Tazama chanzo cha Ukoloni Mamboleo

[[File:World 1898 empires colonies territory.png|thumb|right|300px|Falme na makoloni mwaka 1898.]]
[[File:Colonialism in 1945 updated legend.png|thumb|right|300px|Himaya na makoloni mwaka 1945]]
'''Ukoloni Mamboleo''' ni neno linalotumiwa na wakosoaji wa [[ukoloni]] kuelekezwa kwa [[nchi tajiri]] kuendelea kuingilia masuala ya [[nchi zinazoendelea]] baada ya ukoloni wenyewe kwisha kwa ukiukaji wa azimio la [[Umoja wa Mataifa]]. Wanakosoa mataifa ya kibepari kuhusika na [[dhuluma]] katika [[biashara]] ya kisasa na yaliyokuwa makoloni.

Wakosoaji wanasisitiza kwamba [[wafanyabiashara]] binafsi na makampuni ya biashara ya kigeni huendelea kunyonya [[rasilimali]] za mataifa baada ya enzi ya ukoloni kama ilivyotekelezwa kutoka [[karne ya 16]] hadi [[karne ya 20]]. 

Katika matumizi mapana, Ukoloni Mamboleo huweza kumaanisha ule ushiriki wa nchi zenye nguvu katika mambo ya nguvu chini ya nchi; hii ni muhimu hasa [[Amerika kusini]]. 

Kwa maana hii, Ukoloni Mamboleo huweza kutaja aina ya kisasa ya ukoloni, [[uchumi]] wa [[ubeberu]]: kwamba mataifa yenye nguvu kuishi kama wakoloni, na tabia hii inafananishwa na ukoloni.

== Ukoloni Mamboleo na ubeberu ==
{{quote|"Kadiri ubeberu utakavyoishi, kwa umbile lake utatawala nchi nyingine. Leo utawala huo unaitwa Ukoloni Mamboleo."| [[Che Guevara]], [[mwanamapinduzi]], [[1965]] <ref>[http://www.marxists.org/archive/guevara/1965/02/24.htm "At the Afro-Asian Conference in Algeria"] speech by [[Che Guevara]] to the Second Economic Seminar of Afro-Asian Solidarity in Algiers, Algeria on 24 Februari 1965</ref>}}
[[File:1989 CPA 6101.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Kwame Nkrumah]], [[rais]] wa kwanza wa [[Ghana]], na mmoja wa watunzi wa neno "Ukoloni Mamboleo": [[picha]] kwenye [[stempu]] ya [[Urusi]] (1972).]]
Neno Ukoloni Mamboleo lilianza kutumika, hasa kuhusu Afrika, baada ya mchakato wa kupata uhuru. Kisha kupata uhuru, baadhi ya viongozi wa kitaifa na makundi ya upinzani walisema kuwa nchi zao hazitakubali aina mpya ya ukoloni kutoka mataifa yaliyoendelea. Kwame Nkrumah, ambaye mwaka 1957 akawa kiongozi wa Ghana, aliwahi kufafanua Ukoloni Mamboleo  katika moja ya [[vitabu]] vyake, "Ukoloni Mamboleo, Hatua ya Mwisho wa Ubeberu" (1965), ambacho ni kama ugani wa kile cha [[Lenin]] "Ubeberu, Hatua ya Mwisho wa Ubepari" ([[1916]]), ambamo Lenin anasema kuwa ubeberu wa [[karne ya 19]] unategemeana na mahitaji ya mfumo wa kibepari. 

=== Harakati za Pan-Afrika na nchi zisizoegemea upande wowote ===
Ukoloni Mamboleo ulipata umaarufu baada ya mwanzo wa kupata uhuru kwingineko zaidi kwa kupitia shughuli za wasomi na viongozi wapya wa kujitegemea kutoka mataifa ya Afrika na harakati ya Pan-Africanist. Wengi wa viongozi hao walihudhuria [[Mkutano wa Bandung]] wa [[1955]], kupelekea uundwaji wa harakati za [[nchi zisizoegemea upande wowote]]. Mikutano ya All-African Peoples 'Conference (AAPC) mwishoni mwa [[miaka ya 1950]] na mapema [[miaka ya 1960]] kuenea Ukoloni Mamboleo kukosoa hii. 

