Tazama chanzo cha Umaskini

[[Picha:Jakarta slumhome 2.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Mtaa wa mabanda mjini Jakarta, Indonesia]]
'''Umaskini ''' (kutoka [[neno]] la [[Kiarabu]]) ni hali ya ukosefu wa mahitaji ya msingi ya [[binadamu]] kama vile [[chakula]], [[maji salama]], [[huduma]] za [[afya]], [[mavazi]] na [[nyumba]] kutokana na kukosa uwezo wa kuvinunua.<ref name="unesco.org">{{cite web|title = Poverty {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/international-migration/glossary/poverty/|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 2015-11-04}}</ref>  Hii pia inajulikana kama umaskini uliokithiri au [[ufukara]].<ref name=webster>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/poverty|title=Poverty|publisher=merriam-webster|accessdate=18 November 2013}}</ref> 

Umaskini wa kadiri ni kuwa na [[rasilimali]] chache zaidi au [[mapato]] madogo zaidi kulingana na watu wengine katika [[jamii]] au nchi au hali ya wastani [[duniani]]. Hali hii pia hujulikana kama umaskini halisi au unyonge. Umaskini linganishi ni hali ya kuwa na [[rasilimali]] chache au [[kipato cha chini]] kuliko wengine kwenye jamii au nchi, au ikilinganishwa na wastani duniani kote.

Umaskini unajumlisha pia matokeo yake upande wa [[siasa]] na jamii.<ref>{{cite journal
|last=Sabates
|first=Ricardo
|authorlink=Ricardo Sabates
|title=The Impact of Lifelong Learning on Poverty Reduction
|journal=IFLL Public Value Paper 1
|url=http://www.niace.org.uk/lifelonglearninginquiry/docs/public-value-paper-1.pdf
|date=2008
|pages=5–6
|publisher=Latimer Trend,Plymouth,UK
|isbn=978 1 86201 3797
|access-date=2016-01-31
|archive-date=2015-05-28
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528172200/http://www.niace.org.uk/lifelonglearninginquiry/docs/Public-value-paper-1.pdf
|dead-url=yes
}}</ref>

[[Kupunguza ufukara]] ni kati ya malengo makuu ya [[taasisi]] nyingi za kimataifa, kama vile [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] na [[Benki ya Dunia]]. [[Benki]] hiyo imekadiria kuwa watu [[milioni]] 702.1 walikuwa wakiishi kifukara mno mwaka [[2015]], wakati walikuwa [[bilioni]] 1.75 mwaka [[1990]] (kutoka 37.1% hadi 9.6%).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/pubdocs/publicdoc/2015/10/503001444058224597/Global-Monitoring-Report-2015.pdf|title=Global Monitoring Report; Development Goals in an Era of Demographic Change|publisher=www.worldbank.org/gmr|accessdate=4 Nov 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2015/10/04/world-bank-forecasts-global-poverty-to-fall-below-10-for-first-time-major-hurdles-remain-in-goal-to-end-poverty-by-2030 |title=World Bank Forecasts Global Poverty to Fall Below 10% for First Time; Major Hurdles Remain in Goal to End Poverty by 2030 |publisher=Worldbank.org |date=2015-10-04 |accessdate=2016-01-06}}</ref><ref>Jason Hickel (30 March 2015). [http://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2015/mar/30/it-will-take-100-years-for-the-worlds-poorest-people-to-earn-125-a-day It will take 100 years for the world’s poorest people to earn $1.25 a day]. ''[[The Guardian]].'' Retrieved 31 March 2015.</ref> 

Kati yao, milioni 347.1 hivi walikuwa [[Afrika]] [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] (35.2% za wakazi) na 231.3 [[Asia Kusini]] (13.5%), lakini ufukara ni changamoto kwa nchi zote duniani.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Bank Sees Progress Against Extreme Poverty, But Flags Vulnerabilities|publisher=The World bank|date=29 February 2012|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2012/02/29/world-bank-sees-progress-against-extreme-poverty-but-flags-vulnerabilities}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://povertydata.worldbank.org/poverty/country/IND |title=Poverty and Equity - India, 2010 World Bank Country Profile |publisher=Povertydata.worldbank.org |date=30 March 2012 |accessdate=26 July 2013}}</ref> 

[[UNICEF]] imekadiria kwamba [[nusu]] ya [[watoto]] wote duniani wanaishi kifukara (bilioni 1.1).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/364_617.htm|author=Ernest C. Madu|title=Investment and Development Will Secure the Rights of the Child|accessdate=2016-01-31|archivedate=2014-04-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140413144118/http://www.unicef.org/rightsite/364_617.htm}}</ref> 

[[Wataalamu]] mbalimbali wamesema sera za [[uliberali|uliberali mpya]] zinazofuatwa na taasisi za kiuchumi za kimataifa (kama vile [[IMF]] na Benki ya Dunia) zinazidisha tofauti za kiuchumi kati ya binadamu.<ref>Stephen Haymes, Maria Vidal de Haymes and Reuben Miller (eds), ''[http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415673440/ The Routledge Handbook of Poverty in the United States],'' (London: [[Routledge]], 2015), ISBN 0415673445, [https://books.google.com/books?id=qnHfBQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&vq=microcredit&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 1 & 2].</ref>

==Asili ya umaskini==
Asili ya umaskini inahusika hasa na sababu za kiwango cha chini cha [[utajiri]] na [[uzalishaji]] cha watu maskini au, ikisemwa vingine, uhaba na [[mfumuko wa bei]] wa [[bidhaa]] ambazo wanazitumia.

=== Vikwazo kwa uzalishaji ===
[[Picha:Riischildren.jpg|thumb|180px|[[Watoto]] wasio na makao wakilala katika Mtaa wa Mulberry-Picha ya Jacob Riis, [[New York]], [[Marekani]] ([[1890]]).]]
[[Picha:Homeless in LA.jpg|thumb|Watu wasio na makao wanaishi katika nyumba zilizojengwa kwa [[karatasi|makaratasi]] mjini [[Los Angeles]], [[California]].]]
Ukosefu wa [[nia]] ya [[serikali]] na ya watu wa [[tabaka]] la juu ya kuwapa wapangaji wao [[haki]] kamili ya kumiliki [[ardhi]] imetajwa kama kikwazo kikuu kwa [[maendeleo]]. 

Utovu wa [[uhuru wa kiuchumi]] ni [[kizingiti]] kikubwa kwa [[ujasiriamali]] wa watu maskini. 

[[Biashara]] mpya na [[wawekezaji]] kutoka [[nchi za nje]] wanaweza kufukuzwa kutokana na kuwepo kwa [[taasisi]] zinazoongozwa vibaya, hasa kutokana na [[ufisadi]], [[udhaifu]] wa [[sheria]] na vikwazo vingi vya [[urasimu]]. Nchini [[Kanada]], itamchukua [[mfanyabiashara]] siku mbili, hatua mbili za kiurasimu na [[Dolar ya Marekani|dola]] 280 kufungua biashara ilhali mfanyabiashara nchini [[Bolivia]] analazimishwa kulipa dola 2,696 kama [[ada]], angojee siku 82 za kazi, na apitie hatua 20 ili kufanya jambo lilelile.

Vikwazo vikuu kama hivi hufaidi zaidi biashara kubwa na kuzidhoofisha biashara ndogo, ambako idadi kubwa ya nafasi za kazi huundwa nchini [[India]] kabla ya mabadiliko ya kiuchumi, wenye biashara walipaswa kuwahonga wafanyakazi wa serikali ili wafanye kazi zao za kila siku, na ilikuwa kama [[ushuru]] kwenye biashara yao.<ref name="krugman"/> 

[[Ufisadi]] nchini [[Nigeria]], kwa mfano mapato yanayotokana na uuzaji wa [[mafuta]] yanayokadiriwa kuwa dola [[bilioni]] 400 yameibwa na viongozi wa nchi kati ya miaka [[1960]] na [[1999]] <ref>[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/about-unodc/speeches/2007-11-13.html "Anti-Corruption Climate Change: it started in Nigeria ".] Umoja wa Mataifa wa Ofisi ya Madawa ya Kulevya na Uhalifu ([[UNODC]]).</ref><ref>[http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/bribe/2009/04/nigeria-the-hidden-cost-of-corruption.html "Nigeria: The Hidden Cost of Corruption".] Public Broadcasting Service (PBS).</ref> 

Utovu wa nafasi pia unaweza kusababishwa na serikali kutojenga [[miundombinu]] bora.<ref name="GCR">[[Global Competitiveness Report]] 2006, World Economic Forum, [http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm Website]</ref><ref>[http://www.adbi.org/conf-seminar-papers/2004/11/26/830.infrastructure.poverty.reduction/ Infrustructure and Poverty Reduction: Cross-country evidence] {{Wayback|url=http://www.adbi.org/conf-seminar-papers/2004/11/26/830.infrastructure.poverty.reduction/ |date=20110926192919 }} Hossein Jalilian na Yohana Weiss. 2004.</ref> 

Nafasi bora za kazi katika mataifa tajiri zaidi husababisha watu wenye vipawa maalum kuhama, na hivyo kuwapoteza [[wataalamu]]. Kupotea huku kunaligharimu bara la [[Afrika]] zaidi ya Dola bilioni 4 zinazotumika kuajiri zaidi ya wataalamu 150,000 kutoka nchi za ng’ambo kila mwaka.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.theafricamonitor.com/news/ethiopian/april2007/290407/report.htm |title=Brain drain in Africa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2010-05-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100510145810/http://www.theafricamonitor.com/news/ethiopian/april2007/290407/report.htm }}</ref>

Wanafunzi wa [[India]] wanaokwenda ng’ambo kuendelea na masomo yao huigharimu nchi yao mapato yanayotokana na [[fedha za kigeni]] yanayofika Dola bilioni 10 kila mwaka <ref>[http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/students-exodus-costs-india-forex-outflow-of-10-bn-assocham_100147339.html Students 'exodus costs India forex outflow of $ 10 bn: Assocham] {{Wayback|url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/business/students-exodus-costs-india-forex-outflow-of-10-bn-assocham_100147339.html |date=20100314023757 }}, Thaindian News, 26 Januari 2009</ref>

Afya duni na ukosefu wa elimu nafuu huathiri vibaya uzalishaji. Ukosefu wa [[chakula]] cha kutosha utotoni huathiri uwezo wa mtu kukua na kutumia vipawa vyake. Ukosefu wa madini muhimu kama vile [[iodini]] na [[chuma]] unaweza kuzuia [[kukua kwa ubongo]]. Watu bilioni mbili ([[theluthi]] moja ya watu wote duniani) wameathiriwa na ukosefu wa iodini mwilini. Katika [[mataifa yanayoendelea]], inakadiriwa kuwa asilimia 40 ya watoto wenye umri wa miaka minne kwenda chini wana ugonjwa wa [[anemia]] kutokana na ukosefu wa [[madini ya chuma]] katika chakula chao.<ref>[http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Files/Filer/CC/Papers/sammendrag/Accepted__Hunger_summary_070504.pdf Hunger and Malnutrition ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.copenhagenconsensus.com/Files/Filer/CC/Papers/sammendrag/Accepted__Hunger_summary_070504.pdf |date=20061025122932 }} imeandikwa na Jere R Behrman, Harold Alderman na Yohana Hoddinott.</ref> 

Vilevile [[matumizi mabaya ya dawa]], [[ulevi]] wa [[pombe]] na [[madawa ya kulevya]] vinaweza kuwaweka watu katika hali ya umaskini unaoendelea.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uschamber.com/sb/screening/0512_quest6.htm |accessdate=2007-01-17 |title="U.S. Chamber of Commerce Fact Sheet " |archivedate=2006-12-14 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214094935/http://www.uschamber.com/sb/screening/0512_quest6.htm }}</ref> 

[[Maradhi ya kuambukiza]] kama vile [[malaria]] na [[kifua kikuu]] yanaweza kusababisha umaskini kwani maradhi haya hutumia raslimali zote za kifedha na afya ambazo zingetumiwa katika uwekezaji na uzalishaji. Malaria hupunguza ukuaji wa pato la kitaifa kwa asilimia 1.3 katika baadhi ya mataifa yanayoendelea ilhali [[Ukimwi]] hupunguza ukuaji wa Afrika kwa kati ya asilimia 0.3 na 1.5 kila mwaka.<ref>[http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/211/44385.html Economic costs of AIDS] {{Wayback|url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/211/44385.html |date=20100323063859 }}</ref><ref> [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&amp;db=pubmed&amp;dopt=Abstract&amp;list_uids=11832956 The Economic and Social Burden of malaria ]</ref><ref> https://web.archive.org/web/20050430093247/http://www.wpro.who.int/media_centre/press_releases/pr_20020916.htm Poverty Issues Dominate WHO Regional Meeting]</ref>

