Tazama chanzo cha Galileo Galilei

[[Picha:Galileo Galilei 3.jpg|thumb|right|Galileo Galilei alivyochorwa.]]

'''Galileo Galilei''' ([[5 Februari]] [[1564]] – [[8 Januari]] [[1642]]) alikuwa [[mtaalamu]] wa [[fizikia]], [[hisabati]] na [[astronomia]] kutoka nchini [[Italia]].

Anakumbukwa kwa sababu aliweka [[msingi|misingi]] ya [[mbinu]] mpya za [[sayansi]] zinazoendelea kutumika hadi leo. Akiwa mtaalamu wa kwanza aliyetumia [[darubini]] kwa kutazama [[nyota]] na [[sayari]] na kwa njia hiyo alipanua [[ujuzi]] wa [[binadamu]] juu ya [[ulimwengu]]. 

== Ujana wake ==
[[Baba]] yake alikuwa [[mfanyabiashara]] aliyejishughulisha pia na masuala ya hisabati. 

Galileo alisomeshwa kwenye [[shule ya monasteri]] akaendelea kusoma [[tiba]] [[mji|mjini]] [[Firenze]] lakini akaacha masomo hayo akachukua hisabati badala yake.

== Kanuni za anguko ==
Miaka [[1589]] - [[1592]] alipata nafasi kama [[profesa]] wa hisabati kwenye [[chuo kikuu]] cha [[Pisa]]. Hapo alifanya [[utafiti]] juu ya [[kanuni za anguko]] la [[gimba|magimba]]. Aliweza kuonyesha kwamba magimba yote huanguka kwa mkasi uleule yakianguka pasipo [[hewa]] kama ni makubwa au madogo. Kwa tamko hili alionekana kumpinga [[Aristoteles]] aliyepokewa na wataalamu na [[Kanisa]] kama msingi wa utaalamu wote. 

== Astronomia na darubini ==
[[Picha:Galileo-demontrates-in-Venice.jpg|300px|thumb|Galileo alivyoonyesha miezi ya [[Mshtarii]] kwa viongozi wa [[Venisi]]]]
Alihamia chuo kikuu cha [[Padua]] alipofanya kazi kati ya 1592 na [[1610]]. Alisikia kuhusu [[chombo]] kipya cha [[darubini]] (kionambali) kilichobuniwa na [[Mholanzi]] [[Hans Lipperhey]] akaiiga na kujenga ya kwake. Alikuwa kati ya watu wa kwanza waliotumia chombo hicho kwa kutazama [[Mwezi (gimba la angani)|mwezi]], [[sayari]] na [[nyota]]. Aliona [[milima]] kwenye Mwezi. Pamoja na Mjerumani Simon Marius alikuwa mtu wa kwanza aliyeona miezi ya sayari [[Mshtarii]] na Galileo alikuwa mtu wa kwanza aliyeeleza utambuzi huu katika kitabu. 

Vilevile aliweza kuangalia sayari [[Zuhura]] (pia Ng'andu, lat. Venus) jinsi ilivyoonyesha awamu sawa na Mwezi. Zilionekana kama [[mwezi mwandamo]], [[nusu mwezi]] au [[mwezi mpevu]]. Alitazama pia [[madoa ya jua]].

Mwaka [[1610]] [[mtawala]] wa [[Toscana]], [[Cosimo II]] kutoka [[nasaba]] ya [[Medici]], aliyewahi kuwa [[mwanafunzi]] wake, alimkaribisha kuwa mwanahisabati mkuu na pia profesa huko Pisa.

Alipendwa na watu wengi, pia na [[kardinali]] [[Maffeo Barberini]] aliyeendelea kufanya hivyo baada ya kuchaguliwa kuwa [[Papa Urban VIII]].

