Public Enemy
| Public Enemy | |
|---|---|
 Public Enemy wakitumbuiza mnamo 2000. Kushoto; kulia: Flavor Flav na Chuck D. | |
| Taarifa za awali | |
| Chimbuko | Hempstead, New York, U.S. |
| Aina ya muziki | East Coast hip-hop, political hip-hop, hardcore hip-hop, progressive rap[1] |
| Miaka ya kazi | 1985–present |
| Studio | Def Jam, Columbia, PIAS |
| Ameshirikiana na | PE 2.0, The Bomb Squad, Paris, Beastie Boys, Anthrax, Young Black Teenagers, Boogie Down Productions, Prophets of Rage |
| Wavuti | publicenemy.com |
Public Enemy ni kundi la hip hop kutoka Marekani lililoundwa huko Roosevelt, New York mwaka 1985 na Chuck D na Flavor Flav.[2][3] Kundi hili lilipata umaarufu kutokana na ujumbe wao wa kisiasa, ukiangazia masuala kama ubaguzi wa rangi Marekani na vyombo vya habari Marekani. Albamu yao ya kwanza, Yo! Bum Rush the Show, ilitolewa mwaka 1987 na kupokewa vyema na wakosoaji, na albamu yao ya pili, It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back (1988), ilikuwa albamu ya kwanza ya hip hop kushika nafasi ya kwanza kwenye kura ya wakosoaji wa The Village Voice Pazz & Jop.[4] Albamu zao tatu zilizofuata — Fear of a Black Planet (1990), Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black (1991), na Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age (1994) — nazo zilipokelewa vyema. Tangu wakati huo, kundi limeachia albamu nyingine kumi na mbili, ikiwa ni pamoja na muziki wa filamu ya michezo na maigizo He Got Game (1998) na albamu ya ushirikiano na Paris, Rebirth of a Nation (2006).
Public Enemy imepitia mabadiliko mengi ya wanachama kwa miaka mingi, huku Chuck D na Flavor Flav wakiwa wanachama wa kudumu. Mwanzilishi mwenza Professor Griff aliondoka mwaka 1989 lakini alirudi mwaka 1998, kabla ya kuondoka tena miaka kadhaa baadaye. DJ Lord alijiunga na kundi mwaka huo huo 1998, kuchukua nafasi ya DJ wa awali Terminator X. Mwaka 2020, ilitangazwa kuwa Flavor Flav alifukuzwa kutoka kwenye kundi.[3] Baadaye ilifichuliwa kuwa kufukuzwa kwake kulikuwa ni mbinu ya matangazo na ilikuwa mzaha wa April Fools' Day.[5][6] Public Enemy, bila Flavor Flav, waliendelea kufanya ziara na kurekodi muziki chini ya jina la Public Enemy Radio, lililojumuisha Chuck D, Jahi, DJ Lord na S1Ws.
Albamu nne za mwanzo za Public Enemy kutoka mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1980 hadi mapema miaka ya 1990 zote zilithibitishwa kupata dhahabu au platinamu. Kwa mujibu wa mkosoaji wa muziki Robert Hilburn mwaka 1998, ilikuwa "mwili wa kazi uliosifiwa zaidi kuwahi kurekodiwa na kikundi cha hip hop".[7] Mkosaji Stephen Thomas Erlewine aliwaita "kundi lenye ushawishi mkubwa na la kimapinduzi zaidi wa wakati wao".[8] Walitambulishwa rasmi katika Rock and Roll Hall of Fame mwaka 2013.[9] Pia walitunukiwa Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award katika Tuzo za Grammy za 62.
Historia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]1985–1987: Kuundwa na miaka ya awali
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
Public Enemy iliundwa mwaka 1985 na Carlton Ridenhour (Chuck D) na William Drayton (Flavor Flav), waliokutana Chuo Kikuu cha Adelphi huko Long Island katikati ya miaka ya 1980.[onesha uthibitisho]
Chuck D alikuza kipaji chake cha MC akiwa na Flav wakati wa kazi ya kusafirisha samani kwa biashara ya baba yake. Kundi hilo, lililojulikana awali kama Spectrum City, lilitoa rekodi "Check Out the Radio", ikiungwa mkono na "Lies", maoni ya kijamii — zote zikiwa na athari kwa Run–D.M.C. na Beastie Boys wa RUSH Productions.[10] Chuck D alitoa kanda ili kuitangaza WBAU (redio aliyokuwa akifanya kazi) na kumkabili MC wa eneo hilo aliyemtaka kubishana kwa mashairi. Aliipa jina la kanda hiyo Public Enemy #1 kwa sababu alihisi kama anasingiziwa au kudhulumiwa na watu wa eneo hilo.[onesha uthibitisho] Hili lilikuwa kumbukumbu ya kwanza ya wazo la adui wa umma katika nyimbo za Chuck D. Wimbo huo uliandaliwa na Chuck D akishirikiana na Flavor Flav, kabla ya kundi la Public Enemy kuundwa rasmi.[onesha uthibitisho]
Mnamo 1986, Bill Stephney, aliyekuwa Mkurugenzi wa Mipango wa WBAU, alikaribishwa na Sam Mulderrig, aliyempa kazi katika kampuni ya kurekodi.[onesha uthibitisho] Stephney alikubali, na kazi yake ya kwanza ilikuwa kumsaidia mtayarishaji chipukizi Rick Rubin kumsaini Chuck D, ambaye Rubin alimsikia kupitia wimbo "Public Enemy Number One" kupitia Andre "Doctor Dré" Brown.[onesha uthibitisho]