[[Vita]], migogoro ya kisiasa na [[uhalifu]], vinavyojumuisha vikundi haramu vinavyozua vurugu na vikundi vya walanguzi wa madawa ya kulevya pia vinaweka vikwazo kwa uwekezaji. [[Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe]] na migogoro barani [[Afrika]] pia vimeligharimu bara hilo dola bilioni 300 kati ya miaka 1990 na [[2005]].<ref> [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/10/11/africa-money.html "Wars cost Africa $ 18 billion US a year : report".] CBC News. 11 Oktoba 2007.</ref> [[Eritrea]] na [[Ethiopia]] zilitumia mamilioni ya madola katika [[vita]] vilivyosababisha mabadiliko madogo ya mipaka yao.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/750789.stm " Will arms ban slow war?".] BBC News. 18 Mei 2000.</ref> 

Kutokana na hali ya [[mzunguko]] wa [[biashara]] kiwango cha umaskini kinaweza kuongezeka wakati uchumi unapozorota na kushuka  kiwango cha umaskini kinaweza kuongezeka wakati wakati uchumi unapofanya vizuri. Vipengele vya [[utamaduni]], kama vile [[ubaguzi]] wa aina mbalimbali, unaweza kuathiri vibaya [[uzalishaji]] kama vile [[ubaguzi kwa msingi wa umri]] <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.usccb.org/cchd/epic/www/causesofpovertya.html |title=Ending Poverty in Community (EPIC) |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2011-03-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110309014134/http://www.usccb.org/cchd/epic/www/causesofpovertya.html }}</ref>, [[sifa mbaya]], [[ubaguzi wa kijinsia]], [[ubaguzi wa rangi]] na [[ubaguzi wa kitabaka]]. <ref> [http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2007/03/02/india-dalits.html UN report slams India for caste discrimination]</ref>

[[Max Weber]] aliandika ya kuwa [[maadili ya kiutamaduni]] yanaweza kuathiri maafikiano ya kiuchumi.<ref>Moore, Wilbert. 1974. ''Social Change.''  Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hill.</ref><ref>Parsons, Talcott. 1966. ''Societies : Evolutionary and Comparative Perspectives.''  Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.</ref> 

Hata hivyo, [[watafiti]] wengine wamekusanya [[ushahidi]] unaoonyesha kuwa [[maadili]] hayajakita mizizi inavyodhaniwa na kuwa kubadilika kwa nafasi za kiuchumi hueleza zaidi msongamano ndani na nje ya umaskini kinyume na mabadiliko ya maadili.<ref name="kerbo2006a">Kerbo, Harold. 2006 ''Social Stratification and Inequality : Class Conflict in Historical , Comparative, and Global Perspective,'' toleo la 6, New York: McGraw-Hill.</ref>

=== Upungufu wa mahitaji ya msingi ===
[[Picha:Nigerian Surgery Table.jpg|thumb|left|Meza za upasuaji zilizotengenezwa kwa [[mbao]] ngumu ni za kawaida katika [[kliniki]] zilizo katika maeneo ya mashambani ya Nigeria.]]
Kupanda kwa [[gharama ya maisha]] kunawafanya maskini wawe maskini zaidi. Kiwango kikubwa cha [[bajeti]] za watu maskini hutumika kununua chakula ikilinganishwa na matajiri. Kutokana na jambo hili, jamii za watu maskini na wale wanaokaribia umaskini huathiriwa kwa kiasi kikubwa na ongezeko la [[bei ya vyakula]]. Kwa mfano, mwishoni mwa mwaka [[2007]] kupanda kwa bei ya [[nafaka]] kulizua [[rabsha]] katika mataifa kadhaa.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/7284196.stm The cost of food : Facts and figures]</ref><ref> [http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/dec/04/china.business Riots and hunger as demand for grain sends food costs soaring ]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article3500975.ece |title=Already we have riots, hoarding panic : the sign of things to come? |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archive-date=2011-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814134028/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/environment/article3500975.ece |url-status=dead }}</ref> Benki ya Dunia ilionya ya kuwa watu milioni 100 walikuwa na hatari ya kuwa maskini zaidi.<ref> [http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2008/04/14/2215739.htm 100 million at risk from rising food costs ]</ref> 

[[Ukame]] na [[uhaba wa maji]] pia vinaweza kuwa tishio kwa usambazaji wa chakula.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm |title=Global Water Shortages May Cause Food Shortages. |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2007-07-04 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20070704120613/http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm |=https://archive.today/20070704120613/http://www.greatlakesdirectory.org/zarticles/080902_water_shortages.htm }}</ref><ref> [http://www.planetark.com/dailynewsstory.cfm/newsid/42387/story.htm Vanishing Himalayan Threaten a Billion]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 |title=Big melt threatens millions , says UN  |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819200515/http://www.peopleandplanet.net/pdoc.php?id=3024 |archivedate=2007-08-19 }}</ref> 

Kulima mashamba mfululizo, majira baada ya majira, humaliza [[rutuba]] ya [[udongo]] na mwishowe hupunguza mazao ya [[kilimo]].<ref> ''Exploitation and Over- exploitation in Societies Past and Present , '' Brigitta Benzing, Bernd Herrmann</ref> Inakadiriwa ya kuwa asilimia 40 ya mashamba duniani yameharibika vibaya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update61.htm |title=The Earth is Shrinking : Advancing Deserts and Rising Seas Squeezing Civilization |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810034949/http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update61.htm |archivedate=2009-08-10 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810034949/http://www.earth-policy.org/Updates/2006/Update61.htm }}</ref><ref> [http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2007/aug/31/climatechange.food Global food crisis looms as climate change and population growth strip fertile land ]</ref> Barani [[Afrika]], ikiwa mwendo huu wa kuharibika kwa udongo utaendelea, bara hilo litaweza kulisha [[asilimia]] 25 tu ya watu wanaoishi humo kufikia mwaka [[2025]]. <ref> Hii ni kulingana na Chuo Kikuu cha [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] Institute for Natural Resources in Africa, chenye makao yake nchini Ghana. [http://news.mongabay.com/2006/1214-unu.html Africa may be able to feed only 25% of its population by 2025]</ref>

Watu maskini hawapati [[huduma za afya]] kwa urahisi. [[Uhamaji]] kutoka nchi maskini wa wafanyakazi wanaotoa huduma hizo umeathiri vibaya nchi hizo. Kwa mfano, [[wauguzi]] 100,000 kutoka [[Ufilipino]] walihama kati ya miaka [[1994]] na [[2006]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-05/2006-05-03-voa38.cfm |title=Philippine Medical Brain Drain leaves Public Health System in Crisis - VOA News, rudishwa 29 Mei 2008 |accessdate=2007-11-17 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117131636/http://www.voanews.com/english/archive/2006-05/2006-05-03-voa38.cfm |archivedate=2007-11-17 }}</ref> Kuna madaktari [[Waethiopia]] wengi zaidi mjini [[Chicago]] kuliko wale walioko [[Uhabeshi]]. 

[[Ongezeko la idadi ya watu]] na ukosefu wa [[huduma]] za [[uzazi wa mpango]] vinatajwa pengine kati ya sababu za umaskini:<ref>[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article2201090.ece Birth rates 'must be curbed to win war on global poverty ] {{Wayback|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article2201090.ece |date=20080119183753 }} The Independent. 31 Januari 2007.</ref><ref> [http://www.finfacts.com/irelandbusinessnews/publish/article_1011078.shtml Record rise in wheat price prompts UN to warn that surge in food prices may trigger social unrest in developing countries ]</ref> hata hivyo ni vyema kutambua ya kuwa watu huongezeka taratibu tu au hata idadi yao inaweza kupungua. Hii inatokana na mabadiliko kama vile kiwango cha vifo na kiwango cha waliozaliwa na jinsi zinavyoathiri idadi ya watu <ref>[http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/geography/Demotrans/demtran.htm Demographic Transition] {{Wayback|url=http://www.uwmc.uwc.edu/geography/Demotrans/demtran.htm |date=20121018050952 }} na Keith Montgomery (inaonyesha jinsi ongezeko la idadi ya watu huathiriwa na kuongezeka kwa viwanda.)</ref>

==Athari za umaskini==
[[Picha:South Parkway2.jpg|thumb|right|Tena katika nchi iliyoendelea watu wameziacha nyumba za baraza huko Seacroft, Leeds, Uingereza kutokana na kuongezeka kwa umaskini na uhalifu .]]
{{See also|Utapiamlo|Usafi wa mazingira}}
Athari za umaskini pia zinaweza kuwa vyanzo, kama ilivyoorodheshwa hapo juu, na hivyo kuunda “mzunguko wa umaskini” unaodhihirika katika ngazi mbalimbali: ya kibinafsi, ya kimtaa, kitaifa na kimataifa.

=== Afya ===
{{Main|Maradhi ya ufukara}}
Theluthi moja ya vifo - watu milioni 18 hivi kwa mwaka au watu 50,000 kwa siku - vinatokana na sababu zinazohusiana na umaskini. Kwa jumla, watu milioni 270, wengi wao wakiwa wanawake na watoto, wamefariki kutokana na umaskini tangu 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.who.int/whr/1999 |title=The World Health Report, World Health Organization (See annex table 2) |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2020-09-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924125446/https://www.who.int/whr/1999/ }}</ref> Wale ambao wanaishi katika umaskini wanateseka kwa viwango visivyo sawa kutokana na njaa au hata [[ukosefu wa chakula]] na [[magonjwa]].<ref> [http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0724/p01s01-wogi.html Rising food prices curb aid to global poor]</ref>

Wale wanaoishi kwa umaskini huishi miaka michache zaidi. Kulingana na [[Shirika la Afya Duniani]] (WHO), [[njaa]] na ukosefu wa [[lishe bora]] ndilo tishio kuu zaidi kwa afya ya umma duniani na ukosefu wa lishe bora ndio unaochangia pakubwa [[vifo vya watoto]], katika nusu ya kesi zote. Kila mwaka karibu watoto milioni 11 wanaoishi katika umaskini hufa kabla ya kufikisha miaka mitano. Watu bilioni 1.02 hulala bila chakula kila siku.<ref>[http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/20568/icode/ 1.02 billion people hungry .] {{Wayback|url=http://www.fao.org/news/story/en/item/20568/icode/ |date=20121117211313 }} [[FAO]], 2009.</ref> 

Umaskini huongeza hatari ya [[ukosefu wa makazi]].<ref> [http://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-01-10-homeless_x.htm Study : 744.000 homeless in United States ]</ref> Kuna zaidi ya [[watoto wasio na makao]] milioni 100 duniani. <ref>[http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=32968&amp;URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&amp;URL_SECTION=201.html Street Children]</ref> 

Ongezeko la tishio la matumizi ya [[madawa ya kulevya]] pia linaweza kuhusishwa na umaskini.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4600785.stm Health warning over Russian youth]</ref> Kulingana na [[Kipimo cha Kiwango Cha Njaa Duniani]], Asia ya Kusini ina kiwango kikubwa zaidi duniani cha watoto wanaokosa lishe bora.<ref name="ghi2008">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifpri.org/media/200610GHI/GHIFindings.asp|title=2008 Global Hunger Index Key Findings & Facts|year=2008}}</ref> Karibu nusu ya watoto wote nchini [[Uhindi]] hawapati chakula cha kutosha, mojawapo wa viwango vikubwa zaidi duniani na ni karibu mara mbili ya kiwango cha [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] barani Afrika.<ref name="underweight">{{Cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html|title=India: Undernourished Children: A Call for Reform and Action|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=2009-12-07|archivedate=2018-06-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613011526/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:20916955~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html}}</ref> 

Kila mwaka, zaidi ya [[wanawake]] nusu milioni wanakufa kutokana na [[mimba]] au wakati wa kujifungua.<ref> [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2007/pr56/en/index.html "Maternal mortality ratio falling too slowly to meet goal ".] [[WHO.]] 12 Oktoba 2007.</ref> Karibu [[asilimia]] [[tisini]] za [[vifo vya wakina mama]] hutokea katika Asia na kusini kwa Sahara barani Afrika, ikilinganishwa na chini ya asilimia moja katika nchi zilizoendelea duniani.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/health/220376.stm "The causes of maternal death ".] BBC News. 23 Novemba 1998.</ref>

=== Elimu ===
[[Picha:Man lying down on pier during Great Depression New York City USA 1935.gif|thumb|250px|Wakati uchumi wa dunia ulipofifia kabisa: mwanaume amelala chini kwenye gati, katika gudi za jiji la New York, 1935.]]
Uchunguzi umedhihirisha ya kuwa watoto wanaotoka katika jamii zenye mapato ya chini wanakumbana na tishio kubwa la kutofanya vyema katika masomo yao. Mara nyingi, jambo hili huanza kuwadhuru watoto hawa wakiwa wangali katika kiwango cha [[shule ya msingi]]. Katika mfumo wa elimu wa Amerika, watoto hao hupata tishio kubwa zaidi, ikilinganishwa na watoto wengine, ya kutopata gredi nzuri shuleni, kuwekwa katika maeneo maalum yaliyotengwa wakati wa masomo shuleni na hata kukosa kumaliza masomo yao ya shule ya upili.<ref name="SYF">Huston, AC (1991). Children in Poverty: Child Development and Public Policy. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press.]]</ref> Kuna mambo kadhaa yanayoeleza sababu za wanafunzi kuwa na mazoea ya kuacha shule.  Kwa watoto walio na rasilimali kidogo, tishio linatokana na sababu kama vile viwango vya watoto waliovunja sheria, viwango vya juu vya [[watoto]] waliopata [[mimba]], wakiwa wachanga na kutegemea kiuchumi mzazi au [[wazazi]] wenye mapato ya chini.<ref name="SYF"/>

