Tazama chanzo cha Milki ya Kiptolemaio

[[Picha:Ptolemaic Kingdom III-II century BC - pt.svg|thumb|400px|[[Ramani]] ya Milki ya Kiprolemaio.]]
'''Milki ya Kiptolemaio''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]]: Πτολεμαϊκὴ βασιλεία, ''ptolemaaike basileia)''<ref>[[Diodorus Siculus]], ''Bibliotheca historica'', 18.21.9</ref> ulikuwa [[dola]] katika [[Misri]] na sehemu za [[Mashariki ya Kati]] kuanzia [[mwaka]] [[305 KK]] hadi mwaka [[30]] [[BK]]. Ilitawaliwa na [[wafalme]] kutoka [[nasaba ya Waptolemaio]] waliokuwa [[Wagiriki wa kale|Wagiriki]] na hivyo ufalme wao huhesabiwa kati ya [[Uheleni|milki za Kiheleni]] zilizotokea baada ya [[Aleksander Mkuu]].
 
==Mandharinyuma ya Kihistoria==
[[Aleksander Mashuhuri]] alivamia Misri kwenye mwaka [[332 KK]] akipiga [[vita]] yake dhidi ya [[Milki ya Uajemi]]. Misri ilikuwa chini ya Waajemi wakati ule. Baada ya [[kifo]] cha Aleksander mnamo [[323 KK]], [[himaya]] yake ilisambaratika haraka ilhali [[Jenerali|majenerali]] wake walianza kushindana juu ya [[urithi]] wake. 

[[Picha:British Museum Egypt 031.jpg|thumb|[[Sanamu]] ya Ptolemaio I akionyeshwa kama Farao wa Kimisri.]]
==Ptolemaio I ==
[[Mwanzilishi]] wa [[milki]] hiyo alikuwa [[Ptolemaio I|Ptolemaio I Soter]] aliyekuwa [[rafiki]] wa Aleksander. Milki hiyo ikadumu hadi [[kifo]] cha [[malkia]] [[Kleopatra]] mnamo 30 BK. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Ancient Egypt - Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt (332–30 bce)|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Wakitawala kwa karibu [[karne]] tatu, [[Nasaba ya Waptolemaio|Waptolemaio]] walikuwa [[nasaba]] yenye [[utawala]] mrefu kati ya nasaba zote zilizotawala Misri ya Kale. 

Ptolemaio aliyekuwa Mgiriki wa [[Masedonia]] na mmoja wa marafiki wa karibu wa Alksander; alishinda udhibiti wa Misri kutoka kwa wapinzani wake akajitangaza kuwa [[farao]] ([[cheo]] cha mfalme wa Misri).<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Art of Ancient Egypt|last=Robins|first=Gay|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-674-03065-7|edition=Revised|location=United States|pages=10}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|title=A History of the Ptolemaic Empire|last=Hölbl|first=Günther|publisher=Routledge|year=2001|isbn=978-0-415-23489-4|location=UK, USA, Canada|pages=22}}</ref> 

Ptolemaio alifaulu kushinda vita dhidi ya [[Waseleuko]] waliokuwa pia warithi wa Aleksander na hapo alifaulu kuingiza [[kusini]] mwa [[Syria]] na [[Lebanoni]] katika himaya yake; upande wa [[magharibi]] alitwaa pia [[Libya]] akaendelea kudhibiti pia [[Nubia]] kwenye kusini.

==Tamaduni mbili==
[[Aleksandria]], [[mji]] uliowahi kuundwa na Aleksander na kukaliwa na Wagiriki, uliteuliwa kuwa [[mji mkuu]]. Iliendelea kuwa [[kitovu]] cha [[utamaduni]] wa Kigiriki katika Misri. Ilikuwa pia kitovu cha [[elimu]] na [[biashara]]. Ptolemaio I alianzisha [[Maktaba ya Aleksandria]], iliyoendelea kuwa mkusanyo mkubwa wa [[vitabu]] (wakati ule vilikuwa vikinakiliwa kwa [[mkono]]) katika [[Afrika]], [[Ulaya]] na Mashariki ya Kati.