Katika [[Vita Baridi]], nchi zisizoegemea pande zozote, na mashirika kama vile Shirika la Mshikamano na Watu wa Asia, Afrika na Amerika vilitaja Ukoloni Mamboleo kama adui wa pamoja.

===Uhusiano wa Ufaransa na viongozi wa Afrika===
[[File:MacKenzieSlcu.jpg|thumb|right|Mamluki kama hawa wa Marekani na Uingereza walitumika kupindua serikali katika makoloni ya zamani ya Ufaransa.]]
Mfano maarufu wa Ukoloni Mamboleo ni uhusiano wa [[Ufaransa]] na viongozi wa nchi huru mpya za Afrika kwa lengo la kuendelea kuzitawala. Mara ya kwanza kutumika ilikuwa kwa kwa rais wa [[Cote d'Ivoire]] [[Felix Houphouët-Boigny]], mfano wa uhusiano mzuri kati ya Ufaransa na Afrika wakati wa urais wa [[Charles de Gaulle]] ([[1958]]-[[1969]]).  

Viongozi walio karibu na Ufaransa (hasa wakati wa Vita Baridi) walikuwa kama mawakala wake na kudumisha [[Kifaransa]] barani Afrika ([[Jumuiya ya Kifaransa]] na baadaye [[Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie]]). Waliotajwa mara nyingi ni [[Omar Bongo]], Rais wa [[Gabon]], Felix Houphouët-Boigny, rais wa [[Cote d'Ivoire]], [[Gnassingbe Eyadema]],rais wa [[Togo]], [[Denis Sassou-Nguesso]], rais wa [[Jamhuri ya Kongo]], [[Idriss Déby]], rais wa [[Chad]], na [[Hamani Diori]], rais wa [[Niger]].

===Ubelgiji na Kongo===
Baada ya mchakato wa haraka wa kuacha huru [[Kongo ya Kibelgiji]], [[Ubelgiji]] iliendelea kudhibiti, kwa njia ya Société Générale de Belgique takriban 70% ya [[uchumi]] wa Kongo, hasa [[madini]] ya jimbo la [[Katanga]].

===Uingereza===
Wakosoaji wa mahusiano ya Uingereza na makoloni ya Afrika wanasema baadhi ya nchi huru mpya ziliendelea kutawaliwa kijeshi na kiuchumi kwa kisingizio cha kuleta maendeleo, kama vile [[Sierra Leone.]] <ref>[http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Imperialism_Neocolonialism/Imperialism_Neocolonialism.html thirdworldtraveler.com: Ukoloni Mamboleo] [http://www.parapundit.com/archives/001076.html parapundit.com /.] {{Wayback|url=http://www.parapundit.com/archives/001076.html |date=20090112024229 }}</ref>

==Ukoloni Mamboleo kama kutawala kiuchumi==
[[File:Mossadegh US21.jpg|thumb|right|Rais wa [[Marekani]], [[Harry S. Truman]] akimsalimu Mohammad Mosaddeq, [[Waziri Mkuu]] wa [[Iran]], [[1951]].]]
[[File:Jimmy Carter and Lt. Gen. Olusegun Obasanjo tour Lagos, Nigeria. - NARA - 178660.tif|thumb|right|Rais wa Marekani [[Jimmy Carter]] na Luteni Jenerali [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] huko [[Lagos]], [[Nigeria]], Aprili [[1978]].]]

===Mashirika ya kimataifa===
Wakosoaji wa Ukoloni Mamboleo pia wanasema kuwa uwekezaji na ma[[shirika]] ya kimataifa uliimarisha maendeleo duni. Katika baadhi ya nchi, [[ubinafsishaji]] wa [[rasilimali]] za kitaifa ulifuatiwa na kuongezeka kwa kiwango cha [[ukosefu wa ajira]], [[umaskini]], na kushuka kwa mapato. <ref>''[http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0404-06.htm Benki ya Dunia, IMF akatupa Kolombia Tailspin Into] {{Wayback|url=http://www.commondreams.org/views02/0404-06.htm |date=20120929095554 }} [[The Baltimore Sun]],''  4 Aprili 2002</ref> Hii ni kweli hasa katika mataifa ya [[Afrika Magharibi]] ya [[Guinea-Bissau]], [[Senegal]], na [[Mauritania]] ambapo [[uvuvi]] una historia muhimu kwa uchumi wa wenyeji. Kuanzia mwaka [[1979]], [[Umoja wa Ulaya]] ulianza kubana haki za uvuvi katika pwani ya Afrika Magharibi<ref> ''[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/14/world/africa/14fishing.html Ulaya Afrika inachukua Samaki, na Boatloads ya wahamiaji Follow] [[The New York Times]],''  14 Januari 2008</ref> kinyume cha Mkataba wa [[Umoja wa Mataifa]] juu ya bahari ambao unatambua umuhimu wa uvuvi kwa jamii. <ref> [[Umoja wa Mataifa 2007]]</ref>

