Mtumiaji:Kipala /Msamiati1

Msamiati wa Historia Kuu ya Afrika III
Afrika Kuanzia Karne ya Saba Hadi ya Kumi na Moja

Haikusahihishwa bado, kopi ya pdf

Majina

Abidjan: Abijani
Abyssinia/Uhabeshi: Abyssinia
Afrika Kusini: South Africa
Afrika Magharibi: West Africa
Afrika Mashariki: East Africa
Afrika ya Kusini: Southern Africa
Afrika ya Magharibi: Western Africa
Afrika ya Mashariki: Eastern Africa
AjemilUajemi: Persia
Ajjer: Adjdjer
Akkra: Accra
Aksum: Axum
Aktika: Arctic
Amerika: America
Antalctika: Antarctica
Antiokia: Antioch
Asia Ndogo: Asia Minor
Assajen: Assadien
Augustio:Augustine
Aurinyaki: Aurignac
Awilla: Aw4jila
Azugui: Azougui
Bahari ya Mediterania: ... Mediterranean Sea
Baleari, visiwa vya: Balearic
islands
Bara Hindi/India: India
Barselona: Barcelona
Bijay: Bi4jay
Bizante: Byzentium
Bizasena: Bizacena
Bonde la Ufa: Lift Valley
Buar: Bouar
Bukini/Madagaska: Madagascar
Bussura: Boussoura
Chokwe: Cokwe
Daud: Daoud
Diula: Dioula
Efurata: Ephrates
Ekwado: Equador
Ethiopia/Uhabeshi: EthiopiaiAbbysinia
Filandia: Flanders
Grikwa: Griqua
Gwadalkivir: Guadalquvir
Hijaz: Hidjaz
Hispanla: Spain
Hungaria: Hungary
Irak: Iraq
Jabal: Diabal
Jadid: ~adid
Jadu: ~a.ru
laja: ~adja
Jalil: Djalil
Jalu: ~alu
Jalula: Djalula
Jarna: Djama
Janet: Djanet
Jarman: Djannan
Jaret: ~aret
Jarid: ~arid
Javal: Djaval
Jerba: Djerba
Jibralta: Gibraltar
JiI: Djil
Jilmi: DjiImi
.Judalla: Djudalla
Judham: Djudham
Kairo: Cairo
417
Afrika kuanzia kame ya Saba hadi ya kumi na moja
418
Kajor: Cajor
Kalabari: Calabar
Kalabria: Calabria
Kameruni: Cameroon
Kanari, visiwa vya: Canary Islands
Kanton: Canton
Kantor: Cantor
Karibiani: Caribbean
Karteji: Carthage
Kasamansi: Casamance
Kastile: Castile
Kilimarri: Quelimane
Koloni la Rasi/Cape: Cape Colony
Kontonu: Contonou
Kordoba: Cordoba
Krcte: Crete
Krioli: Creole
Kuba: Cuba
Kumbi: Koumbi (rnji)
Kupros: Cyprus
Kushi: Cush
Laghwat: Laghouat
Levanti: Levant
Lwango: Loango
Maka/Makka: Mecca
Maldive: Maldives
Marekani: U.S.A
Mashariki ya Karibu: Near East
Mashariki ya Mbali: Far East
Mcmfisi: Memphis
Meroe: Meroe
Mctuteki: Mertoutek
Misri: Egypt
Mmoori/Chotara wa kiberiberi: Moor
Monte Kassino: Monte Cassino
Moroko: Monocco
Najid: Nadjd
Ngazija/Komoro: Comoro
Nili: Nile
Njimi: Ndjimi
Nova Skotia: Nova Scotia
Nubia/Unubi: Nubia
NY3miIJa: Niaruina
Nyani: Niani
Nyoro (ya Afrika magharibi): Nioro
Pasiftki, Bahari ya: Pacific Ocean
Pembe ya Afrika: The HotTI
. Punti: Punt'
RurnilRoma: Rome
Sabta: Ccuta
Saheli: Sahel
Saura: Saoura
Sharnu, bahari ya: Red Sea
Sharuu: Syria
Shclif: Chclif
Shiroda: Sehroda
Silsile: Silsileh
Sirenaika: Cyrenaica
Sirta; Cirta
Sis ilia: Sicily
Songhai: Songhay
Sudani: Sudan
Suezi: Suez
Tanja: Tangiers
Tegdaust: Tegdaoust
Thcba: Thcbes
Tilimsan: Tlcmeccn
Tissukai: Tissoukai
Tondidaru: Tondidarou
Transoksania: Transoxania
Ubizenti; Byzentium
Udachi: Germany
Ugriki: Greece (Modem)
Uhabeshi: Abyssinia
Uholanzi: Netherlands/Holland
Ujcruruani/Udachi: Germany
Ulasia: Eurasia
Ushclishcli: Seychelles
Ussuye: Oussouye
Uturuki/-a Kituruki: Turkey/ Ottoman
Uyunani: Greece (Ancient)
Wahiguya: Ouahigouya
Wajaksanke: Jaxaankc
Walata: Oualata
Wan: Ouan
Warjilan: Wardjlan
Wassulu: Ouassoulou
Yerusalemu: Jerusalem
Zallaka: Zallaca

