Tazama chanzo cha Mapacha (kundinyota)

[[Image: Jauza Gemini.png |thumb|right|400px|Nyota za kundinyota Mapacha (Gemini) katika sehemu yao ya angani]]
[[Picha:Gemini constellation map.png|400px|thumb|Ramani ya Mapacha - Gemini jinsi inavyoonekana kwa mtazamaji kwenye nusutufe ya kaskazini]]
[[File:Sidney Hall - Urania's Mirror - Gemini.jpg|thumb|280px|Gemini iliyochorwa na msanii wa [[Uingereza]] mnamo mwaka 1825]]
[[File:Gemini constellation map visualization 1.PNG|thumb|280px|Namna ya kuunganisha nyota kuu za Mapacha kwa kuonyesha mapacha wanaoshikana kwa mikono]]
[[File:Grupo de San Ildefonso (Museo del Prado) 03.jpg|thumb|280px|Sanamu ya Castor na Pollux kufuatana na mitholojia ya Kigiriki]]

'''Mapacha''' (pia '''Jauza''', kwa [[Kilatini]] na [[Kiingereza]] ''[[:en:Gemini|Gemini]]'') <ref>[[Uhusika milikishi]] ''([[:en:genitive]])'' ya "Gemini" katika lugha ya [[Kilatini]] ni "Geminorum" na hili ni umbo la jina linaloonekana katika majina ya nyota ya kundi hili kama vile Alfa Geminorum, nk.</ref> ni [[jina]] la [[kundinyota]] kwenye [[nusutufe ya kaskazini|angakaskazi.]] 

==Mahali pake==
Mapacha  iko angani kwenye mstari wa [[Zodiaki]] kati ya [[Kaa (kundinyota)|Kaa]] (pia Saratani, [[lat.]] ''Cancer'') upande wa mashariki na [[Ng'ombe (kundinyota)|Ng’ombe]] (''Taurus'') upande wa magharibi.

Inapakana na kundinyota jirani la [[Saratani (kundinyota)|Kaa]] ''([[:en:Cancer (constellation)|Cancer]])'', [[Pakamwitu  (kundinyota)|Pakamwitu]] ''([[:en:Lynx (constellation)|Lynx]])'', [[Hudhi (kundinyota)|Hudhi]] ''([[:en:Auriga  (constellation)|Auriga]])'', [[Ng'ombe (kundinyota)|Ng'ombe]] ''([[:en:Taurus (constellation)|Taurus]])'', [[Jabari (kundinyota)|Jabari]] ''([[:en:Orion (constellation)|Orion]])'', [[Munukero (kundinyota)|Munukero]] ''([[:en:Monoceros (constellation)|Monoceros]])'' na [[Mbwa Mdogo (kundinyota)|Mbwa Mdogo]] ''([[:en:Canis Minor (constellation)|Canis Minor]])''.

Mapacha - Gemini ni sehemu ya zodiaki maana yake mstari wa [[ekliptiki]] unapita humo. Ilhali miendo ya Mwezi na sayari inafuatana karibu na ekliptiki magimba haya huonekana katika eneo la Mapacha kwa wakati fulani kwenye mwaka.

==Jina==
Mabaharia Waswahili walijua nyota hizi kwa jina la Jauza tangu miaka mingi wakifuata njia yao baharini wakati wa usiku kwa msaada wa nyota. Walipokea jina hili kutoka kwa Waarabu waliosema <big>جوزاء</big> ''jawzaaʾ''  ambalo linamaanisha  mapacha<ref>ling. Knappert 1993</ref>. Waarabu walitafsiri hapa jina la [[Klaudio Ptolemaio|Ptolemaio]] aliyetaja nyota hizi vile kwa jina la Δίδυμοι ''didimoi'' yaani mapacha katika orodha yake ya [[Almagesti]]<ref>[http://ptolemaeus.badw.de/glossary PAL - Glossary "Gemini"], tovuti ya mradi wa "Ptolemaeus Arabus et Latinus (PAL)" wa Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, iliangaliwa Oktoba 2017; Waarabu walitafsiri mapacha pia kama توأمان  tawa-aman na neno hili latumiwa leo zaidi kwa kundinyota hili</ref>.

