-07 |archivedate=2011-10-19 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111019160924/http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/ }}</ref> na Muongozo wa Bergey wa utaratibu Taaluma ya Bakteria.<ref>[279] ^ Bergey's Manual Trust</ref> Kamati ya Kimataifa juu ya Utaratibu Wa Bakteriolojia (ICSB) ndiyo hulinda kanuni za kimataifa za kuwapa majina makundi mbalimbali ya bakteria na kuwaweka katika viwango tofauti katika Kanuni ya Kimataifa ya majina ya Bakteria.

Awali neno "bakteria" lilitumika kwa vijiumbe vyote vidogo, prokaryoti za seli moja. Hata hivyo, mifumo ya molekiuli ilionyesha maisha ya prokaryoti yakiwa na sehemu mbili tofauti ambazo awali ziliitwa ''Eubacteria''  na ''Archaebacteria,'' lakini ambayo kwa sasa inazoitwa ''Bakteria'' na ''[[Archaea|Akea]]'' ambayo ilitokana na mabadiliko ya kujitegemea kutoka mababu zao.</ref> Akea na yukaryoti hufanana sana kinyume na ilivyo na bakteria. Hii miundo miwili, pamoja na Yukarya, ndio msingi wa  mfumo wa sehemu tatu ambayo kwa sasa ndiyo hutumika sana katika uainisho wa mikrobiolojia.<ref name="Gupta">{{cite journal |author=Gupta R |title=The natural evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes |journal=Crit Rev Microbiol |volume=26 |issue=2 |pages=111–31 |year=2000 |pmid=10890353 |doi=10.1080/10408410091154219}}</ref> Hata hivyo, kutokana na kuanzishwa kwa hivi karibuni mifumo ya molekiuli na kuongezeka kwa kasi kwa idadi ya mfululizo wa genome waliopo,uainisho wa bakteria unaendelea kubadilika na kuwa eneo pana.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Doolittle RF |title=Evolutionary aspects of whole-genome biology |journal=Curr Opin Struct Biol |volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=248–253 |year=2005 |pmid=11837318 |doi=10.1016/j.sbi.2005.04.001}}</ref> Kwa mfano, wanabiolojia wachache wanadai kuwa Akea na Yukaryoti walitokana na mabadiliko chanya ya bakteria ya Gram.<ref name="Cavalier-Smith2002">{{cite journal |author=Cavalier-Smith T |title=The neomuran origin of archaebacteria, the negibacterial root of the universal tree and bacterial megaclassification |journal=Int J Syst Evol Microbiol |volume=52 |issue=Pt 1 |pages=7–76 |year=2002 |pmid=11837318}}</ref>

Utambulisho wa bakteria katika maabara ni muhimu, hasa katika dawa, ambapo matibabu sahihi hutokana na spishi inayosababisha maambukizi. Kwa hiyo, haja ya kutambua visababisha magonjwa ya binadamu ilikuwa msukumo mkubwa katika maendeleo ya kuibua mbinu za kutambua bakteria.
{{PhylomapA|size=400px|align=left|caption=[[Phylogenetic tree]] showing the diversity of bacteria, compared to other organisms.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ciccarelli FD, Doerks T, von Mering C, Creevey CJ, Snel B, Bork P |title=Toward automatic reconstruction of a highly resolved tree of life |journal=Science |volume=311 |issue=5765 |pages=1283–7 |year=2006 |pmid=16513982 |doi=10.1126/science.1123061}}</ref> [[Eukaryote]]s are colored red, [[archaea]] green and bacteria blue.}}
Waa la Gram, iliyoasisiwa mwaka 1884 na [[Hans Christian Gram]], inaweka bakteria katika makundi mbalimbali kwa msingi wa miundo ya kuta za seli zao.<ref name="Gram"></ref> Rusu nene za peptidoglaikoni "Gram-chanya" kuta za seli huwa na baka la zambarau ilihali ile nyembamba nyembamba "Gram-hasi" ukuta wa seli huonekana kuwa wa waridi. Kwa kuchanganya mofolojia na madoa ya Gram, bakteria wengi wanaweza kuainishwa kama waliyo kwenye kundi moja kati ya makundi manne (Gram-positive cocci, bacilli Gram-positive, cocci Gram-negative na bacilli Gram-negative bacilli). Baadhi ya viumbe hutambulika vizuri kwa kutumia mabaka kando na baka la Gram, hususan maikobakteria au ''Nokardia,'' ambao huonyesha kasi ya asidi wakati wako kwenye Ziehl-Neelsen au baka sawia na hilo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Woods GL, Walker DH |title=Detection of infection or infectious agents by use of cytologic and histologic stains |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=382–404 |year=1996 |month=July |pmid=8809467 |pmc=172900 |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8809467 }}</ref> Baadhi ya viumbe wanaweza kutambuliwa kwa kuwalea katika mazingira na vifaa maalumu, au kwa mbinu nyingine, kama vile serolojia.

