Tazama chanzo cha Uandishi

[[File:Stipula fountain pen.jpg|thumb|[[Peni]] ya zamani.]]
'''Uandishi''' ni njia ya [[mawasiliano]] kati ya [[watu]] inayowakilisha [[lugha]] na [[hisia]] kwa [[alama]] na [[ishara]] zilizorekodiwa. 

Katika lugha nyingi, uandishi unakamilisha mawasiliano ya [[sauti]], ukitumia miundo yake, kama vile [[maneno]], [[sarufi]] na [[semantiki]]. 

Uandishi si lugha ya pekee, bali aina ya [[teknolojia]] iliyostawi pamoja na [[vifaa]] wilivyotengenezwa katika [[jamii]] fulani. 

Kilichopatikana kwa njia ya uandishi kinaitwa ''matini'', na anayeyapokea anaitwa msomaji. 

Sababu za kuandika zinajumuisha [[barua]], [[hadithi]], [[shajara]] na kutoa [[vitabu]]. 

Uandishi umewezesha kutunza [[kumbukumbu]] za [[historia]], kudumisha [[utamaduni]], kusambaza [[ujuzi]] na kuunda [[mifumo ya sheria]]. 

Pia ni muhimu katika kumwezesha mtu kutokeza ya kwake, kama wanavyofanya [[mshairi|washairi]] na watunzi wengine.  

Kadiri jamii zilivyostawi, zilihitaji mabadilishano ya [[taarifa]], utunzaji wa kumbukumbu mbalimbali (k.mf. [[hesabu]], sheria na [[mikataba]]). 

Kufikia [[milenia ya 4 KK]], [[biashara]] na [[utawala]] huko [[Mesopotamia]] vilizidi uwezo wa kumbukumbu ya [[binadamu]] na kuhitaji maandishi;<ref name="Robinson, 2003, p. 36">Robinson, 2003, p.&nbsp;36</ref> vilevile katika [[Misri ya Kale]] na [[Amerika ya Kati]].