Familia na jamii zisizotilia maanani [[uwekezaji]] katika elimu na maendeleo ya watoto maskini hupata matokeo yasiyo mazuri kwani baadaye watoto  hawa hukosa kazi na huwa na mapato madogo. Viwango vikubwa zaidi vya [[kuzaa]] mapema na hatari zake kwa familia, afya na maisha bora kwa ujumla ndiyo mambo muhimu yanayopaswa kuzingatiwa kwa kuwa elimu kutoka kiwango cha shule ya chekechea hadi shule ya upili ina umuhimu mkuu maishani.<ref name="SYF"/>

Umaskini mara nyingi huathiri, kwa kiwango kikubwa, kufaulu kwa watoto shuleni. “Shughuli za mtoto akiwa nyumbani, yale anayoyapendelea, upekee wake” vyote vinapaswa kulingana na hali ilivyo duniani kwani ikiwa havilingani, wanafunzi hao hawatafaidika wakiwa shuleni na hasa darasani.<ref name="ANF">Solley, Bobbie A. (2005). When Poverty's Children Write: Celebrating Strengthts , Transforming Lives. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, Inc</ref> Kwa hiyo, tunaweza kusema kuwa watoto wanaoishi katika hali ya umaskini au chini ya kiwango cha umaskini watakuwa na wakati mgumu zaidi kufaulu katika elimu kuliko watoto wanaoishi katika hali isiyo ya umaskini. Watoto maskini hawapati huduma muhimu za afya na hii inawafanya wakose kwenda shuleni kwa siku nyingi katika mwaka. Pia, kuna uwezekano zaidi kwa watoto maskini kuteseka kwa njaa, uchovu, kukasirika ovyo, maumivu ya kichwa, maambukizi ya masikio, mafua na homa.<ref name="ANF"/> Magonjwa haya yana uwezo wa kumzuia mtoto au mwanafunzi kuelewa yale anayofunzwa darasani.

=== Ukatili ===
Maeneo yaliyoathiriwa sana na umaskini mara nyingi huwa na ukatili mwingi.  Katika uchunguzi mmoja, asilimia 67 ya watoto kutoka jamii maskini katika maeneo yenye [[makazi duni]] walisema ya kuwa walishuhudia mashambulio makali, na asilimia 33 wakaripoti kushuhudia mauaji. <ref>Atkins, MS, McKay, M., Talbott, E., &amp; Arvantis, P. (1996). "DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: Implications and guidelines for school mental health teams ," ''School Psychology Review,''  25, 274-283. Akiongelea: Bell, CC, &amp; Jenkins, EJ (1991). "Traumatic stress and children ," ''Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved,''  2, 175-185.</ref> Asilimia 51 ya wanafunzi wa darasa la tano mjini [[New Orleans]] (kiwango cha wastani cha mapato kwa kila jamii: Dola 27,133 za Amerika) wameathiriwa wa ukatili, ikilinganishwa na asilimia 32 huko [[Washington, DC]] (kiwango cha wastani cha mapato kwa kila jamii: Dola 40,127 za Amerika).<ref>Atkins, MS, McKay, M., Talbott, E., &amp; Arvantis, P. (1996). "DSM-IV diagnosis of conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder: Implications and guidelines for school mental health teams " ''School Psychology Review,'' 25, 274-283. Akiongelea: Osofsky, JD, Wewers, S., madhara, DM, &amp; Fick, AC (1993). "Chronic community violence: What is happening to our children?" ''Psychiatry,'' 56, 36-45; na, Richters, je, &amp; Martinez, P (1993). "The NI" The NIMH community violence project: Vol. 1. Watoto Children as victims of and witnesses to violence," ''"Psychiatry,''  56, 7-21.</ref>

=== Madhara ya muda mrefu ===
Baadhi ya madhara marefu ya umaskini huathiri watoto kabla hata kuzaliwa. Wanawake walio na watoto waliozaliwa katika umaskini, hawawezi kulisha watoto kwa ufanisi na kwa malezi ya haki. Wanaweza pia kuugua ugonjwa ambazo zinaweza kuambukizwa kwa mtoto kwa kupitia kuzaliwa. [[Pumu]] ni tatizo la kawaida kwa watoto kupata wakati wanapozaliwa katika umaskini. Chakula a msaada hasa hutumiwa na watu ambao wanaishi katika kipato cha chini. Talaka, kifo, ulevi, na kupoteza kazi ni chache tu kati ya hali zinazoweza kutokana na umaskini. Wanafunzi katika darasa azilishi za shule wanaoishi katika umaskini wanalazimishwa sana kuondoka na kuzunguka kuhudhuria shule za asili zinazofadhiliwa. Hawa wanafunzi hupambana katika shule. Elimu ya umaskini humweka mtoto katika hali ya kupambana baadaye. Vijana ambao wanaishi katika umaskini ni wanaelekea zaidi kuhusika na madawa ya kulevya, pombe, kinyume cha vitendo, na kundi shughuli.

==Kupunguza umaskini==
[[Picha:Extreme poverty 1981-2009.GIF|thumb|150px|right|Idadi ya watu duniani wanaoishi katika hali ya umaskini uliokithiri imepungua kwa asilimia 50 tangu 1981. Jedwali lnaonyesha makisio na makadirio kutoka Benki ya Dunia kati ya 1981 na 2009.]]
{{Main|Kupunguza ufukara}}
Kulingana na historia, kupunguka kwa umaskini kumetokana kwa kiasi kikubwa na ukuaji wa [[uchumi]] kwa ujumla.<ref name="krugman">Krugman, Paulo, na Robin Wells. Macroeconomics. 2. New York: Worth Publishers, 2009. Print.</ref> Umaskini ulikuwa umekubalika na wengi kama jambo lisiloweza kuepukika na nchi zilizalisha kwa kiwango kidogo sana kabla ya [[mapinduzi ya viwanda]], ambayo yalisababisha ukuaji wa kiuchumi kwa kiasi kikubwa. Jambo hili liliwaokoa wengi na umaskini katika mataifa ambayo kwa sasa yanajulikana kama mataifa yaliyoendelea <ref> "chini ya njia za kiasili za uzalishaji wa kiuchumi, umaskini ulioenea imekubalika kama isiyoweza kuzuiwa. Idadi ya jumla ya bidhaa na huduma, hata vikigawanywa kwa njia ya usawa, bado hayatatosha kuwapa watu wote maisha bora kulingana na hali ilivyo. Hata hivyo, kutokana na uzalishaji wa kiuchumi uliotokana na ujengaji wa viwanda, hali hii ilibadilika. "[[Encyclopedia Briannica]]", "Umaskini" </ref> Katika mwaka [[1820]], asilimia 75 ya wanadamu waliishi kwa chini ya dola moja kwa siku, na kufikia mwaka wa [[2001]] ni asilimia 20 pekee walioishi kwa dola moja kwa siku. Ukuaji wa uchumi unaotokana na ukulima, kwa wastani, umefaulisha mara mbili zaidi nusu ya walio maskini sana katika nchi ikilinganishwa na ukuaji unaotokana na sekta zingine zisizo za ukulima.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:21893554~menuPK:2643747~pagePK:64020865~piPK:149114~theSitePK:336992,00.html |title=Poverty -Climate change: Bangladesh facing the challenge |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2012-01-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118191406/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:21893554~menuPK:2643747~pagePK:64020865~piPK:149114~theSitePK:336992,00.html }}</ref> Hata hivyo, [[msaada]] ili kuhakikisha ya kuwa wale ambao tayari ni maskini watapata maisha bora zaidi na pia kuifadhili mikakati ya kimatibabu na kisayansi kama vile [[green revolution]] na kutokomeza [[ndui]]. <ref name="newsweek"/><ref name="aid"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4210122.stm Why aid does work ]</ref>

=== Uhuru wa kiuchumi ===
Mojawapo kati ya njia bora zaidi za kupunguza umaskini katika nchi yoyote ni kuhakikisha kuwa haki ya maskini ya kumiliki mali imelindwa. Ulindaji wa haki ya kumiliki ardhi, ambayo ni raslimali kubwa zaidi katika jamii nyingi, ni muhimu katika kuhakikisha uhuru wa kiuchumi.<ref name="newsweek"> [http://www.newsweek.com/id/160070 How to spread Democracy ]</ref> Benki ya Dunia inasema ya kuwa kuhakikisha haki ya kumiliki ardhi ndio “ufunguo wa kupunguza umaskini” ikiongeza kusema kuwa haki ya kumiliki ardhi inaongeza utajiri wa watu maskini, na wakati mwingine inaweza kuuongeza maradufu.<ref name="landrights"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3006562.stm Land rights help fight poverty ]</ref> Inakadiriwa ya kuwa ikiwa serikali zitatambua haki ya maskini ya kumiliki mali, jambo hili litawapa raslimali ambayo kwa ujumla ni mara 40 ya misaada yote ya kigeni tangu mwaka wa [[1945]]. Ingawa mbinu zilizotumiwa ni tofauti, [[Benki kuu ya Dunia]] inasema ya kuwa maswala makuu ni yale ya haki ya umiliki na kuhakikisha ya kuwa ardhi inauzwa kwa bei nafuu.<ref name="landrights"/> 

Nchini [[Uchina]] na [[India]] kupunguka kwa umaskini kwa muda wa miongo michache iliyopita kumetokana na kuacha [[ukulima wa pamoja]] nchini Uchina na kuondolewa kwa urasimu mwingi serikalini nchini India.<ref name="bbc1"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5407770.stm Can aid bring an end to poverty ]</ref> Hata hivyo, kukatizwa kwa ufadhili wa serikali katika miradi ya kijamii, ambayo pia inajulikana kama kanuni ya [[soko huru]] wakati mwingine huleta matokeo ya kusikitisha. Kwa mfano, [[Benki ya Dunia]] hushurutisha mataifa maskini kuondoa [[ruzuku]] kwa [[mbolea]] na ilhali [[Mkulima|wakulima]] wengi hawawezi kumudu bei hizi sokoni. Kubadilishwa kwa mfumo wa ugawaji wa fedha katika [[mataifa ya awali ya Urusi]] ya zamani wakati wa [[mpito]] kuelekea [[uchumi wa kibepari]] kulipendekeza kupunguza matumizi ya fedha katika sekta za afya na elimu na hivyo kuongeza umaskini kwa kiasi kikubwa.<ref name="malawi"/><ref> ''Transition: The First Ten Years - Analysis and Lessons fro Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union , '' Benki ya Dunia, Washington, DC, 2002, uk. 4.</ref><ref> [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E0D8163FF931A25753C1A9669C8B63 "Study Finds Poverty Deepinening in Former Communist Countries ".] Jarida la New York Times. 12 Oktoba 2000.</ref><ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/966616.stm Child Poverty soars in eastern Europe] ". BBC News. 11 Oktoba 2000.</ref>

Kuanzishwa kwa [[soko huria]] kunaongeza ujumla wa bidhaa za nchi zinazofanya biashara [[pesa zinazotumwa]] kuelekea nchi maskini kama vile [[India]], wakati mwingine hushinda [[uwekezaji kutoka nchi za kigeni]] na ni zaidi ya mara mbili ya [[msaada]] kutoka kwa nchi wanachama wa [[OECD]] ([[Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo]]). <ref name="remittance"> [http://www.economist.com/research/articlesBySubject/displaystory.cfm?subjectid=894664&amp;story_id=14586906 uhamiaji na maendeleo: Wafanyakazi wa msaada ambao kwa kweli walifanya kazi.</ref> Uwekezaji wa kigeni na viwanda vinavyotengeneza bidhaa zinazouzwa katika nchi za nje zimechangia kupanuka kwa uchumi wa nchi za [[Bara Asia]] zinazokua kwa kasi mno.<ref name="vogel991">Vogel, Ezra F. 1991. ''The Four Little Dragons: The Spread of Industrialization in East Asia.''  Cambridge, Mass : [[Harvard University Press.]]</ref>

