Tazama chanzo cha Torati

[[Picha:Köln-Tora-und-Innenansicht-Synagoge-Glockengasse-040.JPG|thumb|300px|Gombo la [[Torati]] kwa [[Kiebrania]] katika [[sinagogi]] la [[Cologne]] ([[Ujerumani]]).]]
[[File:ReadingOfTheTorah.jpg|thumb|Torati ikisomwa sinagogini.]]
'''Torati''' (kwa [[Kiebrania]]: '''תורה''', Torah), maana yake ni ''fundisho'', ''mwongozo'' au ''[[sheria]]''. Kwa jina hilo vinatajwa kwa pamoja vitabu vitano vya kwanza vya [[Tanakh]], vinavyojulikana pia kwa jina lenye asili ya [[Kigiriki]] la '''Pentateuko''' (''pente'' maana yake ''tano'', ''teukhos'' maana yake [[kitabu]]).

== Vitabu vitano vya Torati ==
Vitabu vya Torah ni (majina ya vitabu kwa Kiebrania yanatokana na maneno yake ya kwanza): 
* ''[[Mwanzo]]'' (''Bereshit'': "Hapo mwanzo")
* ''[[Kutoka (Biblia)]]'' (''Shemot'': "Majina")
* ''[[Mambo ya Walawi]]'' (''Vayikra'': "Aliita")
* ''[[Hesabu (Biblia)|Hesabu]]'' (''Bamidbar'': "Jangwani") 
* ''[[Kumbukumbu la Torati]]'' (''Devarim'': "Maneno")

Torati si mkusanyo wa mpango wa sheria, bali hasa msingi wa ki[[teolojia]] wa [[imani]] ya [[Israeli]] ("[[Mungu]] mmoja, [[taifa]] moja, [[nchi]] moja") ambamo zinapatikana sheria nyingi pia pamoja na [[historia]] ya [[taifa la Mungu]]. Sheria zinaweza zikafanana na zile za ma[[kabila]] ya jirani, lakini zina mambo ya pekee yanayotokana hasa na imani ya kuwa [[Mungu]] ni mmoja tu. 

== Matumizi ya Torati ==
Kusoma Torah ni [[wajibu]] muhimu mmojawapo wa kila [[Myahudi]]. Ni [[desturi]] kusoma Torati nzima kwa [[mwaka]] mmoja katika [[ibada]] za [[sinagogi]]. Kwa kusudi hilo imegawiwa katika sehemu 54 (''parashoth'', wingi wa ''parasha'', yaani "sehemu"), kama zilivyo siku za [[Sabato]] katika miaka mirefu (yenye miezi 13). Wakati somo la sehemu zote limekamilika, kuna [[sherehe]] ya [[Simhat Torah]] katika sinagogi ambapo wote wanacheza pamoja na [[magombo]] ya Torati. 

Kwa matumizi katika ibada Torati huandikwa kwa [[mkono]] kwenye [[ngozi]] ambayo ni sharti itokane na [[mnyama]] ambaye ni [[kosher]] kwa mtazamo wa Kiyahudi. [[Mwandishi]] haruhusiwi kufanya kosa lolote akinakili matini. Gombo la Torati linaandikwa kwa [[herufi]] 304,805<ref>[https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/339590/jewish/How-Is-the-Torah-Made.htm How is the Torah made?], tovuti ya chabad.org, iliangaliwa Septemba 2022</ref>. Ngozi hiyo inaandaliwa kwa kushona [[ukurasa|kurasa]] zake 62 hadi 84 pamoja kama mlia mrefu ambako maneno huandikwa kwa nguzo; [[urefu]] wake ni kati ya mita 30 na 50 kutegemeana na namna ya kuandika. Mlia huo hufungwa na [[fimbo]] la [[ubao]] kila upande na hivyo unaweza kuviringishwa. Wakati wa kusoma gombo linafunguliwa hadi ukurasa unaotafutwa na msomaji anageuza bao akimaliza ukurasa mmoja. Wakati wa kusomwa ukurasa hauguswi kwa mkono. Kuna vifaa vya kudokeza sehemu inayosomwa.