==Tanbihi==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Marejeo==
{{Commons category|People writing}}
* <Cite>A History of Writing: From Hieroglyph to Multimedia</cite>, edited by Anne-Marie Christin, [http://www.flammarion.com/groupe/ Flammarion] {{Wayback|url=http://www.flammarion.com/groupe/ |date=20030812215212 }} (in French, hardcover: 408 pages, 2002, ISBN 2-08-010887-5)
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=momIk7nVNdkC ''In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language.''] By Joel M. Hoffman, 2004. Chapter 3 covers the invention of writing and its various stages.
* [http://www.ancientscripts.com/ws.html Origins of writing on AncientScripts.com]
* [http://www.museumofwriting.co.uk/ Museum of Writing] {{Wayback|url=http://www.museumofwriting.co.uk/ |date=20060424070220 }}: UK Museum of Writing with information on writing history and implements
* On ERIC Digests: [http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/writing.htm ''Writing Instruction: Current Practices in the Classroom''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/writing.htm |date=20160304054304 }}; [http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/development.htm ''Writing Development''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/development.htm |date=20040415092322 }}; [http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/views.htm ''Writing Instruction: Changing Views over the Years''] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ericdigests.org/2001-3/views.htm |date=20160304052125 }}
* [[Giulio Angioni|Angioni, Giulio]], ''La scrittura, una fabrilità semiotica'', in ''Fare, dire, sentire. L'identico e il diverso nelle culture'', il Maestrale, 2011, 149–169. ISBN 978-88-6429-020-1
* [http://www.childrenofthecode.org/Tour/c5/index.htm Children of the Code: The Power of Writing&nbsp;– Online Video]
* Powell, Barry B. 2009. ''Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization,'' Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-6256-2
* Reynolds, Jack 2004. ''Merleau-Ponty And Derrida: Intertwining Embodiment And Alterity'', Ohio University Press
* Rogers, Henry. 2005. ''Writing Systems: A Linguistic Approach.'' Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-23463-2 (hardcover); ISBN 0-631-23464-0 (paperback)
* {{cite book|last= Ankerl |first= Guy |title= Global communication without universal civilization |origyear= 2000 |series= INU societal research |volume= Vol.1: Coexisting contemporary civilizations : Arabo-Muslim, Bharati, Chinese, and Western |publisher= INU Press |location= Geneva |isbn= 2-88155-004-5 |pages= 59–66, 235s|year= 2000 }}
* Robinson, Andrew "The Origins of Writing" in David Crowley and Paul Heyer (eds) ''Communication in History: Technology, Culture, Society'' (Allyn and Bacon, 2003).
* Falkenstein, A. 1965 Zu den Tafeln aus Tartaria. Germania 43, 269–273
* Haarmann, H. 1990 Writing from Old Europe. The Journal of Indo-European Studies 17
* Lazarovici, Gh., Fl. Drasovean & Z. Maxim 2000 The Eagle&nbsp;– the Bird of death, regeneration resurrection and mesenger of Godds. Archaeological and ethnological problems. Tibiscum, 57–68
* Lazarovici, Gh., Fl. Drasovean & Z. Maxim 2000 The Eye&nbsp;– Symbol, Gesture, Expression.Tibiscum, 115–128
* Makkay, J. 1969 The Late Neolithic Tordos Group of Signs. Alba Regia 10, 9–50
* Makkay, J. 1984 Early Stamp Seals in South-East Europe. Budapest
* Masson, E. 1984 L' écriture dans les civilisations danubiennes néolithiques. Kadmos 23, 2, 89–123. Berlin & New York.
* Maxim, Z. 1997 Neo-eneoliticul din Transilvania. Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis 19. Cluj-Napoca
* Milojcic, Vl. 1963 Die Tontafeln von Tartaria (Siebenbürgen), und die Absolute Chronologie des mitteleeuropäischen Neolithikums.Germania 43, 266–268
* Paul, I. 1990 Mitograma de acum 8 milenii. Atheneum 1, p.&nbsp;28
* Paul, I. 1995 Vorgeschichtliche untersuchungen in Siebenburgen. Alba Iulia
* Vlassa, N. 1962 --- (Studia UBB 2), 23–30.
* Vlassa, N. 1962 --- (Dacia 7), 485–494;
* Vlassa, N. 1965 --- (Atti UISPP, Roma 1965), 267–269
* Vlassa, N. 1976 Contribuții la Problema racordării Neoliticul Transilvaniei, p.&nbsp;28–43, fig. 7-8
* Vlassa, N. 1976 Neoliticul Transilvaniei. Studii, articole, note. Bibliotheca Musei Napocensis 3. Cluj-Napoca
* Winn, Sham M. M. 1973 The Sings of the Vinca Culture
* Winn, Sham M. M. 1981 Pre-writing in Southeast Europe: The Sign System of the Vinca culture. BAR
* Merlini, Marco 2004 La scrittura è natta in Europa?, Roma (2004)
* Merlini, Marco and Gheorghe Lazarovici 2008 Luca, Sabin Adrian ed. "Settling discovery circumstances, dating and utilization of the Tărtăria Tablets"
* Merlini, Marco and Gheorghe Lazarovici 2005 "New archaeological data referring to Tărtăria tablets", in Documenta Praehistorica XXXII, Department of Archeology Faculty of Arts, University of Ljubljana. Ljubljana:2005-2019.

==Viungo vya nje==
* [http://www.uca.edu.ar/esp/sec-ffilosofia/esp/docs-institutos/s-cehao/boletin/damqatum3_eng2007.pdf Language, Writing and Alphabet: An Interview with Christophe Rico] [[Damqatum]] 3 (2007)
* [http://mediengeschichte.dnb.de/DBSMZBN/Web/EN/Navigation/SoundsSymbolsScript/sounds_symbols_script_doorpage.html "Signs - Books - Networks", virtual exhibition of the German Museum of Books and Writing i.a. with a thematic module on sounds, symbols and script]
* [http://www.pictopen.com Pictopen: Modern written communication based on pictograms]

{{mbegu}}

[[Category:Uandishi]]
[[Category:Mawasiliano]]
[[Category:Sanaa]]