Hata hivyo, kanuni za biashara mara nyingi huwa si za haki kwa kuwa zinazuia nchi maskini kuingia katika masoko ya nchi tajiri na pia zinapiga marufuku nchi maskini kujiendeleza kiviwanda.<ref name="malawi"> [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/02/world/africa/02malawi.html Ending famine by simply ignoring the experts ]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfam.org/en/campaigns/trade/riggedrules/market_access |title=Market Access |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2013-10-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005075450/http://www.oxfam.org/en/campaigns/trade/riggedrules/market_access |=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005075450/http://www.oxfam.org/en/campaigns/trade/riggedrules/market_access }}</ref> Bidhaa zilizotengenezwa viwandani kutoka nchi maskini hutozwa ushuru zaidi ikilinganishwa na [[malighafi]] zinapowasili katika [[bandari za nchi]] tajiri.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oxfam.ca/what-we-do/campaigns/make-trade-fair |title=Market Trade Fair |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2013-07-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724155458/http://www.oxfam.ca/what-we-do/campaigns/make-trade-fair |=https://web.archive.org/web/20130724155458/http://www.oxfam.ca/what-we-do/campaigns/make-trade-fair }}</ref> Uchunguzi uliofanywa na [[Chuo Kikuu cha Toronto]] ulionyesha ya kuwa kodi iliyotozwa maelfu ya bidhaa kutoka [[Afrika]] na [[taifa]] ilishuka baada ya kuundwa kwa mkataba wa [[AGOA]] uliochangia pakubwa kuwepo kwa “idadi kubwa ya kushangaza” ya bidhaa zinazoagizwa kutoka [[Afrika]].<ref> [http://www.news.utoronto.ca/social-sciences-business-law/relaxed-trade-rules-boost-african-development-u-of-t-study-finds.html Relaxed trade rules boost African Development ]</ref> 

Mikataba pia inaweza kujadiliwa ili kuzipendelea zaidi nchi zinazoendelea kama vile ilivyofanywa nchini [[Thailand]], ambako kanuni ya asilimia 51 inalazimisha kampuni za kimataifa zinazoanza kuendesha biashara nchini humo kutoa asilimia 51 ya udhibiti kwa kampuni zao kwa kampuni nyingine nchini Thailand, yaani ni lazima kampuni za kimataifa zishirikiane na kampuni za humo nchini.<ref name="muscat1994">Muscat, Robert J. 1994. ''The Fifth Tiger: A Study of Thai Development.''  Armonk, NY: M.E.Sharpe.</ref>

=== Rasilmali, miundomsingi na teknolojia ===
[[Picha:World GDP per capita 1500 to 2003.png|200px|thumb|Pato la dunia kwa kila mtu]]
Uwekezaji katika [[mtaji wa binadamu]] kwa njia ya afya unahitajika ili kuhakikisha [[ukuaji wa uchumi]]. Si lazima mataifa yawe na utajiri ili yawe na afya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html |title=Disease Control Priorities Project |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406154431/http://dcp2.org/main/Home.html |archivedate=2006-04-06 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20060406154431/http://dcp2.org/main/Home.html }}</ref> Kwa mfano, [[Sri Lanka]] ilikuwa na [[kiwango]] cha [[vifo vya mama wajawazito]] cha asilimia 2 katika [[miaka ya 1930]] idadi kubwa zaidi ikilinganishwa na  [[nchi]] yoyote kwa sasa.<ref name="post"> [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/04/02/AR2006040200813.html Saving millions for just a few dollars ]</ref> Kiwango hiki kilipunguka hadi kati ya asilimia 0.5 na asilimia 0.6 katika [[miaka ya 1950]] na asilimia 0.06 hivi sasa <ref name="post"/> Hata hivyo, Sri Lanka ilikuwa ikitumia pesa kidogo zaidi kwa [[afya ya uzazi]] kwa kuwa ilishajifunza njia mwafaka za kukabiliana na matatizo hayo.<ref name="post"/> 

Ingawa hakuna ufahamu kuhusu manufaa ya kifedha yanayotokana na kutoa huduma za afya, mikakati ya kuwaelimisha watu imewekwa kama vile mipango iliyopewa kipaumbele ya kudhibiti magonjwa. [http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html |date=20060406154431 }} Kuwaelimisha watu kuhusu umuhimu wa kuosha mikono ni moja kati ya mikakati ya afya isiyo na gharama na inaweza kupunguza [[vifo]] vinavyotokana na magonjwa yanayowaathiri watoto kama vile [[kuhara]] na [[nimonia]] kwa asilimia 50.<ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7670855.stm Millions mark UN hand washin day ]</ref> Mtaji wa binadamu, kwa kupitia elimu, ni kipengee muhimu zaidi kinachoathiri ukuaji wa uchumi kushinda mtaji wa vitu vinavyoonekana na kushikika.<ref name="krugman"/>

Wanauchumi wa Umoja wa Mataifa wanasema ya kuwa miundomsingi bora kama vile barabara na mtandao wa habari husaidia kufanikisha mabadiliko katika soko.<ref name="bbc2"/> Nchi ya Uchina inasema ya kuwa inafanya uwekezaji katika reli, mabarabara, bandari na simu katika maeneo ya mashambani barani Afrika kama sehemu ya mbinu zake za kuhakikisha maendeleo ya kiuchumi.<ref name="bbc2">{{Cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nolpda/ukfs_news/hi/newsid_6079000/6079838.stm |title=China becomes Africa's suitor.Africa's suitor |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2020-06-12 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612033059/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news |=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612033059/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news }}</ref> Hapo awali, teknolojia ya [[mtambo unaotumia mvuke]] ndiyo iliyoanza kupunguza viwango vya umaskini. Teknolojia ya simu za mkononi inaleta soko kwa sehemu maskini au za mashambani. Kutokana na maarifa wanayoyapata, wakulima vijijini wanaweza kuzalisha [[Mmea|mimea]] maalum ambayo watawauzia wanunuzi na kupata faida.<ref> [http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0604/p01s02-woaf.html?page=2 Give cash not food]</ref>

[[Teknolojia]] kama hiyo pia inazifanya [[huduma za kifedha]] ziweze kupatikana kwa urahisi kwa watu maskini. Kwa wale wanaoishi katika hali ya umaskini, inasisitizwa kwamba wawe na sehemu zenye usalama wa kutosha ili waweze [[kuweka akiba]] badala ya kungojea [[mikopo]].<ref name="time.com"> http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0, 8599,1918733,00. Html Microfinance's next steps : deposists</ref> Pia, kiwango kikubwa cha [[mikopo kwa wafanyibiashara wadogo]] kinatumika kwa bidhaa  ambazo zinaweza kununuliwa kwa kutumia [[fedha]] zilizo katika [[akaunti za akiba]]. <ref name="time.com"/> [[Huduma za benki kupitia simu za mkononi]] zimesaidia kutatua shida ya masharti mengi na ulipaji wa ada nyingi za kuendesha [[akaunti za akiba]] s.<ref name="time.com"/> Huduma za fedha kupitia [[simu ya mkononi|simu za mkononi]] katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]], na ambazo zimezipita [[nchi zilizoendelea]] katika nyanja hizi, inakadiriwa kuwa Dola bilioni tano kufikia mwaka [[2012]]. <ref name="m-banking"> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/8100388.stm Afrika inaanzisha benki zinazotumia simu za rununu</ref> [[Kampuni ya Safaricom]] ilianzisha huduma inayojulikana kama [[M-Pesa]] mojawapo kati ya mfumo wa kwanza unaotumia mtandao wa maajenti, wengi wao wakiwa ni wenye duka, badala ya matawi ya [[benki]] kuchukua pesa taslimu zinazowekwa na [[kuziweka katika akaunti]] zilizoundwa katika [[simu]] za wateja hao. Shughuli za kutuma na kupokea [[pesa]] hufanywa kati ya [[simu]] za wanaohusika. [[Ada ndogo]] inatolewa, na hii inahakikisha usalama wa pesa zinazotumwa kutoka.<ref name="safaricom"> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8194241.stm Benki za simu za rununu za Afrika</ref>

=== Msaada ===
[[Picha:Waiting for goods.JPG|thumb|Wananchi kutoka kijiji cha Janabi wakingojea kukusanya bidhaa kutoka kwa Wana wa Iraq (Abna al-Iraq) katika oparesheni ya kijeshi iliyoandaliwa na kampuni ya kikundi kidogo cha tatu cha wanajeshi wa Charlie Company, kikundi kikubwa cha tatu cha 187 Infantry Regiment, Kitengo cha 101 cha Airbone, Yusufiah, Iraq, tarehe 2 Machi 2008. (Picha ya Jeshi la Amerika imepigwa na Spc Luke Thornberry)]]
{{Main|Msaada|Ustawi wa jamii|Misaada ya maendeleo|Kusamehe madeni}}
Msaada unaweza kufafanuliwa kama mapato ya kimsingi ya ruzuku,aina ya mpango wa kijamii ambapo wananchi hupewa pesa baada ya muda uliotengwa. Katika miradi ya majaribio nchini [[Namibia]], ambako mradi kama huu hulipa Dola 13 pekee kila mwezi, watu waliweza kulipa [[karo ya shule]] na hivyo idadi ya watoto walioenda shuleni ikapanda kwa asilimia 92, kiwango cha ukosefu wa lishe bora kwa watoto kulishuka kutoka asilimia 42 hadi asilimia 10, na shughuli za kiuchumi zikapanda kwa asilimia 10.<ref name="Namibians line up"> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7415814.stm wananchi wa Namibia wanapanga laini kupokea pesa ya bure.</ref> 

Msaada pia ulitolewa ikiwa kanuni fulani zilifuatwa. [[Ugawaji wa fedha]] kwa kufuata kanuni maalum imesifiwa na wengi kama njia mwafaka ya kukabiliana na umaskini. Fedha hutolewa tu baada ya kufuata kanuni fulani kama vile kuwapeleka watoto shuleni au kuhakikisha wa kuwa watoto wamechanjwa. Nchini [[Mexico]], kwa mfano, ambayo ni nchi iliyo na mradi mkubwa zaidi kama huu, idadi ya wanafunzi wenye umri wa kati ya miaka 16 na 19 katika maeneo ya mashambani wanaojiondoa shuleni ilishuka kwa asilimia 20 na watoto waliripotiwa kurefuka kwa nusu inchi.<ref name="csm"> [http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/0921/p06s10-woam.html Latin America makes dent in poverty with conditional cash' programs.]</ref> 

Hofu za hapo awali kuwa mradi huo ungehimiza familia kubaki nyumbani na kungojea msaada badala ya kufanya kazi zilibainika kuwa hazina msingi. Badala yake, kumerekodiwa vijisababu vichache zaidi vinavyotokana na kutojali, kwa mfano, watoto sasa hawawezi kuenda kuombaomba mitaani badala ya kuenda shuleni kwa hofu ya kuwa wakifanya hivi, watatolewa katika mpango huu.<ref name="csm"/> Misaada kutoka kwa [[mashirika yasiyo ya kiserikali]] inaweza kuwa na ufanisi zaidi kuliko kiserikali unaweza kuwa bora zaidi kuliko ule wa serikali kwa kuwa mashirika haya yanawafikia maskini katika maeneo ya mashambani na yana usimamizi bora zaidi <ref> [http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=1955664&amp;page=1 Does Foreign Aid Reduce Poverty ?][http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=1955664&amp;page=1 Empirical Evidence from Nongovernmental and Builateral Aid]</ref>

Mojawapo kati ya njia zilizopendekezwa kusaidia nchi maskini ni ile ya msamaha wa [[madeni]]. Kutokana na hali ilivyo katika nchi nyingi ambazo hazijaendelea na zilizo na madeni makubwa ya benki na madeni ya serikali za nchi tajiri, na pia kutokana na riba ambayo zinapaswa kulipa kutokana na madeni haya (mara nyingi hupita kiwango cha fedha ambazo nchi hizi zinaweza kuzalisha kama faida kila mwaka kutokana na mauzo), kufutwa kwa madeni haya kwa kiasi fulani au kikamilifu kutawezesha mataifa haya “kujitoa shimoni”.<ref> Benki ya Dunia na Shirika la Fedha Duniani. 2001. ''Ripoti ya maendeleo ya nchi maskini zilizo na deni kubwa.''  Ilitolewa kutoka [http://worldbank.org Worldbank.org.]</ref> Nchi maskini zikiacha kutumia pesa zao kulipa madeni haya, zitaweza kutumia pesa hizo kwa mambo muhimu zaidi yanayosaidia kupunguza umaskini kama vile kutoa huduma za kimsingi za afya na elimu.<ref> http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4081220.stm kusamehewa kwa madeni kwa nchi za Kiafrika</ref> Mataifa mengi yalianza kutoa huduma, kama vile huduma za bure za afya kuanzia hapo awali ingawa miundombinu ya afya haingehimili hayo. Yaliweza kufanya hivi kutokana na akiba za awamu kadhaa za  [[kusamehewa madeni]] mwaka [[2005]]. <ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4883062.stm Zambia overwhelmed by free health care]</ref>

Mojawapo ya mbinu mpya zinazopendwa za kiteknolojia zinazohakikisha ukuaji wa uchumi na kupunguza umaskini ni mikopo midogo iliyoanzishwa na [[Benki ya Grameen]] mwaka wa 1976 nchini Bangladesh. Dhana hapa ni kuwapa wakulima au vijiji mikopo midogo ili waweze kununua vitu wanavyovihitaji ili kuogeza mapato yao. Mfano maalum ni ule wa Benki ya Watu ya serikali ya  [[Uthai]] inayotoa mikopo ya kati ya Dola 100 na 300 kuwasaidia wakulima kununua vifaa au mbegu, kuwasaidia wauzaji wa mtaani kununua bidhaa za kuuza au kuwawezesha wengine kufungua maduka madogo.  Pia, biashara ndogo ndogo katika Jamhuri ya Dominika ni kuwawezesha wanawake wengi kupata ajira na kulipwa mapato yao wenyewe.<ref name="Grasmuck 2000"> Grasmuck, Sherri na Espinal, Rosario. 2000. Mafanikio au Mwanamke soko Uhuru? Mapato, itikadi, na Uwezeshaji kati Microentrepreneurs katika Jamhuri ya Dominika. Society jinsia na 14 (2) :231-255.</ref> Wakati kuendeleza mwanamke na msimamo wake wa kaya kiuchumi, microloans kuwawezesha wanawake na kuwawezesha voice maoni yao katika kaya ujumla maamuzi.<ref name="Grasmuck 2000"/>

Watu wengine wanasema ya kuwa kupokea misaada kutoka nchi za Ulaya kila mara huongeza umaskini na ukosefu wa usawa katika jamii kwa kuwa misaada hii huandamana na vikwazo vinavyoathiri vibaya uchumi wa nchi zinazopokea msaada,<ref> Haiti's rice farmers and poultry growers have suffered graetly since trade barriers were lowered in 1994. Na Jane Regan</ref> au kwa kuwa inaandamana na uagizaji wa bidhaa kutoka nchi wafadhili bila kuzingatia kuwa bidhaa hizo zingepatikana kwingineko kwa bei nafuu,<ref>[http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=24509 Tied Aid Strangling Nation , Says UN] {{Wayback|url=http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=24509 |date=20101223203509 }} na Thalif Deen</ref> au kwa kuwa msaada wa kigeni unaonekana kuwa unafaidi zaidi nchi wafadhili kuliko nchi inayopokea msaada.<ref> [http://www.globalissues.org/TradeRelated/Debt/USAid.asp US and Foreign Aid ,] GlobalIssues.org</ref> Wakosoaji pia wanasema ya kuwa sehemu ya msaada kutoka nchi za nje huibwa na serikali na maafisa [[wafisadi]] na kuwa kuongeza kiwango cha msaada kunaharibu ubora wa uongozi. Sera huelekezwa zaidi upande wa mbinu za kupata pesa zaidi za msaada kuliko kukidhi mahitaji ya wananchi.<ref name="ABC-myth"> [http://abcnews.go.com/2020/story?id=1955664&amp;page=1 MYTH : More Foreign Aid Will End Global Poverty ]</ref> Wale wanaounga mkono msaada wanasema ya kuwa matatizo haya yanaweza kutatuliwa kwa kuweka mbinu bora za [[ukaguzi]] wa namna pesa hizi zinatumika.<ref name="ABC-myth"/> Kampeni za chanjo kwa watoto kama vile [[polio]] [[ugonjwa wa kuambukizwa wa koo]] na [[ugonjwa wa surua]] zimeokoa mamilioni ya watu.<ref name="aid"/>

=== Taasisi bora ===
{{Main|Ufisadi}}
Taasisi zinazoendeshwa vizuri bila [[ufisadi]] na zinazofuata [[sheria]] huunda na kuweka sheria zinazolinda usalama wa mali na biashara. Serikali za haki zinazoendeshwa vizuri zinapaswa kufanya uwekezaji katika miradi ya kitaifa inayochukua muda mrefu badala ya kupora mali kwa njia ya ufisadi.<ref name="krugman"/> Wachunguzi katika [[Chuo Kikuu cha California Berkely]]  waliunda walichokiita “Kipimo cha Weberianness”  ambacho hupima vipengee mbalimbali vya [[urasimu na serikali]] ambavyo [[Max Weber]] alisema kuwa ni muhimu zaidi kwa serikali iliyoendeshwa kwa [[misingi ya fikira]] zinazokubalika na sheria zaidi ya miaka 100 iliyopita. Uchunguzi linganishi umeonyesha ya kuwa kipimo hiki kina uhusiano na vipimo vya juu vya maendeleo ya kiuchumi.<ref> Evans, Peter,and James E. Rauch. 1999. "Beauraucracy and Growth : A Cross- National Analysis of the Effects of 'Weberian' State Structures on Economic Growth ." ''American Sociological Review,''  64:748-765.</ref> Wakifuata dhana yao inayofuata mkondo sawa na huu ya uongozi bora, wachunguzi kutoka [[Benki ya Dunia]] wamepata matokeo yanayofanana: Takwimu kutoka nchi 150 imeonyesha kuwa viwango kadhaa vya kukadiria uongozi bora (kama vile uwajibikaji, ufanisi, utawala wa kisheria, kiwango cha chini cha ufisadi) vina uhusiano na viwango vya juu vya maendeleo ya kiuchumi.
<ref>{{Cite conference
  | last = Kaufmann
  | first = D.
  | coauthors = Kraay, A; Zoido-Lobaton, P.
  | title = Governance Matters.
  | booktitle = World Bank Policy Research Working Paper no. 2196
  | pages =
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  | date =
  | location = Washington DC
  | url =
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[[Mpango wa Maendeleo wa Umoja wa Mataifa]] ([[UNDP]]) ulichapisha ripoti mnamo Aprili 2000 kuhusu uongozi bora katika mataifa maskini kama njia kuu ya kuhakikisha maendeleo ya kiuchumi na kuushinda ubinafsi wa tabaka la matajiri ambao huwa na ushawishi mkubwa katika nchi hizo. Ripoti hiyo inamaliza kwa kusema ya kuwa “Bila ya [[utawala bora]], mataifa haya yakiendelea kutegemea mtindo wa maendeleo ya kiuchumi yanayotokana na msaada kutoka juu na yanayotiririka mashinani na mbinu zingine, hayatafaulu.”  <ref name="undp2000"> United Nations Development Report. 2000. ''Overcoming Human Poverty: UNDP Poverty Report 2000.''  New York: United Nations Publications.</ref>

Mifano ya nchi zilizo na uongozi bora unaoleta maendeleo ya kiuchumi na kupunguza umaskini ni kama [[Thailand]], [[Taiwan]], [[Malaysia]], [[Korea ya Kusini]] na [[Vietnam]], ambazo kwa kawaida huwa na serikali thabiti. Nchi hizo zina nia na uwezo wa kuunda na kuweka sera zitakazoleta maendeleo ya muda mrefu yatakayowasaidia wananchi wote, si tu matajiri. Kampuni za kimataifa hudhibitiwa ili kuhakikisha ya kuwa zinafuata kanuni zinazofaa kuhusu [[malipo na ajira]] ya wafanyakazi, zinatozwa ushuru kwa kiwango kinachofaa ili kuleta maendeleo nchini na sehemu ya faida hubaki katika nchi hizo.Faida hii huwekezwa tena ili kusaidia katika maendeleo ya nchi.  Katika mwaka wa 1975, nchi ya Korea Kusini ilikuwa na [[Pato la chini la Kitaifa]] kwa kila mtu ikilinganishwa na [[Ghana]], <ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/leading-article-africa-has-to-spend-carefully-407666.html Laeding Article : Africa has to spend carefully.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/leading-article-africa-has-to-spend-carefully-407666.html |date=20120124072325 }} The Independent. 13 Julai 2006.</ref> na kufikia mwaka wa 2008, ilikua kwa kiwango cha mara 17 ya kile cha Ghana.<ref>[139] ^ Maktaba ya rejea kwa mwaka 2008. $ 26.341 BNP Korea, 1513 $ Ghana. [http://imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2008&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&pr1.x=29&pr1.y=12&c=512%2C446%2C914%2C666%2C612%2C668%2C614%2C672%2C311%2C946%2C213%2C137%2C911%2C962%2C193%2C674%2C122%2C676%2C912%2C548%2C313%2C556%2C419%2C678%2C513%2C181%2C316%2C682%2C913%2C684%2C124%2C273%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C522%2C692%2C622%2C694%2C156%2C142%2C624%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C283%2C228%2C853%2C924%2C288%2C233%2C293%2C632%2C566%2C636%2C964%2C634%2C182%2C238%2C453%2C662%2C968%2C960%2C922%2C423%2C714%2C935%2C862%2C128%2C716%2C611%2C456%2C321%2C722%2C243%2C942%2C248%2C718%2C469%2C724%2C253%2C576%2C642%2C936%2C643%2C961%2C939%2C813%2C644%2C199%2C819%2C184%2C172%2C524%2C132%2C361%2C646%2C362%2C648%2C364%2C915%2C732%2C134%2C366%2C652%2C734%2C174%2C144%2C328%2C146%2C258%2C463%2C656%2C528%2C654%2C923%2C336%2C738%2C263%2C578%2C268%2C537%2C532%2C742%2C944%2C866%2C176%2C369%2C534%2C744%2C536%2C186%2C429%2C925%2C178%2C746%2C436%2C926%2C136%2C466%2C343%2C112%2C158%2C111%2C439%2C298%2C916%2C927%2C664%2C846%2C826%2C299%2C542%2C582%2C443%2C474%2C917%2C754%2C544%2C698%2C941&s=PPPPC&grp=0&a= World Economic Outlook Database-Oktober 2008,] [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa.]] Ilipatikana tarehe 14 Februari 2009.</ref>

Fedha kutoka misaada na maliasili mara nyingi hugeuzwa na kuwekwa katika mikono ya watu binafsi na baadaye hupelekwa katika [[benki]] zilizo katika nchi za nje kutokana na ufisadi.<ref name="economist"> [http://www.economist.com/world/international/displaystory.cfm?story_id=13278728 Banks, grafts and development]</ref> Ikiwa [[benki]] za Ulaya zingekataa kuweka pesa zilizoibwa, kulingana na ripoti ya shirika la [[Global Witness]], watu wa kawaida wangefaidika “kwa njia ambayo misaada ya kifedha haiwezi kufikia”.<ref name="economist"/> Ripoti hiyo ilipendekeza kuwekwa kwa sheria zinazoratibisha benki kwani hii inaweza kuwa njia bora ya kukatiza utumaji wa pesa za [[kigaidi, fedha chafu]] au [[kukosa kulipa ushuru]]. <ref name="economist"/>

==Idadi ya watu==
{{stack|

[[Picha:Percentage population living on less than 1 dollar day 2007-2008.png|thumb|right|Asilimia za wakazi wanaoishi kwa kiasi cha chini ya [[$]] 1.25 kwa siku. Makadirio ya [[UN]] 2000-2006.]]

[[Picha:Percentage population undernourished world map.PNG|thumb|right|Asilimia za wakazi wenye njaa, [[World Food Programme]], [[2006]]]]

[[Picha:Life Expectancy 2007 Est. CIA World Factbook.PNG|right|thumb|[[Matarajio ya kuishi]].]]

[[Picha:UN Human Development Report 2007 (2).svg|thumb|right|[[Human Development Index]].]]

[[File:2014 Gini Index World Map, income inequality distribution by country per World Bank.svg|thumb| [[Gini coefficient]], kigezo cha [[tofauti za mapato]], [[2014]].]]

[[Picha:Life expectancy 1950-2005.png|thumb|right|Matarajio ya kuishi yameongezeka na kukaribiana duniani, isipokuwa Afrika Kusini kwa Sahara ambapo [[Ukimwi]] umerudisha nyuma. Jedwali linaonyesha miaka 1950-2005.]]