Torati hutunzwa katika [[kabati]] au chumba cha pekee ndani ya sinagogi kinachoitwa "sanduku takatifu".

== Mtazamo wa Wayahudi kuhusu Torah ==
Kwa jina hilohilo [[Wayahudi]] wanamaanisha pia sheria ya [[dini]] yao kwa jumla, wakitofautisha ''Torah shebiktav'' (''sheria iliyoandikwa'' yaani vitabu hivyo vitano) na ''Torah shebehalpeh'' kwa [[mapokeo]] yote yaliyokubalika baadaye.

Torah ni [[msingi]] muhimu zaidi wa [[dini]] ya Kiyahudi na ya [[maadili]] yake yanatotegemea utekelezaji wa maagizo (mitzvot) 613. 

Kadiri ya mapokeo yao vitabu hivyo vilitolewa na [[Mwenyezi Mungu]] kwa [[Musa]] kwenye [[Mlima Sinai]]. Kwa hiyo hata [[herufi]] au [[ishara]] yake ndogo imewekwa na [[Mungu]] kama fundisho.

[[Mtaalamu|Wataalamu]] kuanzia mwisho wa [[karne ya 19]] wameonyesha kuwa maandiko hayo yametokana na mapokeo mbalimbali, hasa manne yanaoitwa ''J, E, D na P'', yaliyokuja kuunganishwa na hatimaye kupitishwa moja kwa moja katika [[karne ya 5 KK]].

==Mtazamo wa Wakristo kuhusu Torati==
[[Wakristo]] walipokea Torati kutoka kwa Wayahudi, kwa kuzingatia hasa maneno ya [[Yesu]]: "Msidhani kwamba nimekuja tangua Torati au Manabii; la, sikuja kutangua bali kukamilisha" ([[Math]] 5:17). Hivyo Wakristo hawakubali kutekeleza maagizo yote ya Torati yanavyofundishwa na Wayahudi, bali yalivyokamilishwa na Yesu. 

Sura hiyo ya Mathayo inatoa mifano 6 kuhusu tafsiri yake ya maneno juu ya [[upendo]] kwa [[jirani]]. Ni kama ifuatavyo:

17 "Msidhani ya kuwa nimekuja kutangua Sheria ya Mose na mafundisho ya manabii. Sikuja kutangua bali kukamilisha.

18 Kweli nawaambieni, mpaka hapo mbingu na dunia zitakapopita, hakuna hata nukta moja au sehemu ndogo kabisa ya Sheria itakayoondolewa, mpaka yote yametimia.

19 Basi, yeyote atakayevunja hata amri moja ndogo kuliko zote, na kuwafundisha wengine wafanye hivyo, huyo atakuwa mdogo kabisa katika Ufalme wa mbiguni. Lakini yule atakayezishika na kuwafundisha wengine, huyo atakuwa mkubwa katika Ufalme wa mbinguni.

20 Ndiyo maana nawaambieni, wema wenu usipozidi ule wa Mafarisayo na walimu wa Sheria, hamtaingia kamwe katika Ufalme wa mbinguni.

21 "Mmekwisha sikia ya kuwa watu wa kale waliambiwa: `Usiue! Atakayeua lazima ahukumiwe.`

22 Lakini mimi nawaambieni, yeyote anayemkasirikia ndugu yake, lazima ahukumiwe. Anayemdharau ndugu yake atapelekwa mahakamani. Anayemwita ndugu yake: `Pumbavu` atastahili kuingia katika moto wa Jehanamu.

23 Basi, ukipeleka sadaka yako mbele ya madhabahu na hapo ukakumbuka kwamba ndugu yako ana ugomvi nawe,

24 iache sadaka yako mbele ya madhabahu, nenda kwanza ukapatane na ndugu yako, ndipo urudi ukatoe sadaka yako.

25 "Patana na mshtaki wako upesi mkiwa bado njiani, kwenda mahakamani. La sivyo, mshtaki wako atakukabidhi kwa hakimu, naye hakimu atakukabidhi kwa askari, nawe utafungwa gerezani.