Wagiriki wa Kale waliwahi kupokea kundinyota hili likiangaliwa kama mapacha kutoka utamaduni wa [[Babeli]]. Hapa ni hasa nyota mbili angavu zaidi za Castor na Pollux zilizotazamamiwa kama vichwa vya watoto mapacha wawili. Katika [[mitholojia ya Wagiriki]] kuna hadithi ya malkia Leda aliyekuwa maridadi kiasi cha kumvuta mungu mkuu Zeus kwake. Zeus alimtembelea Leda katika umbo la bata maji (tazama pia [[Dajaja (kundinyota)|Dajaja]])  akampa mimba. Leda alilala siku ileile kwa mume wake na kupokea mimba kutoka kwake pia. Wavulana wawili walizaliwa pamoja kama mapacha lakini Pollux alikuwa mwana wa mungu Zeus ilhali Castor alikuwa mwana wa mfalme. Walipendana na kusafiri pamoja kwenye Merikebu ya Argo na mashujaa wakubwa. Castor aliuawa katika mapigano; Pollux ambaye hakuweza kufa kutokana na na kuwa nusu-mungu akikuwa na huzuni akamwomba baba Zeus kumwunganisha na kakaye. Hivyo Zeus aliwaweka wote wawili angani kama nyota.
Katika unajimu wa kisasa katika Afrika ya Mashariki jina "Jauza" limesahauliwa ikiwa kundinyota linaitwa kwa tafsiri tu "Mapacha".

Gemini - Mapacha ni kati ya makundinyota 48 yaliyotajwa tayari na [[Klaudio Ptolemaio]] katika kitabu cha [[Almagesti]] wakati wa karne ya 2 BK. Iko pia katika orodha ya makundinyota 88 ya [[Umoja wa Kimataifa wa Astronomia]] <ref>[https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/ The Constellations], tovuti ya International Astronomical Union , iliangaliwa Julai 2017</ref> kwa jina la Gemini. Kifupi chake rasmi kufuatana na [[Ukia|UKIA]] ni 'Gem'.<ref name="pa30_469">{{cite journal | last=Russell | first=Henry Norris | title=The New International Symbols for the Constellations | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_popular-astronomy_1922-10_30_8/page/469 | journal=[[Popular Astronomy (US magazine)|Popular Astronomy]] | volume=30 | pages=469–71 | bibcode=1922PA.....30..469R | year=1922}}</ref>

==Nyota==
[[Nyota]] za Mapacha huwa haziko pamoja kihalisi lakini zinaonekana tu vile kutoka duniani. Kwa uhalisi kuna umbali mkubwa kati yao, kama ziko mbali au jirani nasi. 
Kwa hiyo kundinyota "Mapacha" inaonyesha eneo la angani jinsi tunavyoiona kutoka Duniani.

Kuna nyota 85 katika eneo la kundinyota hili <ref>[https://books.google.de/books?id=3IQoAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA66&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false  The geography of the heavens and class book of astronomy by Elijah H. Burritt] kupitia google books, iliangaliwa Julai 2017</ref> na kuna mbili hasa zinazoonekaka vizuri kwa macho matupu zikikaa karibu na kuwa msingi wa jina la kundi ambazo zinaitwa Castor na Pollux kwa majina ya Kigiriki zilizotazamiwa na watu wa kale kama mapacha mawili. Nyota angavu zaidi ni Pollux inayofuatwa na Castor. [[Johann Bayer]] aliziona kwa kosa kinyume hivyo aliandikisha majina ya Alfa Gemininis kwa Castor na Beta Geminis kwa Pollux katika orodha yake.  

*Castor (Alfa Geminis) inaonekana kwa darubini kama mfumo wa nyota 6 zinazoonekana kwa  macho kama nyota 1 tu. Ina umbali wa miakanuru 52 kutoka dunia.  [[Uangavu unaoonekana]] ni 1.6.
* Pollux (Beta Geminis) ni [[nyota jitu jekundu]] yenye mwangaza unaonekana wa 1.2 ikiwa umbali wa miakanuru 34 kutoka dunia. Pollux imegunduliwa kuwa na [[sayari ya nje]] inayoizunguka.