Waptolemaio walitawala juu ya Wamisri wazawa. Hivyo walijitahidi kutumia [[mapokeo]] na [[desturi]] za Misri ili kurahisisha utawala wao. Walitumia cheo cha Farao, na walipoonekana hadharani nje ya Aleksandria walivaa pia [[nguo]] za Kimisri. Kwenye [[Jengo|majengo]] ya [[serikali|kiserikali]] walifuata desturi ya Kimisri kuchora [[picha]] zao wakivaa Kimisri. Vinginevyo walitunza utamaduni wao wa Kigiriki kati yao na pia kati ya miji iliyoundwa nao na kukaliwa na Wagiriki<ref name=":4" />. Inasemekana malkia wa mwisho Kleopatra alikuwa Mptolemaio wa kwanza aliyejua [[lugha]] ya [[Kimisri]] vizuri kabisa, pamoja na Kigiriki.

==Utawala==
Walikuwa wamerithi [[vyombo vya dola]] vilivyoendelea kwa desturi za Kimisri kwenye ngazi za chini. Wagiriki wengi, hasa [[wanajeshi]] waliostaafu, walikaribishwa kukaa Misri wakapewa nafasi za kujenga makazi na kulima. Waliingiza [[mazao]] mapya. Katika [[oasisi]] ya Fayum walikausha [[vinamasi]] na kutoa ardhi kwa [[walowezi]] Wagiriki. Hata hivyo [[idadi]] kubwa kabisa ya wananchi walikuwa wazalendo walioendelea [[maisha]] yao ya vijijini, lakini matabaka ya juu ya vyombo vya dola yalijaa Wagiriki waliodhibiti shughuli za [[siasa]], [[uchumi]] na [[jeshi]]. Wamisri asilia waliweza kupanda ngazi kama walijua Kigiriki<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Ancient Egypt - Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt (332–30 bce)|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>.

Waptolemaio walilinda [[taasisi]] za [[Dini za jadi|dini asilia]], hasa [[Hekalu|mahekalu]] ya [[dini]] ya Misri ya Kale. Waliendelea kugharamia [[Kuhani|makuhani]] na mahekalu wakashiriki katika [[sherehe]] na [[sikukuu]] muhimu na hivyo kutumia dini kama zana kwa utawala wao. Waptolemaio walijenga pia mahekalu mapya.

==Athiri ya Kiroma na mwisho wa milki==
[[Picha:-0035 Altes Museum Portrait Kleopatra VII anagoria.JPG|thumb|Sanamu ya Kleopatra.]]
[[Picha:Ptolemy XII making offerings to Egyptian Gods, in the Temple of Hathor, Dendera, Egypt.jpg|thumb|Picha ya Ptolemaio Xii akitoa sadaka mbele ya miungu ya Kimisri.]]
Misri ya Waptolemaio ilikuwa [[milki]] [[tajiri]] na yenye nguvu kati milki zote za Kiheleni zilizomfuata Aleksander. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ancient Egypt - Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt (332–30 bce)|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britannica.com/place/ancient-Egypt "Ancient Egypt - Macedonian and Ptolemaic Egypt (332–30 bce)"]. </cite></ref> Kuanzia katikati ya [[karne ya 2 KK]], ugomvi ndani ya nasaba na mfululizo wa [[vita]] za kigeni viliudhoofisha ufalme, na ikazidi kutegemea [[Jamhuri ya Roma|Jamhuri ya Roma ya Kale]]. Mfalme [[Ptolemaio XII]] alipaswa kutumia msaada wa vikosi vya [[askari]] Waroma aliporudi Misri kwenye mwaka [[55 KK]] baada ya uasi uliOwahi kumfukuza. 

[[Kleopatra|Malkia Kleopatra]] alitaka kurudisha [[mamlaka]] ya Waptolemaio lakini alijikuta kati ya pande tofauti za [[vita ya wenyyewe kwa wenyewe]] ya Kiroma. Hatimaye [[Roma]] ilivamia na kutwaa utawala juu ya Misri. [[Kifo]] cha Kleopatra kwenye mwaka 30 kilikuwa mwisho wa nasaba ya Waptolemaio na mwisho wa milki yao.

