Tazama chanzo cha Ganimedi (mwezi)

[[Picha:Ganymede g1 true-edit1.jpg|thumb|Ganimedi]]
'''Ganimedi''' ''([[ing.]] Ganymede)'' ni [[mwezi]] mkubwa zaidi wa [[Mshtarii]] ''(Jupiter)'' ambayo ni [[sayari]] ya tano kutoka kwa Jua na sayari kubwa katika [[mfumo wa Jua]]. Ni pia mwezi mkubwa katika mfumo wa Jua.

== Ukubwa ==
[[Kipenyo]] cha Ganimedi ni kilomita 5262 km hivyo ni kubwa kuliko sayari ya kwanza [[Utaridi]] ''(Mercury)''. Lakini ina nusu ya [[masi]] yake tu maana haina  kiasi hiki cha [[densiti]].

Kati ya miezi ya Mshtarii, Ganimedi iko kwenye nafasi ya saba ukihesabu kutoka sayari yenyewe. 

Ganimedi [[Obiti|inazunguka]] Mshtarii katika kipindi cha siku saba hivi. Obiti yake inashikamana na obiti za miezi [[Europa (mwezi)|Europa]] na [[Io (mwezi)|Io]] katika uhusiano wa 1: 2: 4. 

== Ugunduzi na Jina ==
Ganimedi ni mmoja wa miezi ya Mshtarii iliyotambuliwa mnamo [[7 Januari]] [[1610]]  na [[Galileo Galilei]] aliyekuwa mtu wa kwanza kutazama nyota kwa kutumia [[darubini]]. Hivyo  inajulikana pia kama mwoja wa "miezi ya Galileo" maana iligunduliwa na Galilei pamoja na miezi 3 mingine ya Mshtarii na hayo yalikuwa magimba ya kwamnza yaliyoonekana kuzunguka sayari nyingine.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ganymede-satellite-of-Jupiter |title=Ganymede (satellite of Jupiter) |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |access-date=November 19, 2019}}</ref>

Iliwahi kuitwa kwa majina mbalimbali. Jina lililobaki lilipendekezwa na mwanaastronomia [[Simon Marius]]. Kufuatana na desturi ya Ulaya kuziita sayari kwa majina ya miungu kutoka dini za kale, Marius alipendekeza jina la "[[Ganimedi]]" ([[gir.]] Γανυμήδης ''ganimedes)'' , kijana mpenzi wa mungu mkuu [[Zeu]] (sawa na [[Jupiter]] wa [[Waroma wa Kale]]) katika masimulizi ya Wagiriki. wa Jupita).

== Muundo na tabia zinazojulikana ==
[[Picha:Ganymede diagram.svg|thumb|Muundo wa kudhaniwa wa Ganimedi kufuatana na data zilizopatikana hadi 2020]]
Kwenye kitovu chake kuna kiini cha [[metali]] kinachofikiriwa kuwa katika hali ya joto na kiowevu ambacho ni hasa [[chuma]] na [[nikeli]]. Myuko :en:convection ndani ya kiini hiki ni sababu ya kumkinika ya [[ugasumaku]] wake. Ganimedi hadi sasa ni mwezi wa pekee uliogunduliwa kuwa na ugasumaku. 

Ganymede inadhaniwa imeundwa na [[Silika (kemia)|miamba ya kisilika]] na [[maji]]. Uso wake wa miamba hufunikwa na bahari yenye kina cha kilomita mia kadhaa. Tabaka la juu la bahari hiyo limeganda, ni barafu. Kwa hiyo uso wote wa Ganimedi ni barafu<ref>[https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-s-hubble-observations-suggest-underground-ocean-on-jupiters-largest-moon  NASA’s Hubble Observations Suggest Underground Ocean on Jupiter's Largest Moon], tovuti ya NASA tar. March 12, 2015, iliangaliwa Mei 2018</ref>. Kuna makadirio ya kwamba kiasi cha maji kwenye Ganimedi kinazidi jumla ya maji Duniani.<ref>[https://www.rt.com/usa/240301-nasa-jupiter-ganymede-ocean/ Jupiter moon Ganymede could have ocean with more water than Earth – NASA ] {{Wayback|url=https://www.rt.com/usa/240301-nasa-jupiter-ganymede-ocean/ |date=20181005030845 }}, tovuti ya Russia Today ya 13 Mar, 2015, iliangaliwa Mei 2018</ref>
 