{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1" style="margin-left:0.5em; background:#CDC9C9;"
! <small>Jina la</small><br/><small>[[jina la Bayer|Bayer]]</small>
! <small>Namba ya</small><br/><small>[[Namba za Flamsteed|Flamsteed]]</small>
! <small>Jina <br/>([[Ukia]])</small>
! <small>Mwangaza<br/> unaoonekana</small>
! <small>Umbali</small> <br/><small>([[miaka ya nuru|miakanuru]])</small>
! <small>[[Aina ya spektra]]</small>
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| β
| 78
| [[Pollux]]
| 1,16<sup>m</sup>
| 34
| K0 III
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| α
| 66
| Castor
| 1,58<sup>m</sup>
| 50
| A1 V
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| γ
| 24
| Alhena  ([[Hanaa ya Jauza]])  
| 1,93<sup>m</sup>
| 105
| A0 IV
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| μ
| 13
| Tejat
| 2,94 bis 3,00<sup>m</sup>
| 250
| M3 III
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| ε
| 27
| Mebsuta
| 3,06<sup>m</sup>
| 900
| G8 Ib
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| η
| 7
| Tejat  
| 3,24 bis 3,96<sup>m</sup>
| 250
| M3 III
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| ξ
| 31
| 
| 3,4<sup>m</sup>
| 64
| F5 III
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| δ
| 55
| Wasat
| 3,50<sup>m</sup>
| 60
| F2 IV
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| θ
| 34
|
| 3,6<sup>m</sup>
| 150
| A3 III
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| κ
| 77
|
| 3,57<sup>m</sup>
| 150
| G8 III
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| λ
| 54
|
| 3,58<sup>m</sup>
| 80
| A3 V
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| ζ
| 43
|Mekbuda
| 3,7 bis 4,2<sup>m</sup>
| 1200
| G0 + G1
|- bgcolor="#FFFAFA"
| ι
| 60
|
| 3,78<sup>m</sup>
| 150
| K0 III
|-
|Colspan="6" |<center><small>Habari za mwangaza na umbali vinaweza kubadilika kutokana na vipimo vipya</small><center/>
|}

==Tanbihi==
<references/>

==Marejeo ==
* {{cite book |first = David H. |last = Levy |title = Deep Sky Objects |url = https://archive.org/details/deepskyobjects00davi |publisher = Prometheus Books |date = 2005 |isbn = 1-59102-361-0 |ref = harv}}
* H. A. Rey, ''The Stars&nbsp;— A New Way To See Them''. Enlarged World-Wide Edition. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1997. [[ISBN]] 0-395-24830-2.
* {{citation |title = Stars and Planets Guide |last1 = Ridpath |first1 = Ian |last2 = Tirion |first2 = Wil |date = 2001 |publisher = Princeton University Press |isbn = 0-691-08913-2}}
* Ian Ridpath and Wil Tirion (2007). ''Stars and Planets Guide'', Collins, London. ISBN 978-0-00-725120-9. Princeton University Press, Princeton. [[ISBN]] 978-0-691-13556-4.
* Richard Hinckley Allen: Star-Names and their Meanings; kwa G. E. Stechert New York, Leipzig, London, Paris 1899, ukurasa 222 ff ([https://ia801402.us.archive.org/14/items/starnamesandthe00allegoog/starnamesandthe00allegoog.pdf online kwenye archive.org])
* Jan Knappert, 1993: The Swahili Names of Stars, Planets and Constellations; The Indian Ocean Review September 1993 Volume 6 No. 3 September 1993, kurasa 6-7,  ISSN 1031-2331   

==Viungo vya Nje==
{{Commons|Gemini (constellation)|Mapacha (Kundinyota)}}
* [http://www.constellation-guide.com/constellation-list/Gemini-constellation Constellation Guide: Gemini constellation]
* The Deep Photographic Guide to the Constellations: [http://www.allthesky.com/constellations/gemini/ Gemini]
* WikiSky: [http://wikisky.org/?object=Gemini&zoom=2 Gemini constellation]
* Ian Ridpath's Star Tales: [http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/gemini.htm Gemini]
*[[Astronomy Picture of the Day|APOD]] Pictures of Gemini and Deep Sky Objects:
# [<!-- http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap090506.html -->http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090506.html A Spring Sky Over Hirsau Abbey]
# [<!-- http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap090503.html -->http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap090503.html The Eskimo Nebula from Hubble]
# [<!-- http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap100612.html -->http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap100612.html The Medusa Nebula]
# [<!-- http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap031215.html -->http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap031215.html Open Star Clusters M35 and NGC 2158]
# [<!-- http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap050319.html -->http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap050319.html NGC 2266: Old Cluster in the NGC]
* [http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=9&cat_2=71&cat_3=32&cat_4=41&cat_5=44 Warburg Institute Iconographic Database (over 300 medieval and early modern images of Gemini)] {{Wayback|url=http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=9&cat_2=71&cat_3=32&cat_4=41&cat_5=44 |date=20160324085845 }} 
{{Makundinyota ya Zodiaki}}
{{makundinyota}}
[[Jamii:Makundinyota ya Zodiaki]]