26 Kweli nakwambia, hutatoka humo mpaka umemaliza kulipa senti ya mwisho.

27 "Mmesikia ya kuwa watu waliambiwa: `Usizini!`

28 Lakini mimi nawaambieni, atakayemtazama mwanamke kwa kumtamani, amekwisha zini naye moyoni mwake.

29 Basi, kama jicho lako la kulia linakukosesha, ling`oe ukalitupe mbali. Afadhali zaidi kwako kupoteza kiungo kimoja cha mwili wako, kuliko mwili wako wote kutupwa katika moto wa Jehanamu.

30 Na kama mkono wako wa kulia unakukosesha, ukate ukautupe mbali. Afadhali zaidi kupoteza kiungo kimoja cha mwili, kuliko mwili wako wote uende katika moto wa Jehanamu.

31 "Ilikwisha semwa pia: `Anayemwacha mke wake, yampasa ampe hati ya talaka.`

32 Lakini mimi nawaambieni, anayempa mkewe talaka, isipokuwa kwa sababu ya uzinzi, anamfanya azini; na mtu akimwoa mwanamke aliyepewa talaka, anazini.

33 "Tena mmesikia kuwa watu wa kale waliambiwa: `Usivunje kiapo chako, bali ni lazima utimize kiapo chako kwa Bwana.`

34 Lakini mimi nawaambieni, msiape kamwe; wala kwa mbingu, maana ni kiti cha enzi cha Mungu;

35 wala kwa dunia, maana ni kiti chake cha kuwekea miguu; wala kwa Yerusalemu, maana ni mji wa Mfalme mkuu.

36 Wala usiape kwa kichwa chako, maana huwezi kuufanya hata unywele mmoja kuwa mweupe au mweusi.

37 Ukisema, `Ndiyo`, basi iwe `Ndiyo`; ukisema `Siyo`, basi iwe kweli `Siyo`. Chochote kinachozidi hayo hutoka kwa yule Mwovu.

38 "Mmesikia kwamba ilisemwa: `Jicho kwa jicho, jino kwa jino.`

39 Lakini mimi nawaambieni, usimlipize kisasi mtu mbaya. Mtu akikupiga kofi shavu la kulia, mgeuzie pia shavu la pili.

40 Mtu akikupeleka mahakamani kutaka kukuchukulia shati lako, mwache achukue pia koti lako.

41 Mtu akikulazimisha kubeba mzigo wake kilomita moja, ubebe kilomita mbili.

42 Akuombaye mpe, na mtu akitaka kukukopa kitu usimnyime.

43 "Mmesikia kwamba ilisemwa: `Mpende jirani yako na kumchukia adui yako.`

44 Lakini mimi nawaambieni, wapendeni adui zenu na kuwaombea wale wanaowadhulumu ninyi

45 ili mpate kuwa watoto wa Baba yenu aliye mbinguni. Kwa maana yeye huwaangazia jua lake watu wabaya na wema, na kuwanyeshea mvua watu wanyofu na waovu.

46 Je, mtapata tuzo gani kwa kuwapenda tu wale wanaowapenda ninyi? Hakuna! Kwa maana hata watoza ushuru hufanya hivyo!

47 Kama mkiwasalimu ndugu zenu tu, je, mmefanya kitu kisicho cha kawaida? Hata watu wasiomjua Mungu nao hufanya vivyo hivyo.

48 Basi, muwe wakamilifu kama Baba yenu wa mbinguni alivyo mkamilifu.

Tena, [[mtaguso]] wa [[Mitume wa Yesu|Mitume]] uliofanyika [[Yerusalemu]] [[mwaka]] [[49]] hivi uliamua watu wa [[Taifa|mataifa]] wanaojiunga na [[Kanisa]] wasidaiwe kufuata vipengele vyote vya Torati ([[Matendo ya Mitume|Mdo]] 15).