Uso unaonyesha maeneo meusi na maeneo meupemeupe. Sehemu nyeusi zinaonyesha kasoko nyingi kutokana na migongano na asteroidi ndogo, sehemu nyeupe zinaonyesha zaidi mabonde na safu za milima. Inadhaniwa kwamba sehemu nyesui ni za kale zaidi, na sehemu nyeupe zimepokea umbo kutokana na [[Gandunia|miendo ya gandunia]] . 

Ugasumaku wa Ganimedi inadhaniwa umetokana na myuko ([[:en:convection]]) ndani ya kiini chake cha chuma moto katika hali ya kiowevu<ref name="Volwerk1999">{{cite journal |last1=Volwerk |first1=M. |last2=Kivelson |first2=M.G. |last3=Khurana |first3=K.K. |last4=McPherron |first4=R.L. |title=Probing Ganymede's magnetosphere with field line resonances |journal=J. Geophys. Res. |date=1999 |volume=104 |issue=A7 |pages=14,729–14,738 |doi=10.1029/1999JA900161 |url=http://www.igpp.ucla.edu/people/mkivelson/Publications/1999JA900161.pdf |bibcode=1999JGR...10414729V |access-date=2021-03-16 |archive-date=2009-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327050807/http://www.igpp.ucla.edu/people/mkivelson/Publications/1999JA900161.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>. 

Ganimedi ina [[angahewa]] hafifu sana ya inayonyesha [[oksijeni]] ambayo ni pamoja na O, O <sub>2</sub>, na labda O <sub>3</sub> ( [[ozoni]] ).  Viwangi vidogo vya [[hidrojeni]] vilipimwa pia kwwa njia ya uchambuzi wa [[spektra]].

== Uchunguzi ==
[[Picha:Ganymede from Pioneer 10 19.jpg|thumb|Picha iliyotumwa na Mariner 10 kwenye mwaka 1973]]
Mbali na kuiangalia kwa darubini, vipimaanga kadhaa waliongeza data na elimu kuhusu Ganimedi. Hadi sasa vyote vilitumwa na [[NASA]] ya Marekani:

* Pioneer 10 ilipita kwa Ganimedi mwaka 1973 ikatuma picha ya kwanza ya mwezi huo ikafuatwa na Pioneer 11 mwaka 1974<ref name="Pioneer 11">{{cite web |url=http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Advanced&MCode=Pioneer_11 |title=Pioneer 11 |work=Solar System Exploration |access-date=January 6, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902202131/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Advanced&MCode=Pioneer_11 |archive-date=September 2, 2011 |accessdate=2021-03-16 |archivedate=2011-09-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902202131/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Advanced&MCode=Pioneer_11 |https://web.archive.org/web/20110902202131/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Advanced&MCode=Pioneer_11 |=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902202131/http://sse.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Advanced&MCode=Pioneer_11 }}</ref>.
* Voyager 1 na Voyager 2 vilifuata mwaka 1979. Viliweza kupima ukubwa wa Ganimedi vikatambua kuwepo kwa mabonde na milima
<ref name="Voyager Mission">{{cite web |url=http://www.solarviews.com/eng/vgrfs.htm |title=The Voyager Planetary Mission |work=Views of the Solar System |access-date=January 6, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203032714/http://www.solarviews.com/eng/vgrfs.htm |archive-date=February 3, 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref>.
* Galileo ilifika mwaka 1995 ilizunguka Mshtarii na miezi yake kwa miaka nane. Galileo ilipita mara kadhaa karibu na Ganimedi, safari moja kilomita 260 pekee juu ya uso wake. Iligundua ugasumaku na bahari ya maji iliyopo chini ya uso wa barafu<ref name="McCord1998">{{cite journal |last1=McCord |first1=T.B. |last2=Hansen |first2=G.V. |last3=Clark |first3=R.N. |last4=Martin |first4=P. D. |last5=Hibbitts |first5=C. A. |last6=Fanale |first6=F. P. |last7=Granahan |first7=J. C. |last8=Segura |first8=M. |last9=Matson |first9=D. L. |display-authors=2 |title=Non-water-ice constituents in the surface material of the icy Galilelean satellites from Galileo near-infrared mapping spectrometer investigation |journal=J. Geophys. Res.|date=1998 |volume=103 |issue=E4 |pages=8,603–8,626 |bibcode=1998JGR...103.8603M |doi=10.1029/98JE00788 |doi-access=free }}</ref>
+ New Horizons ilipita mwaka 2007<ref name="New Horizons">{{cite web |url=http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Pluto_Bound_New_Horizons_Spacecraft_Gets_A_Boost_From_Jupiter_999.html |title=Pluto-Bound New Horizons Spacecraft Gets A Boost From Jupiter |work=Space Daily |access-date=January 6, 2008 }}</ref>