Mbinu za mazingira maalumu zimebuniwa ili kukuza ukuaji na kutambua bakteria fulani, huku zikizuia ukuaji wa baadhi ya sampuli za bakteria. Mara nyingi mbinu hizi huwa zimeundwa kwa spishi maalumu, kwa mfano, sampuli ya sputum inaweza kushughulikwa ili kuonyesha ni vijiumbe gani husababishakichomi, ilihali sampuli za kinyesi hukuzwa katika mazingira maalumu kutambua vijiumbe ambao husababisha  kuhara, huku ukidhibiti ukuaji wa vijiumbe visivyoleta magonjwa. Sampuli ambazo kwa kawaida huwa tasa, kama vile [[Damu|damu]], mkojo au maji ya mti wa mgongo, hukuzwa katika mazingira ambayo yanaweza kukuza vijiumbe vya kila nui.<ref name="Thomson"></ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Weinstein M |title=Clinical importance of blood cultures |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinics-in-laboratory-medicine_1994-03_14_1/page/9 |journal=Clin Lab Med |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=9&ndash;16 |year=1994|pmid = 8181237}}</ref> Mara tu kijiumbe kinachosababisha magonjwa kinapotengwa, kinaweza kuelezewa zaidi kupitia kwa umbo lake, ruwaza za ukuaji kama vile (ukuaji wa aerobiki au  ukuaji, mifumo ya hemolisi) na matumizi ya mabaka.

Kama ilivyo na uinisho wa bakteria, matumizi ya njia ya molekiuli katika utambulishio wa bakteria yanaendelea kuongezeka. Matibabu ya kutumia vifaa vya msingi wa ADN, kama vile mchakato wa mmenyeko wa polimerase, unazidi kuwa na umaarufu kutokana na umahususi na kasi yake, ikilinganishwa njia za ukuaji katika mazingira maalumu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Louie M, Louie L, Simor AE |title=The role of DNA amplification technology in the diagnosis of infectious diseases |journal=CMAJ | url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/163/3/301 |volume=163 |issue=3 |pages=301–309 |date=8 August 2000|pmid=10951731 |pmc=80298 }}</ref> Aidha, mbinu hizi huruhu uchunguzi na utambuzi wa seli zilizo hai lakini ambazo hazijakuzwa katika mazingira maalumu  ambazo hazijigawanyi lakini zina umetaboli.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Oliver J |title=The viable but nonculturable state in bacteria |url=http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2134 |journal=J Microbiol |volume=43 Spec No |issue= |pages=93–100 |year=2005 |pmid=15765062 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2013-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404021821/http://www.msk.or.kr/jsp/view_old_journalD.jsp?paperSeq=2134 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hata hivyo, kando na kutumia mbinu hizi zilizoboreshwa, idadi kamili ya spishi za bakteria haijulikani na haiwezi kukadiriwa na uhakika wowote. Kufuatia uainisho wa sasa, spishi za bakteria zinazojulikana ni chini ya 9,000 (ikiwa ni pamoja na cyanobacteria),<ref>ABRS - Numbers of living species in Australia and the World Report - Excutive Summary</ref> lakini majaribio ya kukisia viwango kamili vya baketeria mbalimbali vimekuwa kati ya <sup></sup>107 hadi 109 jumla ya spishi-na hata hayo makadirio haya mbalimbali yanaweza kuwa na viwango vingi vya kiasi mabalimbali.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Curtis TP, Sloan WT, Scannell JW |title=Estimating prokaryotic diversity and its limits |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=99 |issue=16 |pages=10494–9 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12097644 |pmc=124953 |doi=10.1073/pnas.142680199}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Schloss PD, Handelsman J |title=Status of the microbial census |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2004-12_68_4/page/686 |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=686–91 |year=2004 |month=December |pmid=15590780 |pmc=539005 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.68.4.686-691.2004}}</ref>

==Mwingiliano na viumbe wengine==
Licha ya ukawaida wao, bakteria wanaweza kuwa na muungano mkubwa na viumbe wengine. Uhusiano huu wa kutegemeana kugawanywa unaweza kugawanwa katika uhsiano wa ukupe, kutoshelezana na kunufaika. Kutokana na udogo wao, bakteria za komeshuali huwa na maumbo yasiyoeleweka na huishi kwa wanyama na mimea kama wanavyokua katika sehemu nyingine. Hata hivyo, ukuaji ukuaji wao unaweza kuongezwa kwa joto na  jasho, na idadi kubwa ya viumbe hawa kwa binadamu ndiyo husababisha harufu ya mwili.