== Kesi ya Kanisa dhidi yake ==
[[Picha:Galileo Galilei01.jpg|thumb|right|[[Sanamu]] ya Galileo Galilei kwenye [[kaburi]] lake ndani ya [[Kanisa]] la Msalaba Mtakatifu mjini [[Firenze]], [[Italia]].]]
Matokeo ya utafiti wa Galilei yalipinga [[hoja]] ya awali iliyofundishwa na wataalamu wa [[Ugiriki ya Kale]] na kukubaliwa na wataalamu wa sayansi ya siku zile na pia katika [[Kanisa Katoliki]]. Kwa Galilei ilikuwa wazi ya kwamba [[dunia]] yetu si [[kitovu]] cha [[ulimwengu]], tena aliamini [[jua]] ni kitovu chake na kwamba [[Nicolaus Copernicus]] pamoja na [[Johannes Kepler‎]] waliwahi kusema [[ukweli]]. 

Mwanzoni Papa Urban VIII (aliyefuatilia kwa karibu [[majadiliano]] ya wataalamu kuhusu elimu ya nyota) alimpa Galilei [[moyo]] wa kuandika kuhusu [[nadharia]] ya Koperniko, lakini alimwonya kutoionyesha kama ukweli bali kama nadharia mojawapo. 

Katika majadiliano na wapinzani mbalimbali Galilei alisogea mbele na kutetea [[mfumo wa jua]] kuwa kitovu cha ulimwengu na kukosoa maoni ya kinyume. Sasa mafundisho ya Galilei yalipingwa kwa msingi wa mafundisho ya [[dini]] na sayansi. Wengine waliona yalipinga [[Biblia]] na [[imani]]. Wengine walifuata wataalamu kama [[Tycho Brahe]] walioona ya kwamba Galilei hakuweza kueleza [[vipimo]] vingi (jinsi vilivyowezekana wakati ule) na hivyo kukosa msingi wa kutangaza ukweli mpya.

Katika [[kesi]] mbele ya [[mahakama ya Kanisa]] alionywa asitangaze maoni yake mapya kuwa ukweli, badala yake alitakiwa kusema ni uwezekano tu. Sehemu ya [[vitabu]] vyake vilipigwa marufuku na mwenyewe aliambiwa kukaa ndani ya [[nyumba]] yake.

[[Mwaka]] [[1992]] [[Papa Yohane Paulo II]] alisema hivi kuhusu kesi dhidi ya Galilei:
« Kama wapinzani wake walio wengi, Galileo hakutofautisha mtazamo wa sayansi kuhusu mambo ya kimaumbile na fikra za kifalsafa juu ya maumbile ambazo kwa kawaida zinadaiwa nao. Ndiyo sababu alikataa pendekezo alilopewa la kuita 'dhana' mafundisho ya Kopernicus, hadi yathibitishwe moja kwa moja, ingawa hilo lilikuwa sharti la mbinu ya majaribio aliyoibuni mwenyewe kwa akili kubwa. [...] Kumbe, suala walilojiuliza wanateolojia wa wakati huo lilikuwa lile la ulinganifu wa mafundisho ya jua kuwa kiini cha ulimwengu na Maandiko Matakatifu. Hivyo sayansi mpya, kwa mbinu zake na uhuru wa ukufanya utafiti unaodaiwa nazo, ililazimisha wanateolojia kujiuliza juu ya vigezo vyao vya kufafanulia Maandiko. Wengi wao wakashindwa kufanya hivyo. Ajabu, Galileo, mwamini mnyofu, alijitokeza anaelewa kuliko wanateolojia waliompinga kuhusu jambo hilo. » (Yohane Paulo II kwa wanasayansi wa Akademia ya Kipapa ya Sayansi, 31 Oktoba 1992)