Sherehe ya ABC

A B C

(mwelekeo) tovu: centripetal
(Mwelekeo) pcwa: centrifugal
-a ardhini: sub-terranean
-a Asheuli (kipindi kilichotangulia enzi za kale za mawe): Acheulian
-a Ateri: Aterian
-a barafuto: glacial
-a baridi: passive
-a biashara: merchantilist
-a kadiri: moderate
-a Kafua: Kafuan
-a kale sana: primeval
-a kando ya mto: riverine
-a karibu na ikweta: sub-equatorial
-a karibu na tropiki: sub-tropical
-a kati ya maziwa: interlacustrine
-a kienyejilkijanibu: local
-a kifahari/-ajuu: loft
-a kiinjiIi: evangelical
-a kikaida: stylized
-a kina: profound
-a kiosteodontokerati:osteodontokeratic
-a kipindi cha tatu: tertiary
-a Kirumi: romance
-a Kiyunani: Hellenic
-a kudhuru pande zote.internecine
-a kukeni: matrilineal
-a kulazimisha/a kudhibitil –a: coercive
-a kupcnda usawa: egalitarian
-a kupokczana: relay
-a kustakimu: sedentary
-a kuumeni: patrilineal
-a Lupcmba: Lupcmban
-a majini: aquatic
-a rnakali-kuwili: biface
-a maumbiIe: physical
-a mawe: lithic/stone
-a Mosteri: Mousterian
-a msingi: rudimentary
-a mviringo: spheroid
-a mvua nyingi: pluvial
-a mwisho: terminal
-a mzunguko: cyclic
-a rnzunguko: spiral
-a namna mojal-a hali moja: homogeneity
-a neha mbili: two-pronged
-a pande mbili: bilateral
-a Sango: Sangoan
-a siri/-a kificho: clandestine
-a siri: covert
-a sulubu: arduous
-a taaluma fungamano: interdisciplinary
-a titio: tectonic
-a uchokozi: aggressive
-a udongo mwekuncu: terracora
-a Ulaya Magharibi/-a Magharibi/-a Kizungu: Western
-a wastani/ -a kiliberali: liberal
-a wima: vertical
Abiri: navigate
Aboti: Abbot (mkuu wa nyumba ya watawa)
Adilifu, -enye haki: impartial
Afrocemric: a mwcIekco wa Kiafrika
Agoni: argon
Agualuaguzi: divine/divination
Aina awali: prototype
mabavu: Akiki: cornelian
Akiolojia: archaeology
Akisi: reflect
AkropoIis: Acropolis
Alabasta/jasi: alabaster
Alama: sign
Alluvial: - kitopc
Amalilkazi: career
Amazoniti: Amazonite
Ambari: ambergis
Amiri(l): Amiri/Emir
Amiri(2): Amirian
Analojia: analogy
Anatomia: anatomy
Anfa: Anfatian
Angahcwa: atmosphere
Anthropolojia: anthropology
Amhropometa: anthropometric
Anza/anzisha: embark
Arabisha: arabize
Arami: Aramaic
Asheuli: Achdili
Asilia!-a mapokco: orthodox
Askari wa farasi: cavalry
Askari wa Kituruki: janissary
Askolu: Bishop
Ateri: Aterian
Athari: implication
Atlanthropo: Atlanthropus
Australopitheko: Australopithecus

B
Baa: disaster
Babu/mababu: ancestor (s)
Baganda/jarnii ya Baganda: Baganda
Bahari Kuu: ocean
Bara(1 )/kontinenti: continent
Bara(2): hinterland/inland
Barafuto: glacier
Barakala: opportunist
Baraza: palaver/court
Bari: barium
Basanti: basalt
Batli: ship's log
Bedui: Beduin
Bepari: capitalist
Biashara: commerce; trade
Biashara ya watumwa: slave trade
Biasharanje: exports
Bidaa: innovation
Bidhaa: commodity
Bidhaa: goods
Bidhaa za matumizi: consumer goods
Biokemia: biochemistry
Bluu iliyoiva: indigo
Bobari: gouge
Boma: compound; kraal
Bonde: basin
Bresia: Breccia
Bubalusi (aina ya paa): bubalus
Bubu: boubou
Buchari: cleaver
Buhuri: frankincense
Burini: burin

C
Chadanthropo: Chadanthropus
Chama/tapo/vuguvugu: movement
ChangamaniJ a mseto: syncretic (adj)
Changamano/tanzo: Changarawc za rnllimani: scree
Changuka: disintegrate
Chanzo/chimbuko: origin; source
Chavua: pollen grains
Chaza: oyster
Chifu/rntemi: chief
Chimere: Cimere
Chochea: agitate
Chonge/jino la mbele: incisor
Choma: orynx
Chotara: mulatto
Chotara wa ibcriberi/Mmoori: Moor

D E F G

D
Dalali: broker
Darubini: telescope; binocular
Dcmografia: demography
Dhahiri/thabiti: tangible
Dhalimu: despot
Dhibiti: control
Dhima/amali: function
Duhuli: import

Dhuria: descendant
Diabasi: diabase
Diaspora / sehemu za mtawayiko: Diaspora
Dini: religion
Dini ya kimasihi: messianic religion
Dioriti: diorite
Diskoidi: discoid
Dogma: dogma
Dola / nchi / jimbo: Slate
Dola unganifu: centralized state
Doleriti: dolerite
Duara: circle
Duhuli: import
Sherehe
Dunia: earth
Durusu: revise

E
Ekolojia: ecology
Eledi: shrewcd
Elektroni: electron
Elemeo: tendency
Endeleza( 1): protract
Endelcza(2): develop
Endelcza(3) / kuza: enhance
Enea: diffuse
Encolithi: Aencolithic
Enyc kudandia: brachial
Enyc kuzunguka / tcmbezi: itinerant
Enye mabonde na miinuko: undulating
Enzi ya mawc: stone age
Enzi / zarna (I): age; era; epoch
Enzi (2): sway
Enzi Mpya ya Mawe: New Stone Age
Enzi ya Chuma: Iron Age
Enzi ya Kati ya Mawe: Middle Stone Age
Enzi ya Mwanzo ya Mawc: Early Stone Age
Enzi ya Nyuma ya Mawe: Late Stone Age
Eosini: eocene
Epldcmolojia: epidemology
Epidoti: epidote
Erevu, -epcsi kung'amua: astutc
Ethnografia: ethnography
F
Fahiwa: sense
Falsafa: philosophy
Falsafa ya sheria: jurisprudence
Famakolojia: pharmacology
Pamasia: pharmacy
Faraka: sect
Fasihi: literature
Fauna: wanyama
Fauresmithi: Fauresmith
Fedhalajenti: silver
Fcnomena: phenomenon
Fenza: faience
Perikriti: ferricrete
Fidia(kt): recoup
Fidia(n): restitution
Filla(1): decline
Fifia(2) / on: decay
Fikia (upeo au hatua fulani) ulminate
Filolojia: philology
Fizikia: physics
Fiziognomia: physiognomy
Fiziolojia: physiology
Flinti: flint
Flora' miruea
Poeniki: Phoenician
Fonolojia: phonology
Fuawc: anvil
Fundi-mchundo: artisan
Fundistadi: craftsperson
Fungu la / mfululizo wa milima: massif
Funguvisiwa: archipelago
Funo: duiker
Fununu: clue
Fu\Vd\','C: pun ice stone
Fuwcle: crystal

G
Galena: galena
Gamblin: Gamblian
Gasrropodi: gastropod
Gcsi: gas
Geuza / badilisha: reform
Ghafi: crude
Gliseroli: glycerol
Gramina (aina ya nyasi): gramineac
Gudulia: vase
Gurnba / baa la njaa: famine
Gunzi: Gunz

H I J K

H
Haditlii / masimulizi: talc
Hadubini: microscope
Hagiografia / uandishi kuhusu maisha ya ,
watakatifu: hagiography
Hai: active
421
.Afrika kuanziakame ya Sabahadi ya kumi na moja
422
Hajira: migration
Hakiki: vet
Halijoto: temperature
Halki ya hewa: climate
Hamatani / pepo za kipupwe: harmauan
HamilWahami: Hamite (s)
Hangaikol uehungu wa moyoni: ehagrin
Harakati / mapambano: struggle
Haram: pyramid
Haramia: pirate
Harimu: Harem
Harunia: Harounian
Hatarisha: expose
Hatala: patent
Hati unganishi: cursive script
Hati(1 ) / w.u-aka: document
Hati(2) (ya maandishi): script
Hatua kwa hatua: piece-meal
Hawilisha: transfer
Hazimu: appropriate (?)
Hebalhaiba kubwa: eharisma
Hegemonia: hegemony
Hematiti: hematite
Hidrografia: hidrography
Hierografia / hatimchoro: hicroglyphy
Hilobaridi: hylobatidac
Himaya: empire
Himaya: stronghold
Himiza: encourage
Hirimu / rika: age group
Historiografia: historiography
Holosini: Holocene
Hominidi awali: pre hominid
Hominidi: hominid
Homo: homo
Homo faberi: Homo faber
Homo habili: Homo habilis
Homo sapi: Homo sapiens
Ikulu / jumba la
mfalme / kitala: palace
Ikwcta: Equator
Ilhamu / kariha: inspiration
Iliochanganyv ....a: compounded
I1iyogawanyika: segmentary
Imani za kiroho: mysticism
Inadi / udogma: dogmatism
Ingilia (mali ya mtu mwingine): eneroach
IngiJiana / mwingiIiano: interact / interaction
Iosini: Eocene
Isham: symbol
Isiodhahiri: Indirect
Isiokikomo: timeless
Isiokwisha / -a kurudiwarudiwa: incessant
Isiopevuka: naive
Isiyopenyekalisiyoingilika: impregnable
Italc / graniri: granite
Itikadi: ideology
J
Jaala: fate
Jabrudia: Jabrudian
Jadeiti: jadeite
Jaha: glory
Jalizi: auxiliary
Jalizia: supplement
Jalo: Djalo
Jamaa: relations
Jamaa / familia: family
Jamia / mbari kuu: race
Jamii: society
Jamii ya kijadi: traditional society
Janibu: locality
Jarabati: empirical
Jasperi: Jasper
Jasuri: adventurer
Jenasi: genus
Jenctiki: genetic
Jeramna / Wajeramna: Djeramna
Jerontokrasia: gerontocracy
Jibu / jibizo / itiko: reaction
Jimbi: cocoyamltaro
Jimbo / rnkoa: canton
Jinasibisha: adapt oneself
Jiolojia: geology
Jiomofolojia: geomorphology
Jiosumaku: geomagnetic
423Sherehe
Jiwemoto: silex
Jumuishi: encompassing
Jumuiya: community
]usoikizuizuilkinyago: mask
Jusura: adventure
Juula: Dyula
K
Kabaila: aristocrat; big landowner
Kabilalmbari / jamii: ethnic group
Kabla ya Sasa (KS): Before Present (BP)
Kaboni dioksidi: carbon dioxide
Kaburi:Tomb
Kadiria umri: date
Karam: sacrifice
Kafiri: infidel
Kaharabu: amber
Kainozoiki / senczoiki: Cenozoic
Kaka: shell
Kalabria: Calabrian
Kalautala: stereotype
Kaledoni: Caledonite
Kali / potasi: pottasium
Kalisitl): calsium
Kalisi(2): chalice
Kalisidoni: chalcedony
Kalsite: calcite
Kambi: encampment; camp
Kani: energy
Kantara: bridgehead
Kanuni: principle; code
Kanzi: repository
Kaolini: kaolin
Kapsia: Capstan
Karihalmuhu / uhamasisho /
Msukumo: inspiration
Kame: century
Karnelia: carnelian
Kata nakshi: engrave
Katalogi: catalogue
Katarrina: cartarrhina
Katcgoria: category
Kauri: porcelain; ceramics
Kaya: homestead; household
Kemia: chemistry
Kcrkopitbeko: Cercopithecus
Khalifa: Caliph
KhufuJKopti: Coptic
Kiafrika-Kiasia: Afro-Asiatic
Kiafrikaana: Africaans
Kiambishi: affIx
Kiambishi awali: prefix
Kiambishi-tamati: suffix
Kibanru-mama: proto-Bantu
Kibaraka: collaborator
Kibaraka: vassal
Kiboyu: calabash
Kichocheo: motivation
Kichokooikipcngelc: factor
Kideni: Danish
Kidoko: click
Kifani: model
Kifmyange: ceramic; pottery
Kigange: Ostracow
Kigezo: standard
Kigoda: stool
Kigoda cha Dhahabu: Golden Stool
Kigumba: arrow-head
Kijikundi: subgroup
Kijisanamu: figurine
Kikiasiikisifa: q'Jantitative / qualitativc
kikinga upepo: wind break
Kikombo: scraper
Kikwilmilenia: millenium
Kilindi (cha bahari): deep sea
Kimelca: parasite
Kina: rhyme
Kinn: mortar
Kiaubi: lyre
Kinyago: mask; sculpture
Kinyang' anyiro / kugombania: scramble
Kiolczo: template
Kiorjo: taste
Kipindi kisichokuwa na tawala: interregnum
Kipindl cha kati ya barafu: interglacial period
Kipindupindu: cholera
Kisakale: legend
Kisasili: myth
Kisawe / sinonimu: synonym
Kishoka / kichanjia: chopper
Kisifa: qualitative
Kisimbwi: continental shelf
Kisukuku: fossil
Kiswidi: Swedish
Kita / imarisha: entrench
KitalalIkulu: royal court
Kitanguakimbunga: anticyclone
Kitenzi: verb
Kitu yakinifu:material thing
Kituo cha kuhifadhi na kusambaza bidhaa: entreport
Kiunga: plantation
Kiunzilskeletoni: skeleton
Kiunziakili: mental framework
Kiviga: rite
Kivinginyo / duara: gyre
Kivuli cha maana: shade of meaning
Kiwakilishi: pronoun
Kiwanda / shughuli ya biashara: enterprise
Kiwesley: Wesleyan
Kizalia / vizalia: offspring
Kizazi: generation
Kizimu: totem
Kizuizui: mask
Klaktonia: Claetonian
Kliori: Creole
Kodi isiyodhihirika /
kodi ya kificho: indirect tax
Kola: kola nut
Koloni la kifalrne: crown colony
Komeshalfuta: eradicate
Kongamano: symposium
Konsonanti: consonant
Konstantini: Constantine
Korongo: gorge
Kosmogonia: cosmogony
Kotama: sickle
Kronolojia: chronology
Klonostratigrafia: Chronostratigraphy
Kufuru: profane
Kugawa / kuunganifua / madaraka: decentralization
Kuingia kwa wingi: influx
Kuingilia / kujitia kati: intervention
Kujihini: self denial
Kujitawala: autonomy; self rule
Kujitawala / mamlaka / uhuru : sovereignity
Kukualkubadilikalukuo: evolution
Kundi la miungu: pantheon
Kupoteza imani: disenchantment
Kupri: copper
Kurani: Qoran / Koran
Kuruba: curve
Kusini mwa Sahara: sub­
Sahara
Kutawaliwalkugangamizwa: subjection
Kutiishalkutumikisha: subjugation
Kutotengcmaa / kuyumba-umba: instability
Kuyumba / kutangaganga: vacillation
Kwa kuashiria: indirectly
Kwaga (mnyama kama pundamilia): Qwagga
Kwapua: annex
Kwatenari: Quaternary
Kwatzi: quartz
Kwatziti: quartzite
Kweli tupu / halisi: down-to- earth

L M N

L
Lahaja: dialect
Lamela: lamella
Latitude: Latitude
Leksika: lexical
Lidianiti: lydianitc
Linganifu: consistent
Linganishi: comparative
Liturujiallitujia: liturgia
Lodi: Lord
Longitudo: Longitude
Lugha ambishi: agglutinative language
Lugha ya toni: tonal language
Luja: wave


