Tazama chanzo cha Ukeketaji

[[File:2013 Female Genital Mutilation Cutting Circumcision FGM World Map UNICEF.SVG|thumb|300px|alt=map|Kiwango cha ukeketaji duniani: [[Afrika]] inaongoza pamoja na [[Yemen]] na [[Kurdistan]] ya [[Iraq]].]] 
'''Ukeketaji''' (pia: ''[[tohara]] ya [[mwanamke]]''; kwa [[Kiingereza]]: ''female circumcision, female genital mutilation''; [[kifupi]]: FGM) ni tendo la kukata sehemu za nje za [[viungo vya uzazi]] vya mwanamke.

[[Neno]] linalotokana na [[mzizi]] ''keket'', ambao unabeba maana ya kuharibu.

Mara nyingi tendo la ukeketaji linaitwa pia "[[tohara]]" kwa kulifananisha na [[upasuaji]] mdogo wa [[wanaume]], lakini mambo ni tofauti kabisa.

Hapa sehemu za nje za [[viungo vya uzazi]] zinakatwa kusudi wasifurahie sana [[tendo la ndoa]], hivyo wawe waaminifu zaidi kwa waume wao. 

Ukeketaji umeenea hasa kati ya ma[[taifa]] na ma[[kabila]] wenye asili ya bonde la [[Naili]] na majirani wao. 

Kinyume na tohara ya wavulana matabibu wanaona hasara nyingi katika desturi hiyo. Ukeketaji unasababisha [[wasichana]] wengi kufa na wengine wengi kupatwa na [[maumivu]] makali wakati wa [[hedhi]], wa tendo la ndoa na wa [[kujifungua]]. 

Kwa sababu hizo [[serikali]] nyingi za dunia zimeupiga marufuku. 

Pia [[madhehebu]] kadhaa yanatoa mafundisho kuwa ni kinyume cha masharti ya [[dini]] yao.

[[Juhudi]] zimefanikiwa kwa kiasi fulani katika baadhi ya nchi.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! Kiwango kikubwa sana !! Kiwango kikubwa !! Kiwango cha wastani !! Kiwango cha chini !! Kiwango cha chini sana
|-
| [[Somalia]]<br/>98% || [[Gambia]]<br/>76% || [[Guinea-Bissau]]<br/>50% || [[Jamhuri ya Afrika ya Kati]]<br/>24% || [[Iraq]]<br/>8%
|-
| [[Guinea]]<br/>96% || [[Burkina Faso]]<br/>76% || [[Chad]]<br/>44% || [[Yemen]]<br/>23% ||[[Ghana]]<br/>4%
|-
| [[Jibuti]]<br/>93% || [[Ethiopia]]<br/>74% || [[Côte d'Ivoire]]<br/>38% || [[Tanzania]]<br/>15% || [[Togo]]<br/>4%
|-
| [[Egypt]]<br/>91% || [[Mauritania]]<br/>69% || [[Kenya]]<br/>27% || [[Benin]]<br/>13% || [[Niger]]<br/>2%
|-
| [[Eritrea]]<br/>89% || [[Liberia]]<br/>66% || [[Nigeria]]<br/>27% || || [[Cameroon]]<br/>1%
|-
| [[Mali]]<br/>89% || || [[Senegal]]<br/>26% || || [[Uganda]]<br/>1%
|-
| [[Sierra Leone]]<br/>88% || || || ||
|-
| [[Sudan]]<br/>88% || || || ||
|}