==Viungo vya nje==
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{{EB1911 poster|Galileo Galilei}}
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===Maandiko ya Galileo===
* {{Gutenberg author |id=Galilei,+Galileo | name=Galileo Galilei}}
* [https://archive.org/search.php?query=creator%3A%28galileo+Galilei%29+AND+mediatype%3A%28texts%29&page=3 Maandiko ya Galileo katika "[[Internet Archive]] Library"]
* [https://archive.org/details/dialoguesconcern005779mbp Dialogues Concerning Two New Sciences by Galileo Galilei]
* [https://archive.org/details/siderealmesseng00keplgoog The Sidereal messenger of Galileo Galilei]
*[http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Galileo_Prototype/MAIN.HTM Electronic representation of Galilei's notes on motion (MS. 72)]
*[http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/content/scientific_revolution/galileo Galileo's 1590 ''De Motu'' translation]
*[http://www.intratext.com/Catalogo/Autori/AUT158.HTM Works by Galileo Galilei]: text with concordances and frequencies.
*Galilei, Galileo. [http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galgal/index.html ''Le Operazioni del Compasso Geometrico et Militare''], Rome, 1610. From the [http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division] at the [[Library of Congress]]
*Galilei, Galileo. [http://www.rarebookroom.org/Control/galsol/index.html ''Istoria e Dimostrazioni Intorno Alle Macchie Solar''], Rome, 1613. From the [http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/ Rare Book and Special Collections Division] at the [[Library of Congress]]
*Linda Hall Library features a [http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,5292 first edition of ''Sidereus Nuncius Magna''] as well as a [http://contentdm.lindahall.org/u?/classics,426 pirated edition from the same year], both fully digitised.
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/general.67904.1 Sidereus Nuncius] from the Collections at the Library of Congress

===Kuhusu Galileo===
*[http://beinecke.library.yale.edu/exhibitions/starrymessenger/ Starry Messenger: Observing the Heavens in the Age of Galileo]—an exhibition at the [http://www.library.yale.edu/beinecke/index.html Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University]
*[http://www.museogalileo.it/en/index.html Museo Galileo]—Florence, Italy
*[http://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id=134975 Galileo's math genealogy]
*[http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/PictDisplay/Galileo.html Portraits of Galileo]
*[http://galileo.rice.edu/ The Galileo Project] at [[Rice University]]
*[http://www.pbs.org/400years/ PBS documentary: ''400 Years of the Telescope'']
*{{YouTube|5C5_dOEyAfk|Feather & Hammer Drop on Moon}}
*[http://www.martinince.eu/journalist/galileos-telescope/ article by UK journalist] on proposed disinterment to determine Galileo's eyesight problems
*[http://www.nytimes.com/2013/01/19/opinion/galileo-the-starry-messenger.html "Galileo, The Starry Messenger" (NYT, 18 January 2013).]

====Maisha yake====
* [https://archive.org/details/galileo01brya Galileo by Bryant, Walter W. (Walter William), Published 1918 ]
* [https://archive.org/details/ThePrivateLifeOfGalileo The Private Life Of Galileo. Compiled principally from his correspondence and that of his eldest daughter, Sister Maria Celeste]
*[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/galileo/ PBS Nova Online: ''Galileo's Battle for the Heavens'']
*[http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/galileo/ Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry on Galileo]
*{{IMDb title|id=0956139|title=Animated Hero Classics: Galileo (1997)}}
*{{MacTutor Biography|id=Galileo}}

====Galileo na Kanisa====
*[http://www.thomasaquinas.edu/news/recent_events/Decaen-Galileo.html ''Galileo Galilei, Scriptural Exegete, and the Church of Rome, Advocate of Science''] lecture ([http://www.thomasaquinas.edu/news/recent_events/Galileo%20Galilei-Scripture%20Exegete.mp3 audio here]) by [[Thomas Aquinas College]] tutor Dr. Christopher Decaen
*"[http://www.traditioninaction.org/History/A_003_Galileo.html The End of the Myth of Galileo Galilei]" by Atila Sinke Guimarães
*[http://blog.oup.com/2011/01/galileo/ Galileo and the Church], article by John Heilbron.

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