===Wawindaji===
Baadhi ya spishi za bakteria huua na hula vijiumbe vingine, viumbe hawa huitwa bakteria wawindaji.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Martin MO |title=Predatory prokaryotes: an emerging research opportunity |journal=Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=467–77 |year=2002 |month=September |pmid=12432957}}</ref> Hawa ni pamoja na vijiumbe kama vile ''Myxococcus xanthus,'' ambao huunda kundi la seli ambazo huua na kumeng'enya bakteria yoyote wanayokutana nayo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Velicer GJ, Stredwick KL |title=Experimental social evolution with Myxococcus xanthus |journal=Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek |volume=81 |issue=1-4 |pages=155–64 |year=2002 |month=August |pmid=12448714 |doi=10.1023/A:1020546130033}}</ref> Bakteria nyingine wawindaji ama hujiunganisha kwenye mawindo yao ili kuimeng'enya na kunyonya virutubisho, kama vile ''Vampirococcus,'' au huvamia seli nyingine na kuzaana ndani ya  sehemu wazi ya seli, kama vile ''Daptobacter.''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Guerrero R, Pedros-Alio C, Esteve I, Mas J, Chase D, Margulis L |title=Predatory prokaryotes:  predation and primary consumption evolved in bacteria |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=83 |issue= |pages=2138–42 |year=1986 |month=April |pmid=11542073 |pmc=323246 |doi= 10.1073/pnas.83.7.2138|url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11542073}}</ref> Bakteria wawindaji zinadhaniwa kwamba zilitokana na saprophages ambao walikula mizoga, na kutokana na mazoea iliwawezesha kunasa na kuua vijiumbe wengine.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Velicer GJ, Mendes-Soares H |title=Bacterial predators |journal=Current Biology |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=R55–R56  |year=2009 |month=January|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.10.043 |pmid=19174136 |last1=Velicer |first1=GJ |last2=Mendes-Soares |first2=H}}</ref>

===Wanaotegemeana===
Baadhi ya bakteria huwa na uhusia wakaribu na huunda makundi ambayo nimuhimu katika maisha yao. Mfano mmoja wauhusiano huu wa kutegemeana uitwao uhamisho wa haidrojeni hutokea kati ya makundi ya bakteria wa aerobiki na wale wa anaerobiki ambao hula asidi ya kaboni kama vile asidi biutiriki au asidi propioniki na huzalisha [[haidrojeni]], na methanogeni ya Akea ambayo hutumia haidrojeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Stams A, de Bok F, Plugge C, van Eekert M, Dolfing J, Schraa G |title=Exocellular electron transfer in anaerobic microbial communities |journal=Environ Microbiol |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=371&ndash;82 |year=2006 |pmid=16478444 |doi=10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.00989.x}}</ref> bakteria katika uhusiano huu hawawezi kutumia asidi ya kaboni kwa sababu mmenyeko hutoa haidrojeni ambayo hujilimbikiza katika mazingira yao. Ni uhusiano huu tu wa ndani na Akea wanaotumia haidrojeni ambao hudhibiti viwango vya haidrojeni kuwa chini ilikuruhusu bakteria kukua.