===Taasisi za fedha za kimataifa===
[[File:Worldbank protest jakarta.jpg|thumb|right|[[Maandamano]] dhidi ya [[Benki ya Dunia]], [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], [[2004]].]]
Wakosoaji wa Ukoloni Mamboleo walitaka kukataa mikopo (hasa isiyolipika) kutoka kwa taasisi za fedha za kimataifa kama vile [[Shirika la Fedha la Kimataifa]] (IMF) na [[Benki ya Dunia]] (WB). Wao wanasema kwamba ili wapewa mikopo, na aina nyingine za misaada ya kiuchumi, mataifa dhaifu yanalazimika kuchukua hatua kwa maslahi ya kifedha ya IMF na Benki ya Dunia lakini dhidi ya uchumi wao yenyewe. ''Marekebisho ya miundo''  hayo yana athari ya kuongeza kuliko kupunguza umaskini ndani ya taifa. Watuhumiwa wa kushiriki katika ubeberu huo ni pamoja na Benki ya Dunia, Shirika la Biashara Duniani, [[G8]] na [[World Economic Forum]]. 

Wale ambao wanasema kwa hakika na ukweli kwamba Afrika leo inalipa pesa zaidi kila mwaka katika huduma ya malipo ya madeni ya IMF na Benki ya Dunia kuliko inayopata katika mikopo kutoka kwao, na hivyo mara nyingi kunyima wenyeji wa nchi hizo mahitaji halisi. Utegemezi huu unaruhusu [[IMF]] na [[Benki ya Dunia]] kulazimisha mipango yao juu ya mataifa haya. Marekebisho yanayotokana na mipango hiyo, hasa [[ubinafsishaji]], husababisha kuzorota kwa [[afya]], [[elimu]], na kutoweza kuendeleza [[miundombinu]], na [[maisha]] kwa jumla.

===Usawishi Mbadala===
Kutokana na akiba kubwa ya fedha, serikali ya [[China]] imeanza kucheza nafasi muhimu dhidi ya ushawishi wa IMF, kwa kukopesha baadhi ya nchi, kama vile Angola mwaka [[2006]]. <ref name="economist.com">''[http://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10795714 Uchina's Quest for Resources - A mwenye hasira joka] {{Wayback|url=http://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10795714 |date=20091130150156 }} [[The Economist]],''  13 Machi 2008</ref> Katika miaka ya karibuni, [[Jamhuri ya Watu wa China]] imejenga sana mahusiano na [[Afrika]],<ref>[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/IF08Ad02.html Jeshi migongo Uchina's Afrika adventure,] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120721210713/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/china/if08ad02.html |date=2012-07-21 }} [[Asia Times]]</ref> <ref> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6178897.stm Mbeki inaonya juu ya mahusiano ya China na Afrika]</ref> China kwa sasa ni wa pili kwa uhusiano mkubwa na Afrika, baada ya [[Marekani]]. Mnamo Agosti 2007, kulikuwa na raia 750,000 hivi wa Uchina wakifanya kazi au kuishi katika nchi mbalimbali za Afrika<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/17/africa/malawi.php |title=Kichina flocking katika idadi ya a new frontier: Afrika |accessdate=2007-08-18 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818183638/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/08/17/africa/malawi.php |archivedate=2007-08-18 }}</ref> <ref> [http://en.internationalism.org/wr/299/china-africa Kichina ubeberu katika Afrika]</ref> wakijipatia rasilimali - [[mafuta]], madini - ili kulisha uchumi wa nchi yao na kupanua masoko ya makampuni yake. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557/ |title=Uchina, Afrika, na Mafuta |accessdate=2009-12-04 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208133749/http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557 |archivedate=2009-02-08 }}</ref> <ref> [https://archive.today/20120801011706/www.greenleft.org.au/2007/701/36384 Je Uchina Afrika ubeberu mpya nguvu?]</ref> Mwaka 2006, biashara kwa njia mbili iliongezeka hadi dola bilioni 50. <ref> ''[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2006/11/01/2003334317 Je Uchina nguvu mpya ya ukoloni katika Afrika?]''  [[Taipei Times,|''Taipei Times,'' ]] 1 Novemba 2006</ref>