Kipimaanga kinachopangwa kufuata ni JUICE (Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer) inayoandaliwa na [[ESA|mamlaka ya usafiri wa anga ya Ulaya ESA]]. Ilitarajiwa kurushwa mwaka 2022. Itahitaji zaidi ya miaka 7 kufika kwenye mfumo wa Mshtarii, itatangulia kupita kwenye miezi ya [[Europa (Mshtarii)|Europa]] na [[Kallisto (Mshtarii)|Kallisto]] hadi kuingia katika obiti ya kuzunguka Ganimedi mnamo mwaka 2032<ref name="grasset">{{cite conference |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/Oct2011/presentations/Dougherty.pdf |last1=Dougherty |last2=Grasset |title=Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer |date=2011 }} Parent page: [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/opag/Oct2011/presentations/ OPAG October 2011 Presentations]</ref>.    

[[Picha:Ganymede,_Earth_&_Moon_size_comparison.jpg|thumb| Ulinganishi wa ukubwa wa [[Dunia]] (kulia), [[Mwezi]] (juu), na Ganimedi (chini).]]

==Marejeo==
<references/>
 

== Viungo vya nje ==
{{Commons category|Ganymede (moon)}}
* [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Ganymede Ganymede Profile] {{Wayback|url=http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Jup_Ganymede |date=20151107084212 }} at [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/ NASA's Solar System Exploration site]
* [http://www.nineplanets.org/ganymede.html Ganymede page] at ''The Nine Planets''
* [http://www.solarviews.com/eng/ganymede.htm Ganymede page] at ''Views of the Solar System''
* [http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/gc/gchome.shtml Ganymede Crater Database] from the Lunar and Planetary Institute
* [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/target/Ganymede Images of Ganymede at JPL's Planetary Photojournal]
* Movie of [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8LlKoRMgaY Ganymede's rotation] from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
* [http://www.scientificamerican.com/media/inline/blog/Image/ganymede_map.jpg Ganymede map] from [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=ganymede-new-map ''Scientific American'' article]
* [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/?IDNumber=PIA03781 Ganymede map with feature names] from [http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/ Planetary Photojournal]
* [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Page/GANYMEDE/target Ganymede nomenclature] and [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/images/gany_15ppi.pdf Ganymede map with feature names] from the [http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov USGS planetary nomenclature page]
* [http://stereomoons.blogspot.com/2009/10/galileo-4-moons-at-400-years.html Paul Schenk's 3D images and flyover videos of Ganymede and other outer solar system satellites]
* [http://www.baen.com/TerraformingGanymede1.asp "Terraforming Ganymede with Robert A. Heinlein" (part 1)], article by [[Gregory Benford]], 2011
** [http://www.baen.com/TerraformingGanymede2.asp Part 2]
* [http://sites.nationalacademies.org/SSB/xpedio/groups/ssbsite/documents/webpage/SSB_059315.pdf Ganymede Orbiter Concept]
* [http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3237/ Global Geologic Map of Ganymede] (USGS)
* [https://www.google.com/maps/space/ganymede/@-1.551038,-164.6549184,6869088m/data=!3m1!1e3 Google Ganymede 3D], interactive map of the moon

{{mfumo wa jua na sayari zake}}
[[Jamii:Mshtarii]]