Katika [[udongo]], vijiumbe wanaoishi kwenye raizosifia ya (a ukanda wa ozoni ambao ni pamoja na mizizi na udongo hunata kwenye mizizi baada ya kutikisa) hutekeleza jukumu la kuongeza nitrojeni kwa kuwageuza gesi ya nitrojeni kuwa misombo ya nitrojeni.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Barea J, Pozo M, Azcón R, Azcón-Aguilar C |title=Microbial co-operation in the rhizosphere |url=http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/56/417/1761 |journal=J Exp Bot |volume=56 |issue=417 |pages=1761&ndash;78 |year=2005 |pmid=15911555 |doi=10.1093/jxb/eri197 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2007-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070216133241/http://jxb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/56/417/1761 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Hii husaidia kutooa aina ya haidrojeni ambayo inanyonyek kwa urahisi na mimea mingi, ambayo haiwezi kujiongezea oksijeni yenyewe. Bakteria wengine wengi hupatikana kama saimbioti katika binadamu na viumbe wengine. Kwa mfano, uwepo wa spishi za bakteria zaidi ya 1,000 katika utumbo wa binadamu unaweza kuchanga katika kinga ya utumbo mmeng'enyo wa vitamini kaama vile asidi ya foliki vitamini k na [[biotin]], kubadilisha [[protini ya maziwa]] na [[asidi laktik]] (Tazama ''[[Lactobacillus]]''),  pamoja na uchachushaji wa kabohaidreti kubwa zisizomeng'enyeka.<ref>{{cite journal |author=O'Hara A, Shanahan F |title=The gut flora as a forgotten organ |journal=EMBO Rep |volume=7 |issue=7 |pages=688&ndash;93 |year=2006 |pmid=16819463 |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400731 |pmc=1500832}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Zoetendal E, Vaughan E, de Vos W |title=A microbial world within us |journal=Mol Microbiol |volume=59 |issue=6 |pages=1639&ndash;50 |year=2006 |pmid=16553872 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05056.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Gorbach S |title=Lactic acid bacteria and human health |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-medicine_1990-02_22_1/page/37 |journal=Ann Med |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=37&ndash;41 |year=1990|pmid = 2109988 |doi=10.3109/07853899009147239}}</ref> Uwepo wa utumbo huu hudhibiti wa vimelea ambavyo husababisha magonjwa (kawaida kwa kutengwa kwa lazima) na bakteria hawa wa manufaa huuzwa kama chakula mbadala cha probiotiki.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Salminen S, Gueimonde M, Isolauri E |title=Probiotics that modify disease risk | url=http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/full/135/5/1294 |journal=J Nutr |volume=135 |issue=5 |pages=1294&ndash;8 |date=1 May 2005|pmid=15867327 }}</ref>
[[File:SalmonellaNIAID.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Picha inayoonyesha bakteriainayosababisha homa ya matumbo ikivamia seli za binadamu katika mazingira maalumu]]

===Vimelea vinavyosababisha magonjwa===
{{Main|Bakteria na maradhi}}
Iwapo bakteria watakuwa na uhusiano wa kupe na viumbe wengine, huainishwa kama vimelea vya magonjwa. Bakteria wanaosababisha magonjwa ndiyo husababisha vifo vingi kwa binadamu na husababisha magonjwa ya kuambukizwa kama vile pepopunda, [[Homa ya matumbo|homa ya matumbo]], mkamba, [[Kaswende|kaswende]], [[Kipindupindu|kipindupindu]], magonjwa yanayotokana na chakula, ukoma na [[Kifua kikuu|kifua kikuu.]] Kimelea kinachojulikana kwa kusababisha magonjwa kinaweza kujulikana baada ya miaka mingi, kama ilivyokuwa kwa ''Helicobacter pylori '' na ugonjwa vidonda vya tumbo wa ''peptiki.'' Magonjwa ya bakteria ni muhimu pia katika [[kilimo]], huku bakteria wakisababisha madoa ya matawi, kukauka na kupukutika katika mimea, kadhalikaugonjwa wa Johne, ugonjwa wa maziwa, salmonella na kimeta katika wanyama wa kufugwa.