M
Maada: matter
425Sherehe
Maafa: disaster
Maarufu / mashuhuri: prominent
Maasi / uasi: rebellion
Maasi / upinzani: insurrection
Maathura / mwathirika: victim
Mabadiliko / evolusheni;evolution
Mabadiliko ya kupanda na kushuka: fluctuations
Mabaki: vestiges; remains
Mabishano / ubishani: disputation!polemics
Madhehcbu / ada ya uzazi: fertility cult
Madodoso(ya awali): overtures
Maduhulilbidhaa zinazoingia: import(s)
Maelezo / masimulizi: account
Admiral
Makimbilio: refuge
Makatano / ndagano: confluence
Malakite: malachite
Malalc: trypanosomiasis
Malalo: lair
Maliki: emperor
Mama: proto
Mama-Malkia: Queen Mother
Mamalia: mammal
Marne-Bantu:proto Bantu
Mamlaka unganifu: centralized
authority
Mamlaka-pacha: diarchy
Mandhari: terrain / setting / landscape
Manemane: myrrh
Mangani: manganese
Manju mternbezi: troubadour
Mapadre Wcupe: White Fathers
Mapenzi juu ya binadamu / filanrropia: philanthropy
Mapigano ya wenyewc kwa wenyewe: civil
conflicts
Mapinduzi: revolution
Mapokeo huru: independent tradition
Mapokeo simulizi: oral tradition
Mapululu: steppe
Mascgego: premolar
MasihilKimasihi: Messiah / Messianic
Masihiya / -a Kikristo: Christian
Maslahi: interest
Maezi: anchorage Matamanio / matakwa:aspirations
Mafundo: initiation Matbaa / kiwandacha uchapaji: press (printing)
Mafunjo: papyrus (reeds) Mateka: captive
Mafuta ya mawcse: palm oil Matini simulizi: oral text
Mageuzi: reforms Matini: text
Mahitajio: demands Mauaji (ya mtu mashuhuri): Mahuruji: export(s) assassination
Maji ya kundc: light skinned Mauaji ya baba: patricidal
Majina: nomenclature Maudhui: content
Majusi (1): Zoroastrian Mawanda: scope
Majusi(2) / msihiri: magician Mazingira ya kinamasi: swampy
Makabaila / malodi: nobles Mbari kuu: race
Makabiliano ya ana kwa ana: confrontation Mbarilkabila: ethnic group
Makamu Mkuu wa Jeshi la Wanamaji: Vice Mbinu za kujeya: flaking techniques
Mbirikimo: Pygmy
Mbuga (ya nyasi): grassland
Mbuga chachu: sourveld
Mbuga / pululu: steppe
Mhuga tamu: sweetveld
Mcha Mungu: Murabit (holy man)
Mchakato: process
Mchangamani: syncretic (n)
Mchanganyo: compound
Mchanguko:disintegration
Mchawi: witch doctor
r~chokali: aggressor
Mchoro wa mapangoni / miambani: painting
MdachilMjerumani: German
Mdcni, wa-: Danc(s)
Medani: Theatre (of conflict)
habitat
ruck
Melanini: melanin
Melezl / maczi: anchorages
Menyu: pure
Metalujia: metallurgy
Meza / funika kabisa: engulf
Mfalme mkuu: paramount king
Mfalme: monarchJk:ing
Mfanano / mshabaha: affinity
Mfanya biashara / mchuuzi: trader
Mfanya biashara: merehant
Mfekane: Mfccane
Mfoko (wa wasiwasi): upsurge
Mfua: smith
Mfuasi: disciple
Mfugaji: pastoralist
Mfumo / mtandao: network
Mfumulkahini: oracle
Mganga: medicineperson; healer
Mgimba / mganga wa mvua: rain
Mgogoro / zahama: crisis
Mgogoro / mgongano: conflict
Mharijl / wahariji: exponerts)
Mhashamu: Monsignor / Mgt
Mhazeli: hazel (plant)
Mholanzi: Dutch
Mikrokemikali: microchemical
. Mikrolithi: microlithic
Mila ya unyumha: ritual
intercourse
Milcnialkikwi: millennium
Miosini: miocene
Mirathi: legacy
Misefkokwa za mawese: palm kernel
Misri ya Chini: Lower Egypt
Misri ya Juu: Upper Egypt
Miwati: wattle
Mizengwe / kutawala kijanja: manipulation
Mjasirimali / m wekezaj i: entrepreneur
Mji mkubwa / makao ruakuu: metropolis
Mjujube: jujube plant
Mkabala: approach
Mkataba: treaty
Mkingamo: intersection
Mkinzani / adui: adversary
Mkoaljimbo: province
Mkongano: cohesion
maker
Mkuo (wa shaba, dhahabu, n.k.): bar, ingot,
nugget (copper, gold, etc)
Mia mizoga: scavenger
MJangobaharl: channel
Mlangomto:estuary
Mlumba / mbugu: bark cloth
Mnara: minaret
Mnara wa ukumbusholkumbukumbu: monument
Mnasaba: symbiosis
Mnasihi: mentor
Mnomadi / wanomadi / wahamaharnaji: Nomad / Nomads
Mnyweo: evaporation
Mode of production: mtindo wa uzalishaji mali
Modeli: model
Mofolojia: mophology
Momonyoa: erode
Monofisita: Monophysite
Monografia: inonography
Morali: morale
Motifu: motif
Moyo wa kujituma: uuuauve
Mozarabi / Wa- : Mozarabs
Mpangilio / mtandazo: layout
Mpelelezi: explorer
Mpiganaji / askari: warrior
Mpini / kutia mpini: haft, handlel to haft
Mpito / uhawili: transition
Mporaji / mteka nyara: marauder
Mrindimo: vibration
Mrumi: Roman
Msamiati: Icxicon / vocabulary
Msanii: artist
Msharasi: awl
Mshea: shea tree
.Mshikamano: solidarity
Mshindani: rival
Msimamo: stance
Msirnbo: code
Msimulizilmtambaji: narrator
Msonge wa madaraka.political hicrachy
Msukosuko: upheaval; instability
.Msukurno, kichocheo: mpctus
Mswidi, wa-: Swede
Mtabiri: seer