}}
{{Main|Ufukara nchi kwa nchi|Kizingiti cha ufukara}}

=== Umaskini uliokithiri ===
Umaskini hupimwa mara nyingi kama [[umaskini uliokithiri]] na [[umaskini wa kadri]] (cha mwisho kikiwa kipimo cha kutokuwa na usawa katika kiwango cha mapato). Umaskini uliokithiri unaashiria kipimo kilichowekwa ambacho hakibadiliki kamwe na ni sawa katika mataifa yote. [[Benki ya Dunia]] inafafanua umaskini uliokithiri kama kuishi kwa chini ya dola moja ya Marekani (uwezo wa ununuzi) kwa siku, na umaskini wa kadri kama kuishi kwa na chini ya dola mbili kwa siku. Inakadiria kuwa “mwaka 2001, watu bilioni 1.1 walikuwa na matumizi ya chini ya dola moja kwa siku na watu bilioni 2.7 walitumia chini ya dola mbili kwa siku.” <ref name="worldbank-Poverty">{{Cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html |title=The World Bank, 2007, Understanding Poverty |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2019-11-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107161906/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html }}</ref> Watoto milioni sita hufa kwa njaa kila mwaka-17,000 kila siku.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/11/17/italy.food.summit/ |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archive-date=2020-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200813170030/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/11/17/italy.food.summit/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>

Idadi ya watu katika [[mataifa yanayoendelea]] wanaoishi katika umaskini uliokithiri ilishuka kutoka asilimia 28 mwaka 1990 hadi asilimia 21 mwaka 2001.<ref name="worldbank-Poverty"/> Mengi ya maendeleo haya yametokea [[Mashariki]] na [[Kusini mwa Asia]]. <ref>Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion, 2007, "How Have the World's Poorest Fared Since the Early 1980s?"  Jedwali 3, uk 28. [http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000112742_20040722172047&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477894&piPK=64210520] {{Wayback|url=http://econ.worldbank.org/external/default/main?ImgPagePK=64202990&entityID=000112742_20040722172047&menuPK=64168175&pagePK=64210502&theSitePK=477894&piPK=64210520|date=20070310150255}}</ref> 

Kuhusu Asia Mashariki, Benki ya Dunia iliripoti kuwa “idadi ya watu walioishi kwa dola mbili kwa siku ilikadiriwa kushuka hadi asilimia 27 mwaka wa [[2007]], kutoka asilimia 29.5 mwaka wa 2006 na asilimia 69 mwaka wa [[1990]].” <ref>Benki ya Dunia, 14 Novemba 2007, 'East Asia Remains Robust Despite US Slow Down' [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/0,,contentMDK:21550665~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:226301,00.html] {{Wayback|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/EASTASIAPACIFICEXT/0,,contentMDK:21550665~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:226301,00.html |date=20110322182301 }}</ref> 

Katika eneo la Afrika [[Kusini kwa Sahara]] umaskini uliokithiri ulipanda kutoka asilimia 41 mwaka 1981 hadi asilimia 46 mwaka 2001, ambao ukiungana na ongezeko la idadi ya watu, uliongeza idadi ya watu wanaoishi katika umaskini kutoka milioni 231 hadi milioni 318.<ref>The Independent, 'Birth rates must be curbed to win war on global poverty ', 31 Januari 2007 [http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article2201090.ece] {{Wayback|url=http://news.independent.co.uk/world/politics/article2201090.ece|date=20080119183753}}</ref> 

Mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1990, baadhi ya nchi za [[Mashariki ya Ulaya]] na [[Asia ya Kati]] zilizokuwa na uchumi wa mpito, zilikabiliwa na kushuka kwa mapato kwa kiasi kikubwa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html |title=Worldbank.org feference |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2019-11-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191107161906/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTPOVERTY/0,,contentMDK:20153855~menuPK:373757~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:336992,00.html }}</ref> 

Kuanguka kwa [[Umoja wa Kisovyeti]] kulisababisha kushuka kwa Pato la Kitaifa kwa kiwango kikubwa cha kati ya asilimia 30 na 35 kati ya mwaka wa 1990 na 1998 (ilipokuwa katika kiwango cha chini zaidi). Kutokana na hayo, viwango vya umaskini vilipanda, ingawa katika miaka ya baadaye, viwango vya mapato vilipoanza kupanda tena, viwango vya umaskini vilishuka kutoka asilimia 31.4 ya idadi ya watu hadi asilimia 19.6.<ref>[http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20398986~menuPK:64133163~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html. World Bank, Data and Statistics, WDI, GdF, &amp; ADI Best Databases]</ref><ref> [http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C07E0D8163FF931A25753C1A9669C8B63 Study Finds Poverty Deepening in Former Communist Countries ,] New York Times, 12 Oktoba 2000</ref>

Takwimu za Benki ya Dunia zinaonyesha kuwa sehemu ya wananchi wanaoishi katika jamii zilizo na mapato yaliyo chini ya kiwango cha umaskini imeshuka katika kila eneo la dunia tangu mwaka 1990:<ref> [http://iresearch.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/jsp/index.jsp World Bank 2007, Povcalnet Poverty Data]</ref><ref> Takwimu inaweza kuchukuliwa tena kwa kutumia meza zinazoonyesha maendeleo ya kibinadamu ya Benki ya Dunia ya 2007 na kutumia kiwango cha umaskini cha Dola 32.74 kwa mwezi katika mwaka wa 1993 Pato la kitaifa .</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|- data="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty"
! Eneo
! 1990
! 2002
! 2004
|-
|  Asia ya Mashariki na Pacific
|  15.40%
|  12.33%
|  9.07%
|-
|  Ulaya na Asia ya Kati
|  3.60%
|  1.28%
|  0.95%
|-
|  Amerika Kusini na Caribbean
|  9.62%
|  9.08%
|  8.64%
|-
|  Mashariki ya Kati na Kaskazini mwa Afrika
|  2.08%
|  1.69%
|  1.47%
|-
|  Asia Kusini
|  35.04%
|  33.44%
|  30.84%
|-
|  Afrika Kusini kwa Sahara
|  46.07%
|  42.63%
|  41.09%
|}

Ishara zingine za maendeleo pia zimekuwa zikiendelea kufanya vyema. [[Matarajio ya miaka ya kuishi]]  pia yameongezeka kwa kiwango kikubwa katika nchi zinazoendelea tangu [[Vita vya Pili vya Dunia]] na yameanza kukaribia yale ya nchi zilizoendelea. [[Vifo vya watoto]] vimepungua katika maeneo yote yanayoendelea duniani. 

Idadi ya watu duniani wanaoishi katika mataifa ambapo mgao wa chakula uko chini ya kalori 2,200 ([[Kilojuli]] 9200) kwa siku ilipungua kutoka asilimia 56 katikati ya miaka ya 1960 hadi chini ya asilimia 10 kufikia [[miaka ya 1990]]. Mienendo sawa na huo wa awali ilirekodiwa katika [[elimu]], usambazaji wa [[maji safi]] na [[umeme]] na bidhaa za msingi zinazotumiwa na wanunuzi.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&amp;_user=10&amp;_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=summary&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb World Development Volume 33, Issue 1, Januari 2005, Makala 1-19, Why Are We Worried About Income? ?] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb |date=20071011122228 }}[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&amp;_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&amp;_user=10&amp;_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&amp;_rdoc=1&amp;_fmt=summary&amp;_orig=browse&amp;_sort=d&amp;view=c&amp;_acct=C000050221&amp;_version=1&amp;_urlVersion=0&amp;_userid=10&amp;md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb Nearly Everthing That Matters is Converging.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VC6-4F02KWN-8&_user=10&_coverDate=01%2F01%2F2005&_rdoc=1&_fmt=summary&_orig=browse&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=3c12cc79f8121ee4e000396b0273a1eb |date=20071011122228 }}</ref>

Vipimo hivi vimekosolewa na watu mbalimbali.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://socialanalysis.org/ |title=Institute of Social Analysis  |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2010-06-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629122044/http://www.socialanalysis.org/ }}</ref> [[Shaohua Chen]] na [[Martin Ravallion]] wanasema kuwa ingawa “ni wazi ya kuwa idadi ya watu fukara imeshuka... bila usawa katika maeneo yote... nchi zinazoendelea mbali na Uchina na India hazijafaulu kupunguza kwa kiwango cha maana idadi ya watu maskini. Kutokana na ongezeko la idadi ya watu duniani, idadi isiyobadilika ya watu maskini ingehusishwa na kiwango kinachopungua."

Tukitazama idadi ya wanaoishi kwa chini ya Dola moja kwa siku, bila kuhesabu Uchina na India, tunaona ya kuwa idadi hii ilipunguka kutoka asilimia 31.35 hadi 20.70 kati ya mwaka wa 1981 na 2004.<ref> Shaohua Chen and Martin Ravallion, 2007, "How have the World's Poorest Faired Since the 1980's?" [http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2007/04/16/000016406_20070416104010/Rendered/PDF/wps4211.pdf]</ref>

Ripoti ya 2007 ya Benki ya Dunia inayoitwa "Global Economic Prospects" inatabiri kuwa kufikia mwaka wa 2030, idadi ya watu watakaokuwa wakiishi kwa chini ya Dola moja kwa siku itakuwa imepungua kwa nusu, hadi watu milioni 550. Mwananchi wa kawaida anayeishi katika kile tulichokiita [[dunia ya tatu]] ataishi vyema sawa na namna ambavyo wananchi wa [[Ucheki]] na [[Slovakia]] wanavyoishi leo. Nchi nyingi za Afrika zitakuwa na matatizo ya kujaribu kufikia nchi nyingine zinazoendelea na hata ikiwa hali itabadilika kikamilifu, ripoti hii inaonya ya kuwa kufikia 2030, Afrika itakuwa na idadi kubwa zaidi ya watu maskini kuliko hali ilivyo sasa.<ref>[http://www.montereyherald.com/mld/montereyherald/business/16350847.htm World Bank has Good News About the Future,] {{Wayback|url=http://www.montereyherald.com/mld/montereyherald/business/16350847.htm|date=20081204203622}} na Andrew Cassel, [[The Philadelphia Inquirer.]] 30 Desemba 2006</ref>

Sababu za ukuaji wa uchumi katika [[Mashariki mwa Asia]] na [[Asia ya Kusini]] zinatokana na kutoendelea kwao ikilinganishwa na maeneo mengine. Hii ni kulingana na nadharia ya kuja pamoja au nadharia ya sharti la kukusanyika pamoja. Kwa kuwa uchumi wa nchi hizi ulianza kupata usasa baada ya mataifa tajiri, uliweza kufaidika kwa kuiga maendeleo ya kiteknolojia yatakayouwezesha kuwa na viwango vikubwa zaidi vya uzalishaji ambavyo vimeundwa kwa karne nyingi katika mataifa tajiri.

=== Umaskini wa kadri ===
Umaskini wa kadri huangalia umaskini kama inavyoelezwa na jamii na unategemea muktadha wa kijamii, kwa hiyo umaskini wa kadri ni kiwango cha ukosefu wa usawa katika mapato. Kwa kawaida, umaskini wa kadri hupimwa kwa kuchukua idadi ya watu walio na mapato madogo zaidi ikilinganishwa na kiwango cha kawaida cha mapato. Kuna njia zingine tofauti za kupima [[ukosefu wa usawa wa mapato]], kwa mfano [[Mgao wa Gini]] na [[Kipimo cha Theil]].

Makadirio ya umaskini wa kadri hutumika kama viwango maalum vya kupima kiwango cha umaskini katika mataifa mengi yaliyoendelea. Takwimu hizi za umaskini hupima kutokuwa sawa badala ya ukosefu wa mali au shida. Vipimo hivi huwa vinafanywa kwa msingi wa mapato ya mtu binafsi ya kila mwaka na haviangalii ujumla wa mali. [[Kiwango cha umaskini]] kinachotumika katika mataifa wanachama wa [[OECD (Shirika la Ushirikiano wa Kiuchumi na Maendeleo)]] na [[Muungano wa mataifa ya Ulaya]] ni yale yaliyo na misingi yake katika “umbali wa kiuchumi”, kiwango cha mapato kikiwa ni asilimia 60 ya mapato ya kadri ya kila nyumba.<ref>{{Cite web
|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8177864.stm
|title = Just what is poor?
|accessdate = 2008-09-25
|author = Michael Blastland
|publisher = BBC NEWS
|date = 2009-07-31
}}</ref>

=== Vipengee vingine ===
[[Picha:Wadala slums - Mumbai.jpg|thumb|Eneo la mabanda mjini Mumbai, India. Asilimia 60 ya wakazi wa Mumbai wapatao milioni 18 wanaishi katika maeneo ya mabanda. <ref>Spiegel kwa mtandao. 28 Februari 2007.</ref>]]
Vipengee vya uchumi vya umaskini vinajihusisha na mahitaji ya kifedha, na hasa yale yanayohitajika katika maisha ya kila siku kama vile [[chakula]], mavazi, nyumba, au [[maji salama]]. Umaskini, kwa mtazamo huu, unaweza kueleweka kama hali ambapo mtu au jamii inakosa mahitaji ya msingi inayohitaji ili kuishi vizuri na kuwa na maisha bora, hasa kutokana na ukosefu wa mapato unaoendelea.