==Marejeo==
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: Shweder, Richard. "When Cultures Collide: Which Rights? Whose Tradition of Values? A Critique of the Global Anti-FGM Campaign," in Christiopher L. Eisgruber and András Sajó (eds.), ''Global Justice And the Bulwarks of Localism'', Martinus Nijhoff, 2005, [https://humdev.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/humdev.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shweder/When%20Cultures%20Collide.pdf pp. 181–199] {{Wayback|url=https://humdev.sites.uchicago.edu/sites/humdev.uchicago.edu/files/uploads/shweder/When%20Cultures%20Collide.pdf |date=20130921053958 }}.
: [[Eric Silverman|Silverman, Eric K.]] [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25064860 "Anthropology and Circumcision"], ''Annual Review of Anthropology'', 33, 2004.
: Strayer, Robert and Murray, Jocelyn. "The CMS and Female Circumcision," in Robert Strayer. ''The Making of Missionary Communities in East Africa'', Heinemann Educational Books, 1978.
: [[Sylvia Tamale|Tamale, Sylvia]]. "Researching and theorising sexualities," in Sylvia Tamale (ed.), ''African Sexualities: A Reader'', Fahamu/Pambazuka, 2011.
: Thiam, Awa. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1468-2451.00150 "Women's fight for the abolition of sexual mutilation"], ''International Social Science Journal'', 50(157), September 1998, pp.&nbsp;381–386.
: Thomas, Lynn M. [http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0424.1996.tb00062.x/abstract {{" '}}Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)': The Gender and Generational Politics of the 1956 Ban on Clitoridectomy in Meru, Kenya"], ''Gender and History'', 8(3), November 1996, pp. 338–363.
: Thomas, Lynn M. {{" '}}Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)': Lessons from Colonial Campaigns to Ban Excision in Meru, Kenya" in Bettina Shell-Duncan and Ylva Hernlund (eds.), ''Female "Circumcision" in Africa'', Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000.
: Thomas, Lynn M. ''Politics of the Womb: Women, Reproduction, and the State in Kenya'', University of California Press, 2003.
: [[Nahid Toubia|Toubia, Nahid]]. [http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199409153311106 "Female Circumcision as a Public Health Issue"], ''The New England Journal of Medicine'', 331(11), 1994, pp.&nbsp;712–716.
: Toubia, Nahid and Sharief, Eiman Hussein. [http://www.ijgo.org/article/S0020-7292%2803%2900229-7/fulltext "Female genital mutilation: have we made progress?"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ijgo.org/article/S0020-7292%2803%2900229-7/fulltext |date=20170101060238 }}, ''International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics'', 82(3), September 2003, pp.&nbsp;251–261.
: United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF). [http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf "Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf |date=20150405083031 }}, July 2013.
: Walley, Christine J. "Searching for 'Voices': Feminism, Anthropology, and the Global Over Female Genital Operations," in Stanlie M. James and Claire C. Robertson (eds.), ''Genital Cutting and Transnational Sisterhood'', University of Illinois Press, 2002.
: Wangila, Mary Nyangweso. ''Female Circumcision: The Interplay of Religion, Culture and Gender in Kenya'', Orbis Books, 2007.
: Werblowsky, R.J. Zwi; Wigoder, R.J. and Geoffrey (eds.). ''The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion'', Oxford University Press, 1997.
: Yasin, Berivan A. et al. [http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/13/809/abstract# "Female genital mutilation among Iraqi Kurdish women: a cross-sectional study from Erbil city"], ''BMC Public Health'', 13, September 2013.
: Yoder, Stanley P. and Khan, Shane. [http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/WP39/WP39.pdf "Numbers of women circumcised in Africa"], USAID, March 2008.
: Zabus, Chantal. "Between Rites and Rights: Excision on Trial in African Women's Texts and Human Contexts," in Peter H. Marsden and Geoffrey V. Davis (eds.), ''Towards a Transcultural Future: Literature and Human Rights in a ' Post'-Colonial World'', Rodopi, 2004.
: Zabus, Chantal. "The Excised Body in African Texts and Contexts," in Merete Falck Borch (ed.), ''Bodies and Voices: The Force-field of Representation and Discourse in Colonial and Postcolonial Studies'', Rodopi, 2008.
{{refend}}

==Marejeo mengine==
{{Commons category|Female genital mutilation}}
 
===Hoja===
{{Refbegin|normalfont=yes|indent=yes}}
: [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/ "Factsheet on FGM"], World Health Organization, February 2013.
: British [[National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children]] 24-hour national helpline for children at risk of FGM: 0800 028 3550
: [http://www.forwarduk.org.uk/about FORWARD], London, charity specializing in FGM research (FORWARD's list of [http://www.forwarduk.org.uk/resources/support/well-woman-clinics hospitals and clinics in the UK offering specialist FGM services] {{Wayback|url=http://www.forwarduk.org.uk/resources/support/well-woman-clinics |date=20140328211318 }}).
: [http://www.desertflowerfoundation.org/ Desert Flower Foundation] ([http://www.desertflowerfoundation.org/en/first-desert-flower-center-opens-in-berlin/ "First Desert Flower Center opens in Berlin"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.desertflowerfoundation.org/en/first-desert-flower-center-opens-in-berlin/ |date=20140129220055 }}, 16 September 2013, first dedicated FGM clinic in Europe).
: [http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/library/Pdf/CIRCUMCISION,%20FEMALE1960-1980.pdf "Circumcision, female"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.kinseyinstitute.org/library/Pdf/CIRCUMCISION,%20FEMALE1960-1980.pdf |date=20150702080920 }}, The Kinsey Institute (bibliography 1960s–1980s).
: Westley, David M. [http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=ejab "Female circumcision and infibulation in Africa"] {{Wayback|url=http://ir.uiowa.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1009&context=ejab |date=20210605174616 }}, ''Electronic Journal of Africana Bibliography'', 4, 1999 (bibliography up to 1997).
: ''The Guardian''. [http://www.theguardian.com/society/female-genital-mutilation FGM archive].
: ''The Guardian''.  [http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/interactive/2013/jul/22/female-genital-mutilation-interactive "The facts about female genital mutilation – interactive"], interactive display showing facts and figures from UNICEF, 22 July 2013.
{{Refend}}