Mwaka [[2007]], serikali ya China na Kongo-Kinshasa ziliingia katika mkataba ambapo makampuni ya Kichina yanayomilikiwa na serikali yatatoa huduma mbalimbali (miradi ya miundombinu) katika kubadilishana na [[shaba]] ya migodi. <ref name="economist.com"></ref>

Watetezi wa [[haki za binadamu]] na wapinzani wa serikali ya [[Sudan]] wanaonyesha jinsi China ilivyotoa [[silaha]] na [[Ndege (uanahewa)|ndege]] ili kupata [[petroli]] na [[gesi ya asili]] namna ya kikoloni ili kudumisha udhibiti wao wa maliasili. <ref>http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/sudan1103/26.htm</ref> <ref>http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A21143-2004Dec22.html</ref> <ref> http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2007/04/16/artists_abetting_genocide/</ref> Kulingana na wakosoaji wa China, China inayotolea Sudan msaada wake kutishia kutumia kura ya turufu kwenye [[Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa]] kulinda Khartoum kutoka vikwazo juu ya [[Darfur]] ili kulinda maslahi yake nchini Sudan. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=460 |title=Nakala iliyohifadhiwa |accessdate=2009-12-04 |archivedate=2006-05-05 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060505120801/http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=460&language_id=1 }}</ref>

===Korea ya Kusini na ununuzi wa ardhi ===
Serikali tajiri na makampuni ya kimataifa yenye nguvu kutoka [[Korea ya Kusini]] zimenunua haraka mamilioni ya [[hekta]] za ardhi ya [[kilimo]] katika [[nchi zinazoendelea]] katika jitihada za kupata chakula.<ref> http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2009/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=12&amp;pr.y=13&amp;sy=2007&amp;ey=2007&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort = nchi &amp; ds =. &amp; br = 1 &amp; c = 512.941.914.446.612.666.614.668.311.672.213.946.911.137.193.962.122.674.912.676.313.548 , 419.556.513.678.316.181.913.682.124.684.339.273.638.921.514.948.218.943.963.686.616.688.223.518.516 , 728.918.558.748.138.618.196.522.278.622.692.156.694.624.142.626.449.628.564.228.283.924.853.233.288.632.293.636.566.634.964.238.182.662.453.960.968.423.922.935.714.128.862.611.716.321.456.243.722.248.942.469.718.253.724.642.576.643.936.939.961.644.813.819.199.172.184.132.524.646.361.648.362.915.364.134.732.652.366.174.734.328.144.258.146.656.463.654.528.336.923.263.738.268.578.532.537.944.742.176.866.534.369.536.744.429.186.433.925.178.746.436.926.136.466.343.112.158.111.439.298.916.927.664.846.826.299.542.582.443.474.917.754.544.698 &amp; s = NGDPD &amp; grp = 0 &amp; a =</ref> <ref> http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/113_48556.html</ref> Hivyo, serikali ya Korea Kusini sasa hutumia rasilimali za nchi maskini kwa kununua ng'ambo nishati na chakula, ili kuwa mmoja wa uchumi unaokua kwa kasi zaidi.

Park Yong-soo  wa Korea ya Kusini alisisitiza kuwa "taifa halizalishi tone moja ya [[mafuta yasiyosafishwa]] na [[viwanda]] vingine muhimu madini. Kwa nguvu ya ukuaji wa uchumi na kusaidia maisha ya watu, hatuwezi kusisitiza mno kiasi kwamba kupata rasilimali asili katika nchi za nje ni lazima kwa maisha yetu ya baadaye. <ref> http://koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/07/123_48943.html</ref> 

Mkuu wa [[Shirika la Chakula na Kilimo]] (FAO), [[Jacques Diouf]], ameonya kwamba kupanda katika nchi utata mikataba inaweza kutengeneza fomu ya "ukoloni mamboleo", kwa mataifa maskini kuzalisha chakula kwa ajili ya matajiri kwa gharama zao wenyewe na [[njaa]] ya watu.