Udadisi wa vipengee vya kijamii vya umaskini unaonyesha kuwa kuna uhusiano kati ya umaskini na ugawaji raslimali na mamlaka katika jamii na inaonyesha kuwa umaskini unaweza kuwa unatokana na upungufu wa “uwezo” wa watu kuishi maisha ambayo wangeyapendelea.<ref>Amartya Sen, 1985, Commodities and Capabilities, Amsterdam, New Holland, cited in Siddiqur Rahman Osmani, 2004, Evolving Views on Poverty: Concept, Assessment, and Strategy , [http://www.adb.org/Documents/Papers/Evolving_views_poverty/default.asp ADB.org] {{Wayback|url=http://www.adb.org/Documents/Papers/Evolving_views_poverty/default.asp |date=20090815101017 }}</ref> Vipengee vya kijamii vya umaskini ni pamoja na [[ukosefu wa habari]], elimu, huduma za afya]] au [[mamlaka ya kisiasa]]. <ref> [http://www.paho.org/english/sha/be_v23n1-glossary.htm A Glossary for Social Epidemiology] Nancy Krieger, PhD, [[Harvard School of Public Health]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.journalofpoverty.org/JOPPURP/JOPPURP.HTM |title=Journal of Poverty  |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512074344/http://www.journalofpoverty.org/JOPPURP/JOPPURP.HTM |archivedate=2012-05-12 }}</ref> Umaskini pia unaweza kueleweka kama kipengee kinacholeta tofauti za kitabaka [[katika jamii]] na ukosefu wa usawa katika uhusiano wa kijamii, unaojitokeza kwa njia ya kutengwa katika jamii, kuwategemea wengine na kupunguka kwa uwezo wa kujihusisha au kuendeleza uhusiano wa maana na watu wengine katika jamii.<ref> H Silver , 1994, social exclusion and [[social solidarity ]], in International Labour Review, 133 5-6</ref><ref> G Simmel, The Poor , Social Problems 1965 13</ref><ref> P Townsend, 1979, Poverty in the UK , Penguin</ref>

Uchunguzi wa Benki ya Dunia wa “Sauti za Wanyonge”, ambao ilifanya uchunguzi kati ya watu maskini 20,000 katika mataifa 23, unaorodhesha mambo kadhaa ambayo watu maskini wametambua kuwa na uhusiano na umaskini.<ref> [http://www1.worldbank.org/prem/poverty/voices/ Voices of the Poor ]</ref> Hayo ni pamoja na:

* Maisha ya kutojali
* Maeneo yaliyotengwa
* Vikwazo vya kimaumbile
* Uhusiano kati ya wake na waume
* Matatizo katika uhusiano wa kijamii
* Ukosefu wa usalama
* Utumiaji mbaya wa mamlaka
* Kuondoa mamlaka katika taasisi
* Uwezo uliowekewa vizuizi
* Mashirika ya kijamii yasiyo na uwezo wa kutosha

David Moore, katika kitabu chake ''Benki ya Dunia,'' anasema ya kuwa udadisi mwingine wa umaskini unaonyesha dharau, na wakati mwingine ubaguzi wa rangi, na mtazamo mbaya kwa watu maskini unaowaonyesha kama watu wanyonge wanaongojea tu kupokea msaada.<ref> Kifungu kuhusu Sauti za Maskini katika kitabu cha David Moore kilichohaririwa na Benki ya Dunia: Development, Poverty, Hegemony (University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2007)</ref>

[[Picha:Camden NJ poverty.jpg|thumb|[[Camden, New Jersey]] ni moja ya majimbo maskini zaidi ya Marekani.]]

Ufukara uliokithiri, neno ambalo lilivumbuliwa na Michael Lipton,<ref> Lipton, Michael (1986), 'Seasonality and ultra- poverty ', Sussex, IDS Bulletin 17.3</ref> unaashiria hali ya kuhesabiwa kati ya watu maskini zaidi kati ya jamii maskini katika nchi zenye mapato madogo. Lipton alieleza ufukara uliokithiri kama kupokea chini ya asilimia 80 ya kiwango cha chini zaidi cha kalori kinachopaswa kuchukuliwa na mwili na wakati huo huo kutumia zaidi ya asilimia 80 ya mapato kununua chakula. Kwa upande mwingine, ripoti moja ya 2007 iliyotolewa na Taasisi ya Kimataifa ya Uchunguzi kuhusu sera ya Chakula ilifafanua ufukara uliokithiri kama kuishi kwa chini ya senti 54 kwa siku.<ref> International Food Policy Research Insitute , "The World's Most Deprived. Characteristics and Causes of Extreme Poverty and Hunger,” Washington: IFPRI Oktoba 2007</ref> [[Shirika lisilo la kiserikali la BRAC]] limeanzisha mradi unaoitwa “Kuwalenga wanaoishi katika ufukara uliokithiri” unaonuia kutatua ufukara uliokithiri kwa kufanya kazi pamoja na wanawake fukara kwa kiwango binafsi.<ref> Matin, Imran, et al,, "Crafting a Graduation Pathway for the Ultra-poor: Lessons and Evidence from a BRAC Programme,” Research and Evaluation Division Working Paper, BRAC, 2008 : [http://ideas.repec.org/p/ess/wpaper/id1548.html Research Papers in Economics ]</ref>

=== Ufukara wa hiari ===
{{See also|Ufukara wa hiari|Kuishi bila makuu}}
{{pquote|'Tis the gift to be simple,<br />'tis the gift to be free,<br />'tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,<br />{{nowrap|And when we find ourselves in the place just right,}}<br />It will be in the valley of love and delight.|Shaker song.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www2.gol.com/users/quakers/simple_gifts.htm |title=Simple Gifts |accessdate=2009-12-07 |archivedate=2010-01-06 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106073724/http://www2.gol.com/users/quakers/simple_gifts.htm }}</ref>}}

Kati ya watu wengine, kama vile [[watawa]], umaskini unachukuliwa kuwa jambo linalohitajika na kutamanika, na linapokewa kwa [[mikono]] miwili ili kuweza kufikia kiwango fulani cha kiroho, kitabia au kiakili. 

Umaskini hueleweka kuwa kiungo muhimu cha kuachana na mambo ya [[dunia]] katika [[dini]] kama vile [[Ubuddha]] (kwa watawa pekee, si kwa wafuasi wengine) na wafuasi wa [[Ujaini]], ilhali kwa [[Wakatoliki]] hii ni moja kati ya [[mashauri ya Kiinjili]]. 

Mashirika kadhaa huwa na [[nadhiri]] ya kuishi katika hali ya ufukara. Kwa mfano [[itikadi]] za wafuasi wa [[Mtakatifu]] [[Fransisko wa Asizi]] zinapinga umiliki wowote wa [[mali]] katika ngazi ya mtu binafsi au katika [[jumuia]]. 

Ingawa umiliki wa mali na bidhaa haukubaliwi kwa wafuasi wa Mtakatifu [[Benedikto wa Nursia]], kufuatia [[kanuni ya Mt. Benedikto]], [[monasteri]] zimekubaliwa kumiliki mali na [[pesa]] na [[historia]] inaonyesha kuwa makao kadhaa ya watawa hao yalikusanya mali nyingi mno. 

Katika [[muktadha]] huo wa [[nadhiri]] za kitawa, umaskini unaeleweka kama njia ya kujinyima ili kuhudumia wengine. Mwaka wa [[1217]] [[Papa Honorius III]] aliandika kwamba wafuasi wa Mtakatifu [[Dominiko Guzman]] "waliishi maisha ya umaskini wa hiari, wakijitia hatarini na kuteseka, ili wengine wapate kuokolewa”. 

Kufuatia [[tahadhari]] ya [[Yesu]] kuwa mali ni kama [[miiba]] ambayo huzuia [[mbegu]] nzuri ya Neno la Mungu kukua ([[Math]] 13:22) umaskini wa hiari unaeleweka na [[Wakristo]] kama jambo lenye faida kuu kwa mtu binafsi - njia ya [[kujiadilisha]] ambapo mtu hujitenga na vitu vingine vinavyovutia fikira zake na kumtenganisha na [[Mungu]].

==Mtazamo wa mifumo mbalimbali duniani==
Mtazamo wa mifumo ya kidunia unatabiri ya kuwa mataifa yanayoendelea hayataweza kukua ipasavyo kiuchumi katika miaka ijayo ikiwa bado yana [[uwekezaji]] mkubwa wa [[makampuni ya kimataifa]] kutoka nchi zilizoendelea. Ingawa kuna tofauti kati ya mataifa hayo yanayoendelea, chunguzi kadhaa zilizofanywa na wanasosholojia zimeonyesha kuwa mengi ya mataifa yanayoendelea yaliyo na uwekezaji mkubwa kutoka mataifa yaliyoendelea yana ukuaji mdogo zaidi wa kiuchumi kwa muda mrefu.<ref name="chasedunn1975">Chase-Dunn, Christopher. 1975. "“The Effects of International Economic Dependence on Development and Inequality: A Cross-National Study.”  ''American Sociological Review,''  40:720-738.</ref><ref name="chasedunn1989">Chase-Dunn, Christopher. 1989. ''Global Formation: Structures of the World-Economy. ''  Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.</ref><ref name="bornschierandchasedunn1985">Bornschier, Volker, and Christopher Chase-Dunn. 1985. ''Transnational Corporations and Underdevelopment.''  New York: Praeger.</ref><ref name="bornschieretall1978">Bornschier, Volker, Christopher Chase-Dunn,and Richard Rubinson. 1978. "Cross-National Evidence of the Effects of Foreign Investment and Aid on Economic Growth and Inequality: A Survey of Findings and a Reanalysis ." ''American Journal of Sociology,''  84:651-683.</ref><ref name="snyderandkick1979">Snyder, Daudi, na Edward Kick. 1979. "“Structural Position in the World System and Economic Growth, 1955-1970: A Multiple Analysis of Transnational Interactions.” ''American Journal of Sociology,''  84:1096-1128.</ref><ref>Stokes, Randall, na Daudi Jaffee. 1982. "Another Look at the Export of Raw Materials and Economic Growth." American Sociological Review, 47:402-407.</ref><ref>Nolan, Patrick D. 1983. "Status in the World Economy and National Structure and Development." International ''Journal of Contemporary Sociology,'' 24:109-120.</ref> Hata hivyo, uchunguzi huo wote ulifanywa zaidi ya miaka ishirini iliyopita na ulitumia njia mbovu za kupata takwimu. Utafiti uliofanywa hivi karibuni unaonyesha kuwa kwa ujumla uwekezaji wa moja kwa moja wa kigeni hufaidi nchi pokezi ingawa athari zake si sawa kila mahali. Kutegemea sifa za nchi nyingine, huenda uwekezaji wa nchi za kigeni usiwe na athari yoyote, nzuri au mbaya, kwa maendeleo.<ref>Theodore H. Moran, Edward M. Graham na Magnus Blomström, eds. "Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Development?"  Peterson Institute for International Economics, Mei 2005 [http://bookstore.petersoninstitute.org/book-store/3810.html Peterson Institute and ] {{Wayback|url=http://bookstore.petersoninstitute.org/book-store/3810.html |date=20091203041632 }}[http://www.iie.com/publications/briefs/bk-fdi.pdf IIE.com] {{Wayback|url=http://www.iie.com/publications/briefs/bk-fdi.pdf |date=20100109015217 }}</ref><ref>Carkovic, Maria V na Levine, Ross, Does Foreign Direct Investment Accelerate Economic Growth ? (Juni 2002). [[University of Minnesota]] Department of Finance Working Paper. Inapatikana [http://ssrn.com/abstract=314924 SSRN.com au DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.314924]</ref> 