===Vitabu, makala===
{{Refbegin|normalfont=yes|indent=yes}}
: [[Felix Bryk|Bryk, Felix]]. ''Circumcision in Man and Woman: Its History, Psychology, and Ethnology'', The Minerva Group, Inc., 2001, first published 1934.
: CNN. [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXM0CVBQltI Report on FGM in Egypt], February 2009.
: Cullen-Dupont, Kathryn. "Female genital mutilation," ''Encyclopedia of Women's History in America'', Da Capo Press, 1998, p. [http://books.google.com/books?id=oIro7MtiFuYC&pg=PA85 85].
: [[Efua Dorkenoo|Dorkenoo, Efua]]. "Combating Female Genital Mutilation: An Agenda for the Next Decade," in Mona Eliasson (ed.). ''Teaching about Violence Against Women'', Feminist Press at CUNY, 1999.
: Dorkenoo, Efua. "Cutting the Rose: Female Genital Mutilation, the Practice and its Prevention'', Minority Rights Group, 1994.
: Kouba, Leonard J. and Muasher, Judith. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/524569 "Female Circumcision in Africa: An Overview"], ''African Studies Review'', 28(1), March 1985, pp.&nbsp;95–110.
: Sanderson, Lillian Passmore. ''Against the Mutilation of Women: The Struggle to End Unnecessary Suffering'', Ithaca Press, 1981.
: [[Ousmane Sembène|Sembène, Ousmane]]. ''[[Moolaadé]]'', 2004, a film about abandoning FGM.
: Sinclair, Stephanie. [http://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2008/01/20/magazine/20080120_CIRCUMCISION_SLIDESHOW_index.html "Inside a Female-Circumcision Ceremony"], ''The New York Times'' magazine, April 2006, slideshow of images from Indonesia ([http://www-nc.nytimes.com/2008/01/20/magazine/20circumcision-t.html article]).
: UNICEF. [http://www.unicef-irc.org/publications/pdf/fgm_insight_eng.pdf "Towards the abandonment of female genital mutilation in five African countries"], October 2010.
: Yoder, P. Stanley; Noureddine, Abderrahim; Arlinda, Zhuzhuni. [http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/CR7/CR7.pdf "Female Genital Cutting in the Demographic and Health Surveys: A Critical and Comparative Analysis"] {{Wayback|url=http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/CR7/CR7.pdf |date=20140426233743 }}, DHS Comparative Reports No. 7, 2004.
{{Refend}}

===Habari za maisha ya watu===
{{Refbegin|normalfont=yes|indent=yes}}
: [[Ayaan Hirsi Ali|Ali, Ayaan Hirsi]]. ''[[Infidel: My Life]]'', Simon & Schuster, 2007: Ali experiences FGM at the hands of her grandmother.
: [[Waris Dirie|Dirie, Waris]]. ''[[Desert Flower]]'', Harper Perennial, 1999: autobiographical novel.
: Dirie, Waris. ''Desert Dawn'',  Little, Brown, 2003: Dirie's work as UN Special Ambassador against FGM.
: Dirie, Waris. ''Desert Children'',  Virago, 2007: FGM in Europe
: [[Fauziya Kassindja|Kasinga, Fauziya]], and [[Layli Miller-Muro|Bashir, Layli Miller]]. ''Do They Hear You When You Cry'', Delacorte Press, 1998.
: [[Nawal El Saadawi|El Saadawi, Nawal]]. ''[[Woman at Point Zero]]'',  Zed Books, 1975.
{{Refend}}


{{Mbegu-utamaduni}}

[[Jamii:Afya]]
[[Jamii:Utamaduni]]