Mtafaruku / zahama: crisis
Mtaji, rasilmali: capital
Mtambaachi: reptile
Mtandao: network
Mtapo chuma: iron ore
Mtapo: ore
Mtarihi: chronicler
Mtawala mkuu: central ruler
Mtazamo: outlook
Mtetemo: vibration
Mtindo wa uzalishaji: mode of production
Muamala / mapatano ya biashara: transaction
Muda wa kumilikilkushika cheo: tenure
Mujarabu: tested
Muktadha: context
Mumi: mummy; maiti iliyohifadhiwa kwa
kutiwa mumiani
Mungu: God; Allah
Muongo: decade
Murabitilwarnbiti: mara bout
Muswada: manuscript
Muundo: structure
Muungu: deity
Mvinginyo: gyration
Mwtano / fadhaa: tension
Mwwmko / rnzinduko:Renaissance
Mwachano wa kijeni: genetic drift
Mwainisho: classification
Mwaloni: oak
Mwamba: rock
Mwamba masapo / tabaka: sedimentary rock
Mwamba wa volkano: tuff
Mwamili: functionalist
Mwana mapinduzi: revolutionary;
revolutionist
Mwanamageuzi: reformer
Mwanana: delicate
Mwanashajara / rnnasabu: genealogist
MwanasiliaJmwanajadi: traditionalist
Mwanazuoni: scholar
Mwangalizi: regent
Mwasho / mwako: ignition
Mwavi: nettle tree
Mwckczaji: investor
Mwclekco / mchakato / wend / mwendc / lco: process
Mwelezi: cedar
Mwendek ..'O: continuum
Mwiba Via kigumba / ndaka: barb
Mwimo: column
Mwinuko: relief
Mwinyi: lord; aristocrat
Mwondoko / mguro: movement (moving)
Myunani: Ancient Greek
Mzingiro: siege
Mzingo / pindi: bend
Mzozo / ugomvi: wrangle

N
Nadharia tete: hypothesis
Nasaba( I): lineage
Nasaba(2) (tawala): dynasty
Nasabu: genealogy
Natija: outcome
Natiri: sodium
Natiri kabonati: sodium carbonate
Nchi: country
Nchi / tawala: principality
Ndagano / makutano: confluence
Nduni: characteristic; aspect
Ncmbo: emblem
Neolithi / Zama Mpya za Mawe: Neolithic
Neolithisha: Neolithize
Ngegu: laterite
Ngcu / ngegu: ochre
Nguvulari: dynamism
Nguvu za uzalishaji.prodrctive forces
Nguvu-uzima: vital force
Nikeli / madini ya fedha: nickel
Nitrojcni: nitrogen
Nomino: noun
Nukuu / unukuzi: transcribe / transcription
Nusu-kipenyo: radius
Nutroni.: nt..mtron
Nyumba ya watawa: monastery
Nyumhu: wildebeeste
Nywele: hair
Nywele za singa: straight hair
Nywele za kitani / msokoto: fuzzy hair
Nywele za kipilipili: wooly hair
Nyweshea: irrigate

O P Q R S T

o
Oana kimseto: intermarry
Oasisi: oasis
Obsidi: Obsidian
Ojite: Augite
Ornbwe: void
Onamastika: onamastics
Ottomani: Ottoman

P
Palae-: palePaleakiolojia;
palaearchacology
Palebotania: palaebotany
Paleolithi: paleolithic
Paleontolojia: palaeontology
Paleosini: Paleocene
Palinolojia: palynology
Pambana: contend
Pmlgilialpangalratibu: organize
Papuri / karatasi za sisha: papyrus (paper)
Parishi / parokia: palish
Pedolojia: pedology
Pembezoni: periphery
Pepo za msirnu: monsoon (winds)
Pcrroglafia: petroglyph
Pigo, mshtuko mkubwa: brunt
Pindilmzingo: Bend (of river)
Piramidi / haram: pyramid
Pithekantropi: Pithecanthropine
Plani: plan
Planktoni: plankton
Plaurrina: Platyrrhina
Plau: plough
Plaubembea: swing piau
Pleistosini: Pleistocene
Plioplestosini: pliopleistocene
Pliosini: pliocene
Plumbi sulfidi: lead sulphide
Pogo: lopsided
Polihedroni: polyhedron
Pongidc: pongidae
Pongidi: pongid
Pongo: bushbuck
Porafteka nyara: plunder
Potosha: distort
Primata: primate
Production: uzalishaji mali
Propaganda: propaganda
Prosimia: pro-Simian
Pundela: pundela