Kila spishi ya pathojeni ina tabia ya mwingiliano na miili ya binadamu. Baadhi ya viumbe, kama vile ''Staphylococcus'' au ''Streptococcus,''  wanaweza kusababisha maambukizi ya ugonjwa wa ngozi, kichomi, [[ugonjwa wa uti wa mgongo]] na hata sepsis kupita kiasi, uvimbe wa mara kwa mara ambao huleta mshtuko, kunyong'onyea kwa mishipa ya damu na kifo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fish D |title=Optimal antimicrobial therapy for sepsis |journal=Am J Health Syst Pharm |volume=59 Suppl 1 |issue=|pages=S13&ndash;9 |year=2002|pmid=11885408}}</ref> Hata hivyo, viumbe hawa ni sehemu ya kawaida ya binadamu na mimea na huwa kwenye ngozi[[Pua| au pua]] bila kusababisha ugonjwa wowote. Viumbe vingine husababisha magonjwa kwa binadamu, kama vile Rickettsia, ambayo ni kimelea cha ndani ya seli ambayo huweza kukua na kuzaa kama iko ndani ya viumbe wengine. Spishi moja ya Rickettsia husababisha homaya matumbo, ilihali nyingine husababisha homa inayopatikana maeneo ya milima. ''Klamidia,'' kundi lingine la vimelea wa ndani, ina ina spishi ambazo zinaweza kusababisha kichomi, au maambukizi ya magonjwa ya njia ya mkojo na kuchangia katika magonjwa ya mishipa ya moyo.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Belland R, Ouellette S, Gieffers J, Byrne G |title=Chlamydia pneumoniae and atherosclerosis |journal=Cell Microbiol |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=117&ndash;27 |year=2004|pmid = 14706098 |doi=10.1046/j.1462-5822.2003.00352.x}}</ref> Mwisho kabisa, baadhi ya spishi kama vile Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Burkholderia cenocepacia, na Mycobacterium avium ni ni pathojeni ambazo hutaka kutumia hali fulani ya binadamu walio na uhaba wa kinga ya magonjwa ama chanagarawe za s aitiki.<ref name="Saiman">{{cite journal |author=Saiman L |title=Microbiology of early CF lung disease |journal=Paediatric Respiratory Reviews |volume=5 Suppl A |issue= |pages=S367–9 |year=2004 |pmid=14980298}}</ref>

[[File:Bacterial infections and involved species.png|thumb|left|380px|Muhtasari wa maambukiziya bakteria na spishi maalumu zinazohusika.]]

Maambukizi ya bakteria yanaweza kutibiwa na [[antibaotiki]], ambazo huitwa antibakteriasida kama zinaweza kuua vimelea, au kusitisha ukuaji wa bakteria. Kuna antibaotiki za aina nyingi na kila kundi huzuia mchakato tofauti na ule wa pathojenikando na ule unaopatikana kwenye mazingira ilimo. Mfano wa jinsi bakteria wanavyotoa sumu kiuchaguzi ni kloramfebikoli na puromaisini, ambayo huzuia ribosomu ya bakteria, lakini si ribosomu ya yukaryoti ya umbo tofauti.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Yonath A, Bashan A |title=Ribosomal crystallography: initiation, peptide bond formation, and amino acid polymerization are hampered by antibiotics |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2004_58/page/233 |journal=Annu Rev Microbiol |volume=58 |pages=233&ndash;51 |year=2004 |pmid=15487937 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123822}}</ref> Antibiotiki hutumiwa katika kutibu magonjwa ya binadamu na katika kilimo kikubwa kukuza ukuaji wa wanyama, ambapo zinaweza kuchangia katika ukuaji wa kasi ya uwezo wa kupigana na idadi ya bakteria.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Khachatourians GG |title=Agricultural use of antibiotics and the evolution and transfer of antibiotic-resistant bacteria |journal=CMAJ |volume=159 |issue=9 |pages=1129–36 |year=1998 |month=November |pmid=9835883 |pmc=1229782 |url=http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/pmidlookup?view=reprint&pmid=9835883}}</ref> Maambukiziyanaweza kuzuiwa kwa kutumia maagizo ya antiseptiki kama vile kusafisha ngozi kabla ya kuitoboa kwa sindano au sirenji, na kwa utunzaji mzuri wa katheta za nyumbani. Vifaa vya upasuaji na vya meno pia husafishwa kuzuia kuchafuka kutokana na bakteria. Sabuni za kuosha kama vile blichi hutumiwa kuua bakteria au pathojeni zingine katika sehemu mablimbali ili kuzuia uchafu na uwezekano wa kuambukizwa ugonjwa.

===Maadui===
{{main|Bakteriofagi}}
[[Bakteriofagi]] (pia fagi au vilabakteria) ni virusi vilivyo na uwezo wa kushambulia na kuua bakteria ili kuongeza idadi yao<ref>{{Cite web|title=understanding Bacteriophages in details|url=https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/02/understanding-bacteriophages-in-details.html|accessdate=2021-03-30|language=en|archivedate=2021-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506175516/https://www.thephage.xyz/2021/02/understanding-bacteriophages-in-details.html}}</ref>. Kuna spishi nyingi za bakteriofagi zinazoshambulia spishi zote za bakteria na [[arkea]] kwa kuingiza ADN au ARN ndani yao na kushirikisha utaratibu wa seli kutoa [[virioni]] mpya. Bakteria hupinga maambukizo ya fagi kupitia mfumo tata wa kijeni ambao huharibu ADN au ARN ya kigeni<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bickle TA, Krüger DH |title=Biology of DNA restriction |journal=Microbiol. Rev. |volume=57 |issue=2 |pages=434–50 |date=1 June 1993|pmid=8336674 |pmc=372918 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=8336674 }}</ref>.