==Njia nyingine za Ukoloni Mamboleo==
===Utamaduni===
Ukoloni Mamboleo unaeneza ''utamaduni wa kigeni'' ili kudhibiti mataifa mengine upande wa [[maadili]] na mitazamo kupitia [[vyombo vya habari]], [[lugha]], [[elimu]] na [[dini]], hatimaye kwa sababu za kiuchumi. Kwa mfano, waandishi wanachapa vizuri zaidi himaya ya kikoloni katika historia ya karne ya 19. 

Kuna seti ya [[nadharia]] katika [[falsafa]], [[filamu]], [[siasa]], [[sayansi]] na [[fasihi]] inayoshughulika na historia ya utamaduni wa [[utawala wa ukoloni]]. 

==Tazama pia==
* [[Soko huria]]
* [[Ubeberu]]
* [[Ukoloni]]
* [[Utandawazi]]
* [[Washington Consensus]]

==Tanbihi==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Marejeo==
* Opoku Agyeman. ''Nkrumah's Ghana and East Africa: Pan-Africanism and African interstate relations'' (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1992).
*{{Cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization |year= 2000 |series= INU societal research |volume= Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 |pages= }}
* Bill Ashcroft (ed., et al.) ''The post-colonial studies reader'' (Routledge, London, 1995).
* Yolamu R Barongo. ''neo-colonialism and African politics: A survey of the impact of neo-colonialism on African political behavior'' (Vantage Press, NY, 1980).
*[[Mongo Beti]],'' Main basse sur le Cameroun. Autopsie d'une décolonisation'' (1972), new edition La Découverte, Paris 2003 [A classical critique of neo-colonialism. Raymond Marcellin, the French Minister of the Interior at the time, tried to prohibit the book. It could only be published after fierce legal battles.]
* Frédéric Turpin. ''De Gaulle, Pompidou et l'Afrique (1958-1974): décoloniser et coopérer'' (Les Indes savantes, Paris, 2010. [Grounded on Foccart's previously inaccessibles archives]
* Kum-Kum Bhavnani. (ed., et al.) ''Feminist futures: Re-imagining women, culture and development'' (Zed Books, NY, 2003). See: Ming-yan Lai's "Of Rural Mothers, Urban Whores and Working Daughters: Women and the Critique of Neocolonial Development in Taiwan's Nativist Literature," pp.&nbsp;209–225.
* David Birmingham. ''The decolonization of Africa'' (Ohio University Press, 1995).
* Charles Cantalupo(ed.). ''The world of Ngugi wa Thiong'o'' (Africa World Press, 1995).
* Laura Chrisman and Benita Parry (ed.) ''Postcolonial theory and criticism'' (English Association, Cambridge, 2000).
* [[Renato Constantino]]. ''Neocolonial identity and counter-consciousness: Essays on cultural decolonization'' (Merlin Press, London, 1978).
* George A. W. Conway. ''A responsible complicity: Neo/colonial power-knowledge and the work of Foucault, Said, Spivak'' (University of Western Ontario Press, 1996).
* Julia V. Emberley. ''Thresholds of difference: feminist critique, native women's writings, postcolonial theory'' (University of Toronto Press, 1993).
* Nikolai Aleksandrovich Ermolov. ''Trojan horse of neo-colonialism: U.S. policy of training specialists for developing countries'' (Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1966).
* Thomas Gladwin. ''Slaves of the white myth: The psychology of neo-colonialism'' (Humanities Press, Atlantic Highlands, NJ, 1980).
*[[Lewis Gordon]]. Her Majesty's Other Children: Sketches of Racism from a Neocolonial Age (Rowman & Littlefield, 1997).
* Ankie M. M. Hoogvelt. ''Globalization and the postcolonial world: The new political economy of development'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001).
* J. M. Hobson, ''The Eastern Origins of Western Civilisation'' (Cambridge University Press, 2004).
*  M. B. Hooker. ''Legal pluralism; an introduction to colonial and neo-colonial laws'' (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1975).
* E.M. Kramer (ed.) ''The emerging monoculture: assimilation and the "model minority"'' (Praeger, Westport, Conn., 2003). See: Archana J. Bhatt's "Asian Indians and the Model Minority Narrative: A Neocolonial System," pp.&nbsp;203–221.
* [[Geir Lundestad]] (ed.) ''The fall of great powers: Peace, stability, and legitimacy'' (Scandinavian University Press, Oslo, 1994).
* [[Jean-Paul Sartre]]. 'Colonialism and neo-colonialism. Translated by Steve Brewer, Azzedine Haddour, Terry McWilliams Republished in the 2001 edition by Routledge France. ISBN 0-415-19145-9.
* Peccia, T., 2014, "The Theory of the Globe Scrambled by Social Networks: A New Sphere of Influence 2.0", Jura Gentium - Rivista di Filosofia del Diritto Internazionale e della Politica Globale, Sezione "L'Afghanistan Contemporaneo", http://www.juragentium.org/topics/wlgo/en/peccia.htm
* Stuart J. Seborer. ''U.S. neo-colonialism in Africa'' (International Publishers, NY, 1974).
* D. Simon. ''Cities, capital and development: African cities in the world economy'' (Halstead, NY, 1992).
* Phillip Singer(ed.) ''Traditional healing, new science or new colonialism": (essays in critique of medical anthropology)'' (Conch Magazine, Owerri, 1977).
* [[Jean Suret-Canale]]. ''Essays on African history: From the slave trade to neo-colonialism'' (Hurst, London 1988).
* Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o. ''Barrel of a pen: Resistance to repression in neo-colonial Kenya'' (Africa Research & Publications Project, 1983).
* [[Carlos Alzugaray Treto]]. El ocaso de un régimen neocolonial: Estados Unidos y la dictadura de Batista durante 1958,(The twilight of a neocolonial regime: The United States and Batista during 1958), in Temas: Cultura, Ideología y Sociedad, No.16-17, October 1998/March 1999, pp.&nbsp;29–41 (La Habana: Ministry of Culture).
* {{Cite book| last=United Nations |volume= XXVII | year=2007 | title=Reports of International Arbitral Awards | publisher=United Nations Publication |page=188 | isbn=978-92-1-033098-5 |ref=UN2007}}
* [[Richard Werbner]] (ed.) ''Postcolonial identities in Africa'' (Zed Books, NJ, 1996).