==Mtazamo wa Waislamu kuhusu Torati==
[[Kurani]] inazungumzia sana yaliyomo katika Torati na isisitiza sana baadhi ya sheria zake. Kuikubali ni kati ya misingi ya imani ya [[Uislamu]]. Waislamu huamini kwamba Torati ilikuwa kitabu kilishoshushwa kutoka mbinguni kwa ajili ya Musa jinsi inavyoandikwa katika Kurani 3:4<ref>(Mungu) "aliteremsha Taurati na Injili kabla (ya hiki) kuwa mwongozo kwa watu"; tafsiri ya Sheikh Abdullah Saleh Al-Farsy</ref>. Wasilamu wengu huamini kwamba Torati imebadilishwa au kuchafuliwa hivyo wanadai Wayahudi hawana tena Torati sahihi ya kiasili.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080513034243/http://www.ahmed-deedat.co.za/bible/07.html Ahmed Deedat: Is the Bible God's Word?], "The Taurat we Muslims believe in is not the "Torah" of the Jews and the Christians though the words - one Arabic, the other Hebrew - are the same. We believe that whatever the Holy Prophet Moses (Peace be upon him) preached to his people, was the revelation from God Almighty, but that Moses was not the author of those "books" attributed to him by the Jews and the Christians."</ref>

==Tanbihi==
{{marejeo}}

==Marejeo==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
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: {{Cite book|last=Birnbaum|first=Philip|title=Encyclopedia of Jewish Concepts|publisher=Wadsworth|year=1979}}
: {{Cite book|last=Blenkinsopp|first=Joseph|title=Treasures old and new: essays in the theology of the Pentateuch|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2004|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=wq0YsOpTjKIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Treasures+old+and+new:+essays+in+the+theology+of+the+Pentateuch#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780802826794}}
: {{Cite book|last1=Campbell|first1=Antony F|last2=O'Brien|first2=Mark A|title=Sources of the Pentateuch: texts, introductions, annotations|publisher=Fortress Press|year=1993|url=http://books.google.com/?id=cwhICpcHBsQC&pg=PR3&dq=Sources+of+the+bible#v=onepage&q=Sources%20of%20the%20bible&f=false|isbn=9781451413670}}
: {{Cite book|last=Carr|first=David M|title=Reading the fractures of Genesis|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1996|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=8UJctZxFHikC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Reading+the+fractures+of+Genesis:+historical+and+literary+approaches#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780664220716}}
: {{Cite book|last=Clines|first=David A|title=The theme of the Pentateuch|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press|year=1997|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=Z45ullcFRG8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Clines+Theme+of+the+Pentateuch#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780567431967}}
: {{Cite book|last=Davies|first=G.I|chapter=Introduction to the Pentateuch|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=3surkLVdw3UC&pg=PA12&dq=Oxford+Bible+Commentary+Introduction+to+the+Pentateuch#v=onepage&q=Oxford%20Bible%20Commentary%20Introduction%20to%20the%20Pentateuch&f=false|editor=John Barton|title=Oxford Bible Commentary|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=1998|isbn=9780198755005}}
: {{Cite book|last=Friedman|first=Richard Elliot|title=Commentary on the Torah With a New English Translation|url=https://archive.org/details/commentaryontora0000frie|publisher=Harper Collins Publishers|year=2001}}
: {{Cite book|last=Gooder|first=Paula|title=The Pentateuch: a story of beginnings|publisher=T&T Clark|year=2000|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=49XpvvO-Oq0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Pentateuch+Paula+Gooder#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780567084187}}
: {{Cite book|last1=Kugler|first1=Robert|last2=Hartin|first2=Patrick|title=The Old Testament between theology and history: a critical survey|publisher=Eerdmans|year=2009|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=L8WbXbPjxpoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Robert+Kugler,+Patrick+Hartin#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780802846365}}
: {{Cite book|last1=Levin|first1=Christoph L|title=The Old testament: a brief introduction|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2005|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7geSuBAQ1e0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Old+testament:+a+brief+introduction+Christoph+Levin#v=onepage&q&f=true|isbn=9780691113944}}
: {{Cite book|last=McEntire|first=Mark|title=Struggling with God: An Introduction to the Pentateuch|publisher=Mercer University Press|year=2008|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=VwOs9f1FpmsC&pg=PA87&dq=william+propp+exodus+1-18#v=onepage&q=william%20propp%20exodus%201-18&f=false|isbn=9780881461015}}
: {{Cite book|last=Ska|first=Jean-Louis|title=Introduction to reading the Pentateuch|publisher=Eisenbrauns|year=2006|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=7cdy67ZvzdkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Introduction+to+reading+the+Pentateuch+Jean+Louis+Ska#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9781575061221}}
: {{Cite book|last=Van Seters|first=John|chapter=The Pentateuch|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=owwhpmIVgSAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Hebrew+Bible+today:+an+introduction+to+critical+issues#v=onepage&q&f=false|editor=Steven L. McKenzie, Matt Patrick Graham|title=The Hebrew Bible today: an introduction to critical issues|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press|year=1998|isbn=9780664256524}}
: {{Cite book|last=Van Seters|first=John|title=The Pentateuch: a social-science commentary|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|year=2004|url=http://books.google.com/?id=T-Vi9eK_vS0C&pg=PA7&dq=Sources+of+the+bible#v=onepage&q=Sources%20of%20the%20bible&f=false|isbn=9780567080882}}
: {{Cite book|last=Walsh|first=Jerome T|title=Style and structure in Biblical Hebrew narrative|publisher=Liturgical Press|year=2001|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=hGeXrcQTZ2kC&printsec=frontcover&dq=style+and+structure+in+biblical+hebrew+narrative#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780814658970}}
{{refend}}