[[Jenomu]] ya bakteriofagi nyingi huunganishwa katika ile ya [[kimelewa]] na inaweza kukaa [[bwete]] kwa muda wa [[kizazi|vizazi]] vingi. Baadhi ya jeni za bakteriofagi zinaweza kuchangia [[sifajeni]] (fenotipi) ya vimelewa vyao. Kwa mfano, [[ukoo|koo]] fulani za ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' na za ''[[Clostridium botulinum]]'' zina [[sumu]] kwa sababu ya [[toksini]] zinazozalishwa na jeni za bakteriofagi, wakati koo bila jeni hizo hazina sumu. Jeni hizo hunakiliwa na bakteria pamoja na jeni zao binafsi, ambayo inawapatia uwezo wa kusababisha magonjwa<ref>{{cite journal |author=Brüssow H, Canchaya C, Hardt WD |title=Phages and the evolution of bacterial pathogens: from genomic rearrangements to lysogenic conversion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_microbiology-and-molecular-biology-reviews_2004-09_68_3/page/560 |journal=Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews |volume=68 |issue=3 |pages=560–602 |year=2004 |month=September |pmid=15353570 |pmc=515249 |doi=10.1128/MMBR.68.3.560-602.2004}}</ref>.

==Umuhimu katika teknolojia na viwanda==
{{main|Bakteria na uchumi}}
Bakteria, hususan bakteria wa asidi ya laktiki kama vile ''Lactobacillus'' na ''Lactococcus,'' inapoongezwa chachu, wametumika kwa maelfu ya miaka katika maandalizi ya vyakula vya kuchachusha kama vile [[jibini]], sosi ya soya, [[divai]] na [[siki]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Johnson M, Lucey J |title=Major technological advances and trends in cheese |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-dairy-science_2006-04_89_4/page/1174 |journal=J Dairy Sci |volume=89 |issue=4 |pages=1174–8 |year=2006 |pmid=16537950 |doi=10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72186-5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Hagedorn S, Kaphammer B |title=Microbial biocatalysis in the generation of flavor and fragrance chemicals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_1994_48/page/773 |journal=Annu. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=48 |issue= |pages=773–800 |year=1994 |pmid=7826026 |doi=10.1146/annurev.mi.48.100194.004013}}</ref>

Uwezo wa bakteria kuharibu misombo mbalimbali ya kaboni ni muhimu na imetumika katika [[usindikaji]] wa taka na na ufuaji wa misombo ya kaboni kutoka kwa taka. Bakteria wenye uwezo wa kusaga haidrokaboni katika [[mafuta ya petroli]] mara nyingi hutumika kusafisha mafuta yanayovuja.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cohen Y |title=Bioremediation of oil by marine microbial mats |journal=Int Microbiol |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=189&ndash;93 |year=2002 |pmid=12497184 |doi=10.1007/s10123-002-0089-5}}</ref> Mbolea iliongezwa kwa baadhi ya fukwe katika Prince William Sound katika jaribio la kukuza ukuaji wa kawaida wa hawa bakteria baada ya kuvuja ambako kulileta hasara kwa mwaka 1989 ''Exxon Valdez''. Juhudi hizi zilifanikiwa katika fukwe ambazo hazikuwa zimefunikwa na rusu nene ya mafuta. Bakteria pia hutumika katika ufufuaji wa misombo ya kaboni kutoka taka za viwanda zenye sumu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Neves LC, Miyamura TT, Moraes DA, Penna TC, Converti A |title=Biofiltration methods for the removal of phenolic residues |journal=Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol. |volume=129-132 |issue= |pages=130–52 |year=2006 |pmid=16915636 |doi=10.1385/ABAB:129:1:130}}</ref> Katika sekta ya viwanda vya kemikali, bakteria ni muhimu katika uzalishaji wa kemikali safi za enatiomeriki ambazo hutumika kama dawa au dawa za mimea.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Liese A, Filho M |title=Production of fine chemicals using biocatalysis |journal=Curr Opin Biotechnol |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=595&ndash;603 |year=1999 |pmid=10600695 |doi=10.1016/S0958-1669(99)00040-3}}</ref>