R
Radiografia: radiography
Radiokaboni: radiocarbon
Radiometa: radiometre
Raghbalshauku: interest
Raghba, ali; zeal
Raia: subject
Rasi: cape / promontory
Regalia / nembo: regalia
Rejesha (katika hali / maisha ya kawaida): rehabilitate
Rejimenti / kikosi: regiment
Rekebisha: adapt
Rika / hirimu: age group
Rikabu (wanyama wa kusafiria): mount
Rudisha hadhi: rehabilitate
Ruwaza / sulubu: pattern

s
Safari ndcfultreki: trek
Sagagego: premolar
Saikolojia: psychology
Saisi: groom
Sarnbaratika: disintegrate
Sanaa za maumbo: plastic arts
Sanaa ya ukutani: mural
Sanaajadiyalfanijadiiya: folklore
Sandarusi: gum
Sasisha / fanya ya kisasa: modernize
Sawidi (kt): draft (v)
Sedimentolojia: sedimetology
Sekopithesidi: Cercopithecidae
Semiti / Wasemiti: Semite (s)
Sentimeta / sentimita: centimeter
Septa: septum
Serikali unganifu / kuu: central government
Serikali ya wachache: oligarchy
Setla / mlowezi: settler
Shaba nyeusi: bronze
Shaba nyekundu / kupri: copper
Shadidi: intensive
Shahidi (wa imani): martyr
Shajara(l): diary
Shajara(2) / nasabu: genealogy
Shamba: country; rural area; cultivated land
Sharia: Islamic law
Shazia / msharasi: awl
Shehe / sheikh: Shaykh
Shellea: Chellean
Shcria za mila / jadi: customary law
Sheria: lex (k.m.Lex Hadriana.Shcria ya Hadriana)
Sheria: law
Shinda / tiisha / teka: conquer
Shindwa: succumb
Shirikisho: confcdcration, federation confederacy
Shisti: schist
Shoka: axe
Shoka la mkono: handaxe
Shore: crest
Shujaa: hero
Siagi ya mshea: sheabuttcr
SUa bainifu: trait
Silabi: syllable
Silikati: silicate
Simba: codify
Simbi / kauri: cowry
Simia: Simian
Similisha: assimilate
Simulizi: oral
-Siokalika: uninhabitable
-Siotokeza: recessive
Sisha: papyrus pith
Sitara: shelter;
sokota pamoja: entwined
Sokwe: chimpanzee; ape
Sokwe-mtu: orang utang
Sosiolojia: Sociology
Spektografia: spectograph
Spishi: species
Stratigrafia: stratigraphy
Sufii: sufi; holy person; monk
Sufuri / shaba nyekundu: brass
Suhula / nyenzo: facility / facilities
Suhulisha: facilitate
Sulubu / ruwaza: pattern
Susu: cradle

T
Taaluma ya Misri ya Kale / Misriolojia: Egyptology
Taamuli: meditation
Taathira: impact
Tabaka la wakwasi: leisured class
Tabaka la kiamali / tabaka- arnili: caste
Tabaka (la dhahabu): seam (of gold)
Tabaka la makabaila: aristocracy
Tabakisha: stratify
Tatiri: frustrate
Tahafifu / unafuu: concession
Taja: cite; mention
Tajiriba / uzocfu: experience
Takadiri: destiny
Takriban (t.): circa (c.)
Takua: piety
Tamadunisha: acculturate
Tamalaki / mtamalaki: conquer / conqueror
Tambulisha: characterize
Tangaza rasmi: promulgate
Tangua: abrogate
Tanzo / changamano: complex
Tao (dogo): lobate arc
Tapo / shule ya mawazo: school of thought
Tarihi: chronicle
Tarihia / kronolojia: chronology

Tarikaludugu: brotherhood
Tasnia: industry
. Tasnia ya Wilton: Wilton Industry
Tara: complex
Tawala: dominant (mf. tabaka
tawala)
Tebo / jedwali: table
Teka / twaa: annex
Telegrafulsimu ya kuandika: telegraph
Tendeza: activate
Teokrasia: theocracy
Teolojia: theology
Thabiti: strong; valid
Thori: thorium
Tia akilini: imbibe
Timamu: detail
Timbe / mtapo: ore
Toa utumwani: manumit
Tohoa: adapt
Tokeo: result
Tondoti: dctail(s)
Toni: tone
Topografia: topography
Toponimia: toponym
Towashi: eunuch
Towe: clay
Trapezoidi: trapezoid
Tukio: episode
Tuliza: placate
Tumbawe: coral
Tumiliwaltumilizi: applied
Tungamanisha: integrate
Tungazi: terrace
Ture: Toure (name of person)
Tuta la mchanga: sand dune
Twaa: conquer
Typology: uainishi