==Marejeo mengine==
{{refbegin|30em|indent=yes}}
: Friedman, Richard Elliott, ''Who Wrote the Bible?'', HarperSanFrancisco, 1997
: Welhausen, Julius, ''Prolegomena to the History of Israel'', Scholars Press, 1994 (reprint of 1885)
: Kantor, Mattis, ''The Jewish time line encyclopedia: A year-by-year history from Creation to the present'', Jason Aronson Inc., London, 1992
: Wheeler, Brannon M., ''Moses in the Quran and Islamic Exegesis'', Routledge, 2002
: DeSilva, David Arthur, ''An Introduction to the New Testament: Contexts, Methods & Ministry'', InterVarsity Press, 2004
: Alcalay, Reuben., ''The Complete Hebrew – English dictionary'', vol 2, Hemed Books, New York, 1996 ISBN 978-965-448-179-3
: Scherman, Nosson, (ed.), Tanakh, Vol. I, The Torah, (Stone edition), Mesorah Publications, Ltd., New York, 2001
: Heschel, Abraham Joshua, Tucker, Gordon & Levin, Leonard, ''Heavenly Torah: As Refracted Through the Generations'', London, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005
: Hubbard, David "The Literary Sources of the Kebra Nagast" ''Ph.D. dissertation St Andrews University, Scotland, 1956''
{{refend}}

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons category|Torah}}
*[http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=265&letter=T&search=Torah Jewish Encyclopedia: Torah]
*[http://www.torahvort.com Great resource of Torah (for the Shabbat Torah portions)]
*{{he icon}} [http://www.bethemeth.org/torahreadings/index.htm Three Complete Kosher Sefer Torah Scrolls for Study online (Congregation Beth Emeth of Northern Virginia)] {{Wayback|url=http://www.bethemeth.org/torahreadings/index.htm |date=20120120050244 }}
*{{he icon}} [http://www.saad.org.il/elihu/bereshit/bereshit.html Sefer Torah Scroll for Study online with Megillot and commentaries] {{Wayback|url=http://www.saad.org.il/elihu/bereshit/bereshit.html |date=20110709184728 }}
*[http://bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp Computer generated Sefer Torah for Study online with translation, transliteration and chanting (WorldORT)] {{Wayback|url=http://bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp |date=20110701235351 }}
*[http://www.jr.co.il/hotsites/j-torah.htm Online Torah Resources—weekly parsha pages, learning resources by topic]
*[http://sites.google.com/site/interlinearpentateuch/ Interlinear Pentateuch (with Idiomatic Translation, Samaritan Pentateuch and Morphology)]
*[http://www.iclnet.org/pub/resources/text/ipb-e/tanach/ipbe-tn.html The Tanach Page - ך"נתה לש ףדה]
*[http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11364/ Damascus Pentateuch] from around 1000 CE

[[Jamii:Biblia]]
[[Jamii:Misahafu]]
[[Jamii:Uyahudi]]
[[Jamii:Vitabu vya Agano la Kale]]