Bakteria pia zinaweza kutumika badala ya dawa za kuua wadudu katika kudhibiti wadudu kibiolojia. Kwa kawaida hii huhusisha '' Bacillus thuringiensis''  (pia huitwa BT), bakteria ya Gram-chanya inayopatikana katika udongo. Spishi ndogo za hii bakteria hutumika kama dawa maalumu ya kuua wadudu ya Lepidoptera inayojulikana kwa  jina la madukani kama vile Dipel na Thuricide.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Aronson AI, Shai Y |title=Why Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxins are so effective: unique features of their mode of action |journal=FEMS Microbiol. Lett. |volume=195 |issue=1 |pages=1–8 |year=2001 |pmid=11166987 |doi=10.1111/j.1574-6968.2001.tb10489.x}}</ref> Kwa sababu ya umaalumu wao, dawa hizi zinaaminika kuwa hazina madhara yoyote katika mazingira, bila atahri yoyote kwa binadamu wanyama, wadudu wa kufyonza na wadudu  wengine wengi wenye manufaa kwa binadamu.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Bozsik A |title=Susceptibility of adult Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to insecticides with different modes of action |journal=Pest Manag Sci |volume=62 |issue=7 |pages=651–4 |year=2006 |pmid=16649191 |doi=10.1002/ps.1221}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Chattopadhyay A, Bhatnagar N, Bhatnagar R |title=Bacterial insecticidal toxins |journal=Crit Rev Microbiol |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=33–54 |year=2004 |pmid=15116762 |doi=10.1080/10408410490270712}}</ref>

Kwa sababu ya uwezo wao kukua kwa haraka na urahisi ambao wanaweza kubadilishwa, bakteria hutumika pakubwa katika biolojia ya molekiuli {0,{/0} taaluma ya nasaba au [[jenetikia]] na [[biokemia]]. Kwa kubadilika katika maumbo ya ADN ya bakteria na kuchunguza umbo la nje linalotokea, wanasayansi wanaweza kujua dhima ya jeni, [[Kimeng'enya|vimeng'enya]] na njia za umetaboli katika bakteria, na kutumia ujuzi huu kwenye wanyama wakubwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Serres MH, Gopal S, Nahum LA, Liang P, Gaasterland T, Riley M |title=A functional update of the Escherichia coli K-12 genome |journal=Genome Biology |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=RESEARCH0035 |year=2001 |pmid=11574054 |pmc=56896 |url=http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/2/RESEARCH0035 |doi=10.1186/gb-2001-2-9-research0035 |access-date=2015-05-07 |archive-date=2020-03-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315111159/http://genomebiology.com/1465-6906/2/RESEARCH0035 |dead-url=yes }}</ref> Lengo la kulewa biokemi ya seli na hufikia kiwango chake tata katika usagaji wa wa iadi kubwa ya vimeng'enya  na maelezo ya data ya jeni katika mtindo wa hisabati ya viumbe wote. Hali hii inaweza kufikiwa katika baadhi ya bakteria ambao wametafitiwa vizuri, wenye maumbo ya umetaboli wa ''Escherichia coli'' ambao kwa sasa wanazalishwa na kujaribiwa.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Almaas E, Kovács B, Vicsek T, Oltvai Z, Barabási A |title=Global organization of metabolic fluxes in the bacterium Escherichia coli |journal=Nature |volume=427 |issue=6977 |pages=839–43 |year=2004 |pmid=14985762 |doi=10.1038/nature02289}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Reed JL, Vo TD, Schilling CH, Palsson BO |title=An expanded genome-scale model of Escherichia coli K-12 (iJR904 GSM/GPR) |journal=Genome Biol. |volume=4 |issue=9 |pages=R54 |year=2003 |pmid=12952533 |doi=10.1186/gb-2003-4-9-r54 |pmc=193654}}</ref> Uelewa wa umetaboli wa bakteria na jenetikia yake inawezesha matumizi ya  bioteknolojia katika uhandisi wa bakteria kwa ajili ya uzalishaji wa protini ya matibabu, kama vile insulini, nyenzo za ukuaji, au kingamwili.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Walsh G |title=Therapeutic insulins and their large-scale manufacture |journal=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol |volume=67 |issue=2 |pages=151&ndash;9 |year=2005 |pmid=15580495 |doi=10.1007/s00253-004-1809-x}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Graumann K, Premstaller A |title=Manufacturing of recombinant therapeutic proteins in microbial systems |journal=Biotechnol J |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=164&ndash;86 |year=2006 |pmid=16892246 |doi=10.1002/biot.200500051}}</ref>