U V W X Y Z

U
Uamili: functionalism
Uamsho / rnzinduko / mvuvu rnko: Rennaisance
Uasi / maasi: rebellion
Ubarakala: opportunism
Ubishani: controversy
Ubwc / mbwe: pebbles
Uchamungu: piety
Uchangamani: syncretism
Uchanganuzi: analysis
Uchanjaji chale: scarification
Uchifu: chiefdom; chieftaincy
Uchimbuzi: excavation
Uchochczi: agitation
Udhalimu: despotism
Udhanifu: idealism
Uelekeo: direction
Ufalme: kingdom
Ufalme Mkongwe (wa Misri): Old
Kingdom
Ufalme wa Zama za Kati (wa Misri): Middle Kingdom
Ufalme Mpya (waMisri): New Kingdom
Ufanano: homogeneity
UtinyanziJmfmyanzi: pottery / potter
Ufugaji: pastoralism
Ufuo: shoreline
Ugasumaku: magnetic field
Uhai: vitality
Uhalisia: realism
Uharibifu mkubwa: depredation
Uhuru / kujitawala: independence
Uimara / wepesi wa kujirekebisha: resilience
Ujeya (njeya): flake(s)
Ujirani: proximity
Ujumlisho: generalization
Ujusilsihiri: magic
Ukabaila: feudalism
Ukadiri: moderation
Ukali / ukatili: ferocity
Ukali / mkazo: intensity
Ukandalzoni: zone
Ukanda / eneo: region
Ukhalifa: caliphate
Ukilia: determine
Ukinzano: conuadiction
Ukiritirubaluhodhi: monopoly
Ukomeshaji utumwa: abolition (of slavery)
Ukoo: clan
Ukuo / ukuzi: evolution
Ukwapuzi: annexation
Ukwasi: opulence
Ulikaji: weathering
Ulimwengu: universe
Ulinganifu: equilibrium
Ulokolc: fundamentalism
Ulumbi / ufasaha wa lugha: rhetoric
Umiundo: structuralism
Umma: populace
Unasabaludugu wa damu: kinship
Unasi: populism
Unda upya: reconstruct
Unda: construct; manufacture
Unganifu / enye mamlaka kuu: centralized
Unganifua: de-centralize
Ungaunga wa dhahabu: gold dust
Unyevuhewa: humidity
Uongozi: helm
Uowcvulunyevu: moisture
Upatanishi: mediation
Upungufu / uhaba: dearth
Urani: Uranium
Urari hafifu: delicate balance
Urasimi: classicism
Urazini: consciousness
Urea: urea
Urithi (wa utawala):succesion
Usawa: equity
Usawa wa bahari: sea level
Usemi: saying
Ushahidi / ushuhuda: testimony
Ushuhuda simulizi: oral testimony
Usimilishaji: assimilation
Ustaarabu: civilization
Ustadi / ubunifu: ingenuity
Usuli: background
Utamaduni: culture
Utamaduni yanikinifu: material culture
Utamakani wa watu: peopling
Utamalaki: supremacy; conquest
Utambulisho: identity
Utambuzi: enlightenment
Utando: crust; patina
Utando barafu: ice sheet
Utangamano: harmony
Utani: joking relationship
Utanzo: complex
Utanzu: genre
Utata: ambiguity; complexity
Utawala wa kidini: theocracy
Utawala huria: anarchy
Utawalamsonge: bureaucracy
Utendi: epic
Utengemano / uthabiti: stability
Utengemano: stability
Utengenczaj i / usindikaji: processing
Uteuzi asili: natural selection
Utondoti: detail(s)
Utumwa: slavery
Utumwa wa viungani: plantation slavery
Utwazi: supremacy
Uukilizi: determinism
Uundaji miji: urbanization
Uunganifishaji: centralization
Uvamizi wa gha!la: incursion
Uvamizi: incursion
Uwanda wajuu: plateau
Uwckczaji: investment
Uwili: dual; duality
Uzoefu / tajiriba: experience

V
Vekta: vector
Vertebrata: vertebrate
Viazi rnishea: tubers
Vikundi (ndani ya kundi kubwa): Vita vya msalaba: crusade factions
Vuguvugu la ukomeshaji utumwa: abolitionist movement
Vuka mpakalkiuka: transcend
Vuruga: disrupt
Vurugu: disruption

W
Waali: elite
Waasaki: Asax (people)
Waayubi: Ayubids
Wadachi: Germans
Wadhihisha: weka wazi
Wadi: wadi
Wafunji: Funj
Wagothi: Goths
Wahafsi: Hafsids
Wahemcaji: gatherers
Wahka: insecurity
Waholanzi: Dutch
Wajabal: Djabals
Wajaksanke: Jaxaanke
Wajuula: Dyula / Juula (people)
Wakati / wakaa: duration
Wakazi walowevu / wastakimu: sedentary people
Wakelwi: Kel WI (people)
Wamaliki / Kimaliki: Maliki / Malikite
Wamarini: Marinids
Wamethodi: Methodists
Wamoravi: Almoravids
Wangwa: lagoon
Waottoman: Ottomans
Waraka: document
Wari / waliofundwa: initiates
Wasaffari: Saffarids
Wasanhaja: Sanhadja (people)
Wasenufu: Senoufo people
Wasirkassi: Circassians
Wasta: intermediary
Wattasi: Wattasids
Wazawa: autochtons; indegens
Wckeza: invest
Wendo / machakato: process
West indies: West Indies
Woto / mimea: vegetation

Y
Yeli: griot

Z
Zaka: toolkit

Zama za Mawe: Stone Age
Zambarau: violet
Zana: tool
Zana ya wajihi tatu: trihedral
Zana za ujeya: flaked tools
Zebu: smallhorned cattle
Ziada: surplus
Zidua: extract
Zima / zuia: suppress
Zingia / zuia: blockade
Zinjanthropi: Zinjanthrope
Zinjantropus: Zinjanthropo
Zuio: blockade
Zumaridi: emerald