==Viungo vya nje==
* [http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557/ China, Africa, and Oil] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/9557/ |date=20090208133749 }}
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6178897.stm Mbeki warns on China-Africa ties]
* [http://www.marxists.org/glossary/terms/n/e.htm "neocolonialism" in Encyclopedia of Marxism.]
* [http://www.marxists.org/subject/africa/nkrumah/neo-colonialism/ ''Neo-Colonialism: The Last Stage of Imperialism'', by Kwame Nkrumah (former Prime Minister and President of Ghana), originally published 1965]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3869081.stm Comments by Prof. Jeffrey Sachs - BBC]
* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/vforum/03/globalization_inequality/jeffreySachs.ram Harvard economist Jeffrey Sachs video (ram) - hosted by Columbia Univ.]
* [http://www.afbis.com/analysis/neo-colonialism.html ''The myth of Neo-colonialism'' by Tunde Obadina, director of Africa Business Information Services (AfBIS)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.afbis.com/analysis/neo-colonialism.html |date=20100611074242 }}
* http://www.africahistory.net/imf.htm {{Wayback|url=http://www.africahistory.net/imf.htm |date=20100226180656 }} &mdash; ''IMF: Market Reform and Corporate Globalization'', by Dr. Gloria Emeagwali, Prof. of History and African Studies, Conne. State Univ.

===Vitini vya vyuo vikuu===
*[http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/staff/lasiiton/opetus/AFRICANDEVHIST/Tips.html Studying African development history: Study guides] {{Wayback|url=http://www.valt.helsinki.fi/staff/lasiiton/opetus/AFRICANDEVHIST/Tips.html |date=20081211020837 }}, Lauri Siitonen, Päivi Hasu, Wolfgang Zeller. [[Helsinki University]], 2007.
{{South-South}}
[[Category:Ukoloni]]
[[Category:Historia ya ukoloni]]
[[Category:Siasa]]
[[Category:Historia ya Afrika]]