==Tazama Pia==
*[[Bioteknolojia]]
*[[Orodha ya makundi ya bakteria]]
*[[Kidubini]]
*[[Kanuni ya kimataifa ya majina ya bakteria]]

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Marejeo==
* {{cite book |author=Alcamo IE |title=Fundamentals of microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9790763710674 |publisher=Jones and Bartlett |location=Boston |year=2001 |pages= |isbn=0-7637-1067-9}}
* {{cite book |author=Atlas RM |title=Principles of microbiology |url=https://archive.org/details/principlesofmicr0000atla_l1q7 |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=1995 |pages= |isbn=0-8016-7790-4}}
* {{cite book |author=Martinko JM, Madigan MT |title=Brock Biology of Microorganisms | edition = 11th |publisher=Prentice Hall |location=Englewood Cliffs, N.J |year=2005 |pages= |isbn=0-13-144329-1}}
* {{cite book |author=Holt JC, Bergey DH |title=Bergey's manual of determinative bacteriology |edition = 9th |publisher=Williams & Wilkins |location=Baltimore |year=1994 |pages= |isbn=0-683-00603-7}}
* {{cite journal | author=Hugenholtz P, Goebel BM, Pace NR | title=Impact of culture-independent studies on the emerging phylogenetic view of bacterial diversity | journal=J Bacteriol | date=15 September 1998 | pages=4765&ndash;74 | volume=180 | issue=18 | pmid=9733676 | url=http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/18/4765?view=full&pmid=9733676 | pmc=107498 | access-date=2015-05-07 | archive-date=2008-09-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914121802/http://jb.asm.org/cgi/content/full/180/18/4765?view=full&pmid=9733676 | dead-url=yes }}
* {{cite book |author=Funke BR, Tortora GJ, Case CL |title=Microbiology: an introduction |edition = 8th |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2004 |pages= |isbn=0-8053-7614-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Shively, Jessup M. |title=Complex Intracellular Structures in Prokaryotes (Microbiology Monographs) |publisher=Springer |location=Berlin |year=2006 |isbn=3-540-32524-7}}
* {{cite journal | author=Witzany G, | title=Bio-Communication of Bacteria and their Evolutionary Roots in Natural Genome Editing Competences of Viruses | journal=Open Evol J | year=2008 | volume=2 |pages=44–54 | doi=10.2174/1874404400802010044}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Wikispecies}}
{{Sisterlinks}}
* #  MicrobeWiki, an extensive wiki about bacteria and viruses  
* [http://www.ncppb.com Bacteria which affect crops and other plants]
* [http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm Bacterial Nomenclature Up-To-Date from DSMZ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dsmz.de/bactnom/bactname.htm |date=20070929083605 }}
* Genera of the domain Bacteria - list of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature
* [http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/4_17_99/fob5.htm The largest bacteria] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencenews.org/pages/sn_arc99/4_17_99/fob5.htm |date=20121211094146 }}
* [http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eubacteria&amp;contgroup=Life_on_Earth Tree of Life: Eubacteria] {{Wayback|url=http://tolweb.org/tree?group=Eubacteria&contgroup=Life_on_Earth |date=20141021015145 }}
* Videos of bacteria swimming and tumbling, use of optical tweezers and other videos.
*  Planet of the Bacteria by Stephen Jay Gould
* [http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ On-line text book on bacteriology] {{Wayback|url=http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/ |date=20080913123627 }}
* [http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/trun/artwork/Animations/Overview/overview.html Animated guide to bacterial cell structure.]
* [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/dn14094-bacteria-make-major-evolutionary-shift-in-the-lab.html Bacteria Make Major Evolutionary Shift in the Lab]
* Cell-Cell Communication in Bacteria on-line lecture by Bonnie Bassler, and TED: Discovering bacteria's amazing communication system   
* [http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/02/19/online.collaboration.identifies.bacteria Online collaboration for bacterial taxonomy.]
* [http://www.smartymaps.com/map.php?s=prokaryote Parts of a bacterial cell] {{Wayback|url=http://www.smartymaps.com/map.php?s=prokaryote |date=20120305100006 }}
* Bacterial Chemotaxis Interactive Simulator - A web-app that uses several simple algorithms to simulate bacterial chemotaxis.

[[Jamii:Bakteria]]
[[Jamii:Bakteriolojia]]
[[Jamii:Mikrobiolojia]]