Nadharia za mfumo wa kidunia zinaonyesha ya kuwa sera bora zaidi inayoweza kufuatwa na nchi yoyote ni ile ya [[autarkia]] ama kufanya biashara na mataifa mengine yanayoendelea pekee. Hata hivyo, mataifa makubwa yaliyofuata sera hiyo kama vile Uchina na India kabla ya mwaka wa 1980 yalishuhudia kuzorota kwa uchumi na kuongezeka kwa umaskini. Baadhi ya mataifa ya Amerika ya Kusini ambayo pia yalijaribu kutegemea sera hiyo ya maendeleo kwa kutumia mtazamo wa ndani pia yalipata matokeo sawa na hayo.<ref>Smith na Todaro, "Economic Development". Addison-Wesley series in Ecnomics. 2006</ref> Inaonekana kuwa kuna sababu nyingi za athari mbaya ya utawala wa mataifa tajiri. Sababu kuu ni tatizo la ''kupotoka kwa miundo.'' Katika uchumi ambao haujapotoka [[maliasili]] huzindua mfululizo wa shughuli zinazoleta faida, [[nafasi za kazi]] na [[ukuaji]]. Tutachukua mfano wa nchi iliyoendelea na iliyo na idadi kubwa ya madini ya [[shaba]] ardhini. Nafasi za kazi zinapatikana na faida inatengenezwa kwanza kutokana na uchimbaji wa madini ya shaba. Kisha nafasi nyingine za kazi na faida zaidi inapatikana wakati shaba inapotengenezwa kuwa [[chuma]] na bidhaa hizi kuuzwa na kampuni [[ndogo ndogo]], ,ambazo pia zinaongeza nafasi za kazi na faida. Kutokana na mchakato huu wote, kuna mfululizo wa nafasi za kazi na faida ambazo huleta ukuaji wa kiuchumi pamoja na mapato ambayo yanaweza kutumika kuendeleza nchi kwa ujenzi wa vitu kama [[barabara]], [[umeme]] na [[taasisi za mafunzo]]. Lakini shaba ikichimbwa katika nchi inayoendelea na iliyo na uhusiano na nchi iliyoendelea, madini hayo yanapelekwa kwa nchi iliyoendelea ambako mfululizo wa kuitengeneza unamalizikia. Nafasi za kazi zilizosalia na faida zote zinzotokana na mfululizo wa shughuli hizi zinapotelea katika nchi zilizoendelea. Huu ni mfano wa kupotoka kwa miundo.<ref name="chasedunn1975"/> Athari nyingine ni ile ya kuvurugwa kwa [[ukulima]]. Kabla ya kuanzishwa kwa mfumo wa kisasa wa dunia, ukulima ulikuwa unafanywa ili kukidhi mahitaji ya kijamii, na kulikuwa hakuna haja ya kutumia mbinu za kilimo za kupunguza kiwango cha ajira. Kutokana na mbinu hizi za awali na ukosefu wa soko kubwa kwa bidhaa, chakula kilikuwa kinauzwa kwa bei ya chini zaidi, sehemu ya mashamba iliachiwa [[wakulima wadogo]], na nafasi za kazi zilikuwa nyingi zaidi. Hata hivyo, kutokana na ukulima wa mauzo katika nchi za nje na mbinu za kupunguza kiwango cha ajira kwa ukulima, chakula kimekuwa ghali zaidi, wakulima wadogo wanafukuzwa kutoka kwa mashamba ili nafasi zaidi ya kukuza bidhaa za kuuzwa katika soko la dunia ipatikane, na mashine zaidi zinatumiwa kufanya kazi, na hivyo kusababisha upungufu wa nafasi za kazi. Faida zinakiendea kikundi kidogo cha wanaomiliki ardhi na kampuni za kimataifa za kilimo, huku wasiomiliki ardhi wakipoteza kazi zao, ardhi, na mapato ambayo yananawazuia kuwa wanunuzi wanaohitajika kuhakikisha kukua kwa uchumi. Tatizo la tatu kwa mataifa yanayoendelea ni [[mizozano ya kitabaka]]. [[Tabaka la wenye uwezo wa kiuchumi na kisiasa]] katika mataifa yanayoendelea huwakaribisha zaidi watu kutoka tabaka la watu wanaomiliki makampuni kwa kuwa wanajua ya kwamba kampuni hizi zinafanya uwekezaji katika nchi zao kutokana na gharama ya chini ya [[ajira]] kiwango cha chini cha ushuru kutokuwa na [[vyama vya wafanyakazi]], na mambo mengine kama vile sheria dhaifu za mazingara, ambazo zinajali zaidi masilahi ya makampuni hayo ya kimataifa.

==Tazama pia==
* [[Nchi kulingana na kiwango cha kuzaa]]
* [[Nchi kulingana na pato la taifa]]
* [[Nchi kulingana na kiwango cha umaskini]]
* [[Mzunguko wa umaskini]]
* [[Kiwango cha maendeleo]]
* [[Maradhi ya ufukara]]
* [[Ugawaji wa mali]]
* [[Usalama wa chakula]]
* [[Njaa]]
* [[Maendeleo ya kimataifa]]
* [[Miaka anayotarajia mtu kuishi]]
* [[Kiwango cha elimu]]
* [[Ongezeko la idadi ya watu]]
* [[Kitongoji duni]]
* [[Watoto wa mitaani]]
* [[Masilahi]]
* [[Benki ya Dunia]]
* [[Siku ya Chakula Duniani]]

==Tanbihi==
{{Marejeo}}

==Kusoma zaidi==
<div class="references-2column">
* [http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/jhu/agresearchlive.asp Agricultural Research, Livelihoods, and Poverty: Studies of Economic and Social Impacts in Six Countries ] Ilihaririwa na Michelle Adato na Ruth Meinzen-Dick (2007), [[Johns Hopkins University Press]] [http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/fpr/pr16.pdf Food Policy Report (Brief)]
* [http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21050421~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html World Bank, Can South Asia End Poverty in a Generation?] {{Wayback|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/SOUTHASIAEXT/0,,contentMDK:21050421~pagePK:146736~piPK:146830~theSitePK:223547,00.html |date=20080415192500 }}
* [http://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/08/28/%e2%80%9ceducate-a-woman-you-educate-a-nation%e2%80%9d-%e2%80%93-south-africa-aims-to-improve-its-education-for-girls/ "Educate a Woman, You Educate a Nation" - South Africa Aims to Improve its Education for Girls] {{Wayback|url=http://womennewsnetwork.net/2007/08/28/%e2%80%9ceducate-a-woman-you-educate-a-nation%e2%80%9d-%e2%80%93-south-africa-aims-to-improve-its-education-for-girls/ |date=20091213070657 }} WNN - Women News Network.  28 Agosti 2007.  Lys Anzia
* [[Anthony Atkinson.]]  ''Poverty in Europe 1998''
* Betson, David M., and Jennifer L. Warlick "Alternative Historical Trends in Poverty."  American Economic Review 88:348-51.  1998. in JSTOR
* Brady , David "Rethinking the Sociological Measurement of Poverty" Social Forces 81#3 2003, uk. 715–751 Online in Project Muse. Ufupisho: Inaangazia makosa ya vipimo maalum za Amerika; inaangalia maendeleo kadhaa ya kinadharia na kimbinu katika upimaji wa umaskini. Inasema ya kuwa vipimo vya kupima kiwango cha umaskini vinapaswa (1) kupima viwango vinavyotofautiana katika historia kwa ufanisi; (2) viwe linganishi, sio visivyoweza kulinganishwa; (3) kutazama umaskini kama kutengwa kijamii; (4) Kuangalia athari za kodi, uhamishaji na faida katika nchi; na (5) kujumuisha kina cha umaskini na ukosefu wa usawa kati ya watu maskini. Kisha, makala haya yanachambua masomo ya kisoshiolojia yaliyochapishwa tangu 1990 ili waweze kutazama maoni yao kwa vigezo hivi. Makala haya yanatetea vipimo vitatu mbadala vya umaskini: kipimo cha vipindi, kipimo kinachotunia nambari, na ujumla wa nambari zote. Mwisho, kwa kutumia [[Uchunguzi wa mapato wa Luxembourg]], kinachunguza muundo wa mambo yanayojirudia baada ya majaribio kadhaa yanayotumia vipimo hivi vitatu, katika demokrasia za kibepari kutoka 1967 hadi 1997. Makadirio ya vipimo hivi vya umaskini yako wazi kwa wote.
* Buhmann, Brigitte, Lee Rainwater, Guenther Schmaus, na Timothy M. Smeeding.  1988. "Equivalence Scales, Well-Being, Inequality, and Poverty: Sensitivity Estimates Across Ten Countries Using the Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) Database." "Uhakiki wa Mapato na Mali 34:115-42.
* Cox, W. Michael, and Richard Alm. ''Myths of Rich and Poor''  1999
* Danziger, Sheldon H., and Daniel H. Weinberg "The Historical Record: Trends in Family Income, Inequality, and Poverty."  Kurasa za. 18-50 katika ''Confronting Poverty: Prescriptions for Change''  ilihaririwa na Sheldon H. Danziger, Gary D. Sandefur, na Daniel.  H. Weinberg. Russell Sage Foundation. 1994.
* Firebaugh, Glenn. "Empirics of World Income Inequality."  ''American Journal of Sociology''  (2000) 104:1597-1630. katika JSTOR
* [[Gans, Herbert, J.]] [http://www.sociology.org.uk/as4p3.pdf • Gans, Herbert, J., "The Uses of Poverty: The Poor Pay All",] Social Policy , Julai / Agosti 1971: uk. 20-24
* [[George, Abraham]], [http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/india/article.cfm?articleid=4114&amp;specialid=1&amp;CFID=1824805&amp;CFTOKEN=37907590 Wharton Business School Publications - Why the Fight Against Poverty is Failing: A Contrarian View]
* Gordon, David M. ''. Theories of Poverty and Underemployment: Orthodox, Radical, and Dual Labor Market Perspectives. ''  1972.
* Haveman, Robert H. ''Poverty Policy and Poverty Research''  [[University of Wisconsin Press]] 1987.
* John Iceland; ''Poverty in America : '' A Handbook University of California Press, 2003
* Alice O'Connor; ; "Poverty Research and Policy for the Post-Welfare Era" Annual Review of Sciology , 2000
* Osberg, Lars, na Kuan Xu. "International Comparisons of Poverty Intensity: Index Decomposition and Bootstrap Inference. ''" The Journal of Human Resources''  2000. 35:51-81.
* Paugam, Serge. "Poverty and Social Exclusion: A Sociological View."  Uk 41-62 katika ''The Future of European Welfare,''  imehaririwa na Martin Rhodes na Yves Meny, 1998.
* [[Pressman, Steven]], ''Poverty in America: An Annotated Bibliography. ''  University Press of America and Scarecrow Press, 1994
* Rothman, David J., (mhariri). "The Almshouse Experience", katika mfululizo ''Poverty,U.S.A The Historical Record '' 1971. ISBN 0-405-03092-4
* [[Amartya Sen;]] ''Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation''  Oxford University Press, 1982
* [[Amartya Sen.]] ''Development as Freedom''  (1999)
* Smeeding, Timothy M., Michael O'Higgins, na Lee Rainwater ''Poverty, Inequality and Income Distribution in Comparative Perspective.''  Urban Institute Press 1990.
* [[Stephen C. Smith]], ''Ending Global Poverty: A Guide to What Works,''  New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005
* Triest, Robert K. ""Has Poverty Gotten Worse?"  ''Journal of Economic Perspectives '' 1998.  12:97-114.
* Frank, Ellen, [http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2006/0106dollar.html ''Dr. Dollar: How Is Poverty Defined in Government Statistics?'' ] [[Dollars &amp; Sense]], Januari / Februari 2006
* Bergmann, Barbara. [http://www.dollarsandsense.org/archives/2000/0300bergmann.html "Deciding Who's Poor" ,] [[Dollars &amp; Sense]], Machi / Aprili 2000
* {{Cite book |author=Babb, Sarah |title=Behind the Development Banks: Washington Politics, World Poverty, and the Wealth of Nations |url=https://archive.org/details/behinddevelopmen0000babb |publisher=University of Chicago Press |year=2009 |pages= |isbn=9780226033655}}
* Richard Wilson na Kate Pickett. "The Spirit Level",  Allen Lane 2009
</div>

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons category|Poverty}}
* [http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html Disease control priorities project ] {{Wayback|url=http://www.dcp2.org/main/Home.html |date=20060406154431 }} Inachunguza faida za kiuchumi za kuanzisha huduma za afya
* [http://hrw.org Human Rights Watch] Inachunguza unyanyasaji wa watu katika mataifa yanayoendelea duniani.
* [http://www.lisproject.org Luxembourg Income Study] {{Wayback|url=http://www.lisproject.org/ |date=20051204101908 }} Ina takwimu nyingi kuhusu ukosefu wa usawa katika mapato na umaskini, na pa ina mamia ya makala ya uchunguzi yanayotumia takwimu hii.
* [http://www.multinationalmonitor.org Multinational Monitor] Ripoti kuhusu mambo mabaya yanayofanywa na makampuni duniani.
* [http://www.oecd.org Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development] Ina ripoti kuhusu maendeleo ya kiuchumi na uhusiano kati ya mataifa tajiri na maskini.
* [http://ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative (OPHI)] {{Wayback|url=http://ophi.qeh.ox.ac.uk/ |date=20090316073018 }} uchunguzi kuendeleza mtazamo wa maendeleo ya binadamu kuhusu kupunguza umaskini.
* [http://www.transparency.org Transparency International] Inachunguza matatizo ya serikali na ufisadi katika makampuni duniani.
* [http://www.un.org/english United Nations] mamia ya ripoti za bure yanaohusiana na maendeleo ya kiuchumi na kiwango cha kuishi katika mataifa mbalimbali duniani, kama vile ''Ripoti ya Maendeleo ya Binadamu''  inayotolewa kila ''mwaka.''
* [http://www.usaid.gov US Agency for International Development] USAID ndiyo shirika kuu ya serikali ya Amerika inayojishughulisha na kutoa misaada kwa mataifa yanayoendelea.
* [http://www.worldbank.org/ World Bank] Ina mamia ya ripoti zinazoweza kupakuliwa bila malipo, kama vile Ripoti ya kila mwaka ya Maendeleo Duniani.
* [http://www.wfp.org World Food Program] Ina uhusiano na Umoja wa Mataifa. Mpango wa Chakula Duniani hukusanya mamia ya ripoti kuhusu njaa na kuhakikisha kuwa kuna chakula cha kutosha duniani.
* [http://www.bridgesofhope.ca Bridges of Hope International Network of Development Agencies Inc.]
* [http://www.catholiccharitiesusa.org/poverty Campaign to Reduce Poverty in America] {{Wayback|url=http://www.catholiccharitiesusa.org/poverty |date=20081007023936 }}
* [http://www.one.org The ONE Campaign]
* [http://www.endpoverty2015.org/ The United Nations Millenium Campaign ]
* [http://www.standagainstpoverty.org/ Stand Against Poverty ]
[[Jamii:Elimu jamii]]
[[Jamii:Uchumi]]