Misri ya Kiroma iliendelea kuwa [[jimbo]] tajiri la [[Dola la Roma]] na utamaduni ya Kiheleni uliendelea katika miji mikubwa; Kigiriki kilibaki lugha ya serikali hadi [[uvamizi]] wa [[Waarabu]] mwaka [[641]].

== Orodha ya watawala Waptolemaio ==
* [[Ptolemaio I]] Soter (303–282 KK) alimwoa kwanza [[Thaïs]], halafu [[Artakama]], halafu [[Eurydice |Eurydice]], na mwishowe Berenike I
* Ptolemaio II Philadelphus (285–246 KK)<ref>Tunny, Jennifer(2001)''The Health of Ptolemaio II Philadelphus''. The Bulletin of the American Society of Papyrologists/ Vol.38(1/4), pp.119-134</ref> alimwoa Arsinoe I, halafu Arsinoe II; alitawala pamoja na Ptolemaio Epigonos (267–259 KK)
* Ptolemaio III Euergetes (246–221 KK) alimwoa Berenike II
* Ptolemaio IV Philopator (221–203 KK) alimwoa Arsinoe III
* Ptolemaio V Epiphanes (203–181 KK) alimwoa Kleopatra I Syra
* Ptolemaio VI Philometor (181–164 KK, 163–145 KK) alimwoa Kleopatra II, alitawala kifupi pamoja na Ptolemaio Eupator in 152 KK
* Ptolemaio VII Neos Philopator (hakutawala)
* Ptolemaio VIII Physcon (170–163 KK, 145–116 KK) alimwoa Kleopatra II, halafu Kleopatra III; alifukuzwa kutoka Aleksandria na Kleopatra II kuanzia 131 hadi 127 KK, halafu walipatanisha 124 KK.
* Kleopatra II Philometora Soteira (131–127 KK), kwa upinzani dhidi ya Ptolemaio VIII Physcon
* Kleopatra III Philometor Soteira Dikaiosyne Nikephoros (Kokke) (116–101 KK) alitawala pamoja na Ptolemaio IX Lathyros (116–107 KK) na Ptolemaio X Alexander I (107–101 KK)
* Ptolemaio IX Lathyros (116–107 KK, 88–81 KK as Soter II) alimwoa Kleopatra IV, halafu Kleopatra Selene wa Syria; alitawala pamoja na Kleopatra III katika kipindi chake cha kwanza
* Ptolemaio X Alexander I (107–88 KK) alimwoa Kleopatra Selene, halafu Berenike III; alitawala pamoja na Kleopatra III till 101 KK
* Berenike III Philopator (81–80 KK)
* Ptolemaio XI Alexander II (80 KK) alimwoa na alitawala pamoja na Berenike III kabla ya kumwua; akaendelea kutawala kwa siku 19.
* Ptolemaio XII (80–58 KK, 55–51 KK) alimwoa Kleopatra V Tryphaena
* Kleopatra V Tryphaena (58–57 KK) alitawala pamoja na Berenike IV Epiphaneia (58–55 KK) na Kleopatra VI Tryphaena (58 KK)
* [[Kleopatra]] ("Kleopatra VII Philopator", 51–30 KK) alitawala pamoja na Ptolemaio XIII Theos Philopator (51–47 KK), Ptolemaio XIV (47–44 KK) na Ptolemaio XV Caesarion (44–30 KK).

== Marejeo ==
 {{marejeo}}

== Vyanzo ==
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KSonyiReFY8C|title=The Reign of Cleopatra|last=Burstein|first=Stanley Meyer|date=December 1, 2007|publisher=[[University of Oklahoma Press]]|isbn=978-0806138718|access-date=April 6, 2015}}
* {{Cite book|title=The Harvest of Hellenism|last=Peters|first=F.&nbsp;E.|publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]]|year=1970|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|title=A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period. Volume 2 – The Coming of the Greeks: The Early Hellenistic Period (335 – 175 BC)|last=Grabbe|first=L. L.|publisher=T&T Clark|year=2008|isbn=978-0-567-03396-3}}

== Viungo vya nje ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120324082551/http://www.unc.edu/awmc/downloads/aegyptusPtolSml.jpg Map of Ptolemaic Egypt, circa 270 BC]
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[[Jamii:Misri ya Kale]]