Kwa mujibu wa kitabu The History of Rap Music cha Cookie Lommel, "Stephney aliona kuwa ilikuwa wakati wa kuunganisha mtindo mkali wa Run DMC na siasa zinazohusu vijana wa Kiafrika-Amerika. Chuck aliwaalika washirika wa Spectrum City, wakiwemo Hank Shocklee, kaka yake Keith Shocklee, na Eric "Vietnam" Sadler, waliounda the Bomb Squad, kuwa timu yake ya uzalishaji, na kuongeza mshirika mwingine wa Spectrum City, Professor Griff, kuwa Waziri wa Habari wa kundi hilo. Kwa kuongeza Flavor Flav na DJ mwingine wa eneo hilo aitwaye Terminator X, kundi la Public Enemy likazaliwa".[onesha uthibitisho] Kwa mujibu wa Chuck, S1W, ambalo lina maana ya Security of the First World, "linawakilisha kuwa Mtu Mweusi anaweza kuwa na akili sawa na nguvu. Inawakilisha ukweli kwamba sisi si watu wa Dunia ya Tatu, bali Dunia ya Kwanza; sisi ndio watu wa asili".[11] Hank Shocklee alikuja na jina la Public Enemy kutokana na "mapenzi ya wanyonge na siasa zinazokua" na pia kutokana na wazo kutoka kwa mfanyakazi wa Def Jam, Bill Stephney, baada ya matukio ya Howard Beach racial incident, Bernhard Goetz, na death of Michael Stewart: "Mtu Mweusi ni adui wa umma." [12]
Public Enemy walianza kama kundi la kufungua maonyesho ya Beastie Boys wakati wa umaarufu wa albamu yao ya Licensed to Ill.
Diskografia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]| Namba | Jina la Albamu | Mwaka wa Kutolewa | Mtayarishaji |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Yo! Bum Rush the Show | 1987 | Rick Rubin, The Bomb Squad |
| 2 | It Takes a Nation of Millions to Hold Us Back | 1988 | The Bomb Squad |
| 3 | Fear of a Black Planet | 1990 | The Bomb Squad |
| 4 | Apocalypse 91... The Enemy Strikes Black | 1991 | The Bomb Squad, Gary G-Wiz |
| 5 | Muse Sick-n-Hour Mess Age | 1994 | The Bomb Squad, Gary G-Wiz |
| 6 | He Got Game (soundtrack) | 1998 | The Bomb Squad, Hank Shocklee |
| 7 | There's a Poison Goin' On | 1999 | Public Enemy |
| 8 | Revolverlution | 2002 | Public Enemy |
| 9 | Rebirth of a Nation (na Paris) | 2006 | Paris |
| 10 | How You Sell Soul to a Soulless People Who Sold Their Soul? | 2007 | Gary G-Wiz |
| 11 | Most of My Heroes Still Don't Appear on No Stamp | 2012 | Gary G-Wiz |
| 12 | The Evil Empire of Everything | 2012 | Gary G-Wiz |
| 13 | Man Plans God Laughs | 2015 | Gary G-Wiz |
| 14 | Nothing Is Quick in the Desert | 2017 | Public Enemy |
| 15 | What You Gonna Do When the Grid Goes Down? | 2020 | Various producers (akiwemo DJ Premier, Easy Mo Bee) |
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Pinn, Anthony (2005). "Rap Music and Its Message". Katika Forbes, Bruce; Mahan, Jeffrey H. (whr.). Religion and Popular Culture in America. University of California Press. uk. 262. ISBN 9780520932579. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 1, 2021 – kutoka Google Books.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Flavor of the month". TheGuardian.com (kwa Kiingereza). Julai 9, 2000. Iliwekwa mnamo Septemba 26, 2019.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 "Public Enemy is 'moving forward without Flavor Flav' after Bernie Sanders rally dispute". USA Today (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 6, 2020.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:0 - ↑ Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named:2 - ↑ "On April Fools' Day, Public Enemy reveals Flavor Flav's firing was a hoax". Los Angeles Times (kwa American English). Aprili 1, 2020. Iliwekwa mnamo Julai 9, 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Hilburn, Robert (Julai 5, 1998). "Is Anyone Out There Really Listening?". Los Angeles Times. Iliwekwa mnamo Juni 11, 2013.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas. "Public Enemy – Biography & History". AllMusic. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 4, 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ "Public Enemy, Rush, Heart, Donna Summer to be inducted into Rock and Roll Hall of Fame". EW.com (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo Julai 16, 2018.
{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - ↑ Chang 2005, pp. 239, 241–242.
- ↑ Chuck D. and Yusuf Jah, Fight the Power, p. 82.
- ↑ Chang 2005, p. 247.
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Tovuti rasmi (Kiingereza)
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Makala hii kuhusu muziki wa Marekani bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Public Enemy kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |