Simba walawatu wa Tsavo
Makala haina vyanzo vya kutosha
Makala (au sehemu ifuatayo ya makala) inatoa habari bila kuonyesha vyanzo au uthibitisho wowote.
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Simba walawatu wa Tsavo walikuwa simba wawili waliojulikana sana kwa kuwala binadamu. Simba hawa walisababisha vifo vya idadi kubwa ya wajenzi wa Reli ya Kenya-Uganda, tangu Desemba, 1898.
Historia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Mnamo Machi 1898, wakati wa ujenzi wa Reli ya Kenya-Uganda, mhandisi John Henry Patterson aliongoza ujenzi wa daraja juu ya Mto Tsavo nchini Kenya. Wakati wa ujenzi huu, wafanyikazi wengi wa India waliuawa na simba wawili wa kiume (Simba wa Tsavo), ambao walivamia watu hemani mwao na kuwararua. Wajenzi hawa walijenga maboma yenye kuta za miiba kuzunguka hema zao ili kuwaepuka wala-watu hawa; lakini simba hawa waliweza kujipenyeza. Patterson alijaribu mara kadhaa kuwawekea mitego na kuwafukuza usiku kutika mtini. Baaada ya majaribio mengi bila mafanikio, hatimaye alimpiga risasi mmoja wao mnamo 9 Desemba 1898. Wiki tatu baadaye, mnyama wa pili alipatikana na kuuawa. Idadi kamili ya watu waliouawa na wanyama hawa haijadhihirika. Wakati wa uhai wake, Patterson alitoa takwimu nyingi tofauti tofauti, moja ikikisia kwamba kulikuwa na waadhiriwa wengi, takribani 135.[1][2] Utafiti wa hivi maajuzi unaonyesha kwamba takwimu hizi zilikuwa takribani 35.
Patterson anaandika kuwa alimjeruhi simba wa kwanza akitumia risasi kutoka bunduki aina ya martini-Enfield .303. Risasi hii ilimpata katika miguu ya nyuma na akafanikiwa kutoroka. alirudi usiku akijaribu kumsaka Patterson hata alipojaribu kumwinda. patterson alimpiga risasi mara kadhaa akitumia bunduki ya .303 Lee Enfield, huku akimfuatilia keshoye na kumpata akiwa amefariki. Kwa ujumla, alimpiga risasi mara tano. Simba wa pili alipigwa risasi mara tano kwa kutumia bunduki ya .303 Lee Enfield, lakini bado aliweza kusimama na kujaribu kumsogelea kwa maumivu makali, ambapo alimpiga risasi mbili zaidi, moja katika kifua na ya pili kwa kichwa na akamuua. Anadai kuwa simba huyo alifariki huku akining'ini katika taga la mti lililoanguka, bado akijaribu kumfikia Patterson.[3]
Baada ya kutumika kwa miongo miwili na nusu kama matandiko ya Patterson, ngozi za simba hao ziliuzwa kwa Musiamu ya Uwanjani ya Chicago kwa jumla ya Dola za Marekani 5,000. Simba hao walifika kwa Musiamu katika hali mbaya. Walijengwa upya na sasa hivi wako katika maonyeshho ya kudumu pamoja na viwiliwili vyao. Simba waliopandikwa hapo wako na kipimo kidogo kuliko unene wa kutisha ambao Patterson anausimulia, pengine kwa kuwa Patterson alidanganya juu ya unene huo, au kwa sababu walikuwa wamepunguzwa ili kutumika kama matandiko ya Kombe nyumbani mwa Patterson.
Masimulizi ya Patterson yalichapishwa katika kitabu chake cha 1907, The Man-Eaters of Tsavo.
Utafiti wa Kisasa
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Sampuli za wanyama hawa wawili katika Musiamu ya Chicago wanajulikana kama FMNH 23970 (aliyeuawa Desemba 9) na FMNH 23969 (aliyeuawa 29 Desemba). utafiti wa hivi maajuzi umefanya kutokana na uchambuzi wa sahii ya Kiisotopia (Isotopic Signature) mabadiliko ya Carbon-13 (Δ13C) na Nitrogen-15 katika collagen ya mifupa yao na keratin katika nywele yao. Kwa kutumia makisio kuwa binadamu walioasiriwa walikuwa na kilo 20 za nyama ya kulika pamoja na hati tofauti za kiisotopia (Isotopic Signatures) za nyama ya binadamu ikilinganishwa na windo la kawaida la simba, uchambuzi huu unakisia kuwa FMNH 23969 alikula kiwango cha watu 10.5 na FMNH 23970 akala kiwango cha binadamu 24.5.[4] Takwimu hizi zinatoa idadi ya waasiriwa 35 ambayo Patterson alikuwa amedai kuwa 135..[5]
Vyanzo Vilivyokisiwa Kuchangia Ulaji wa Binadamu
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Madhanio mbalimbali kuhusu tabia ya ulaji watu yamepitiwa na Kerbis Peterhans na Gnoske (2001) na Patterson (2004). majadiliano yao yanajumuisha yafuatayo:
- Kuzuka kwa maradhi ya Nagana mnamo 1898 yalipunguza windo la kawaida la simba, wakilazimishwa kutafuta pato jingine la chakula.
- Simba wa Tsavo wanaweza kuwa walizoea kuwapata watu waliokufa wakivuka Mto Tsavo. Wafanyi biashara ya kuuuza watumwa waliojikita Uunguja walikuwa wakivuka mto huo mara kwa mara.
- mila ya Wajenzi wa reli wa dini ya Hindu ya kuwatupa wafu baada ya kuwachoma ilipelekea simba hao kuwala wafu hao.
Madai mengine ni kuwa simba wa kwanza alikuwa na jino lililoumia sana na hili linaweza kuwa lilikandamiza uwezo wake wa kutafuta windo la kawaida, kwa hivyo akawageukia binadamu. Ushahidi kuhusu madai haya umeonyeshwa katika karatasi zilizopitiwa kwa undani na Neiburger na Patterson (2000, 2001, 2002)na pia katika kitabu cha Bruce Patterson (2004)
Utamaduni Uliofana
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Kitabu cha Patterson kilitumiwa kama msingi wa filamu Bwana Devil (1952) na The Ghost and the Darkness (1996) ("The Ghost" na "The Darkness" ni majina waliyopewa Simba hawa wawili wala-watu)
Picha
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Tazama pia
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Patterson, Bruce D. (2004). The Lions of Tsavo : Exploring the Legacy of Africa's Notorious Man-Eaters. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0071363335.
- ↑ Gnoske, Thomas and Julian Kerbis Peterhans (2003). "Field Museum uncovers evidence behind man-eating; revises legend of its infamous man-eating lions". Journal of East African Natural History. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2011-06-07. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-04-09.
- ↑ chapter IX The Death of the Second Lion, The Man-Eaters of Tsavo and other East African Adventures by Lieut.-Col. J. H. Patterson, DSO publication date unknown as recorded on Amazon Kindle
- ↑ Yeakel JD, Patterson BD, Fox-Dobbs K, Okumura MM, Cerling TE, Moore JW, Koch PL, Dominy NJ. (2009). Cooperation and individuality among man-eating lions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106: 19040–19043. PMID 19884504
- ↑ Template error: argument title is required.
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Neiburger, E.J. & B.D. Patterson. 2000. Man eating lions…a dental link. Journal of the American Association of Forensic Dentists 24(7-9):1-3.)
- Neiburger, E.J. & B.D. Patterson. 2000. The man-eaters with bad teeth. New York State Dental Journal 66(10):26-29+cover.
- Kerbis Peterhans, J.C. and T.P. Gnoske (2001). The science of 'Man-eating' among lions (Panthera leo) with a reconstruction of the natural history of the "Man-eaters of Tsavo, Journal of East African Natural History 90:1-40.
- Patterson, B.D., E.J. Neiburger & S.M. Kasiki. 2003. Tooth breakage and dental disease as causes of carnivore-human conflicts. Journal of Mammalogy 84(1):190-196.
- Patterson, B.D. 2004. The lions of Tsavo: exploring the legacy of Africa’s notorious man-eaters. McGraw-Hill, New York, 231 pp.
- Patterson, B.D., S.M. Kasiki, E. Selempo & R.W. Kays. 2004. Livestock predation by lions (Panthera leo) and other carnivores on ranches neighboring Tsavo National Parks, Kenya. Biological Conservation 119 (4):507-516
- Patterson, B.D. 2005. Living with lions in Tsavo, or notes on managing man-eaters. Travel News & Lifestyle (East Africa) 129 (Feb 2005):28-31.
- Dubach, J, B.D. Patterson, M.B. Briggs, K. Venzke, J. Flammand, P. Stander, L. Scheepers & R. Kays. 2005. Molecular genetic variation across the eastern and southern geographic range of the African lion, Panthera leo. Conservation Genetics 7:15-24.
- Patterson, B.D., R.W. Kays, S.M. Kasiki & V.M. Sebestyen. 2006. Developmental effects of climate on the mane of the lion (Panthera leo). Journal of Mammalogy 87(2):193-200.
- Gnoske, T.P., G. Celesia, and J.C. Kerbis Peterhans, (2006). Dissociation between mane development and sexual maturity in lions (Panthera leo): Solution to the Tsavo Riddle? J of Zoology (London) 270(4): 1-10.
- Kerbis Peterhans, J.C., C.M. Kusimba, T.P. Gnoske, S. Andanje & B.D. Patterson (1998). Man-eaters of Tsavo rediscovered after 100 years, an infamous ‘lions den’, rekindles some old questions. Natural History 107(9):12-14.
- Patterson, B.D. 2004. The lions of Tsavo: exploring the legacy of Africa’s notorious man-eaters. McGraw-Hill, New York, 231 pp.
Kiini
[hariri | hariri chanzo]Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- Chicago Field Museum - Maonyesho ya Simba wa Tsavo Ilihifadhiwa 30 Desemba 2010 kwenye Wayback Machine.
- Kenya yataka Wala-Watu wa Tsavo warejeshwe nchini
- [1] Ilihifadhiwa 4 Machi 2016 kwenye Wayback Machine. Kenya yataka Wala-Watu wa Tsavo warejeshwe nchini
- Journal: man-eaters of Tsavo - Natural History, Nov, 1998 (via FindArticles.com)
- Man-Eating Lions Not Aberrant, Experts Say - National Geographic News, Jan 4, 2004
- The Ghost and the Darkness at Internet Movie Database