Pijini : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
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*[[Pijini na krioli]] |
*[[Pijini na krioli]] |
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== Tanbihi == |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
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== Marejeo == |
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* {{citation |
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|last=Bakker |
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|first=Peter |
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|year=1994 |
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|chapter=Pidgins |
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|editor1-last=Arends |
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|editor1-first=Jacques |
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|editor2-last=Muijsken |
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|editor2-first=Pieter |
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|editor3-last=Smith |
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|editor3-first=Norval |
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|title=Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction |
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|publisher=John Benjamins |
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|pages=26–39 |
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}} |
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* {{citation |
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|last=Hymes |
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|first=Dell |
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|title=Pidginization and Creolization of Languages |
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|publisher=Cambridge University Press |
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| year=1971 |
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|isbn=0-521-07833-4}} |
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* {{Citation | author=McWhorter, John | title=The Power of Babel: The Natural History of Language | publisher=[[Random House|Random House Group]] | year=2002 | isbn=0-06-052085-X | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/powerofbabelnatu00mcwh }} |
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* {{Citation | author=Sebba, Mark | title=Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles | publisher=MacMillan| year=1997|isbn=0-333-63024-6}} |
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*{{citation |
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|last=Thomason |
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|first=Sarah G. |
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|authorlink=Sarah Thomason |
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|last2=Kaufman |
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|first2=Terrence |
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|authorlink2=Terrence Kaufman |
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|year=1988 |
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|title=Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics |
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|place=Berkeley |
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|publisher=University of California Press |
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|isbn=0-520-07893-4}} |
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* {{citation|last=Todd|first=Loreto|title=Pidgins and Creoles|year=1990|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=0-415-05311-0}} |
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==Marejeo mengine== |
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*Holm, John (2000), ''An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles'', [[Cambridge University Press]] |
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== Viungo vya nje == |
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*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090531014506/http://www.une.edu.au/langnet/index.html Language Varieties Web Site] |
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Pitio la 13:45, 5 Oktoba 2019
Pijini ni lugha ambayo hutokea pale ambapo wazungumzaji wa lugha mbili tofauti hukutana; hapo, ili kukidhi haja yao ya kuwasiliana, inawalazimu kuibua au kutumia lugha moja ambayo itawawezesha kuelewana katika nyanja za mawasiliano.
Kwa maneno mengine, pijini ni lugha ambayo huzuka pale ambapo makundi mawili ya watu wenye lugha mbalimbali yanapokutana na haja ya mazungumzo hutokea. Mara nyingi ni lugha za biashara hasa.
Pijini kadhaa zinazoonekana leo zilianza wakati wa ukoloni ambako watu waliotawaliwa na mataifa ya Ulaya kwa hiari yao au kwa kulazimishwa walianza kutumia lugha ya Kizungu katika maisha ya kila siku.
Pijini na krioli
Pijini ni lugha za nyongeza, si lugha mama. Inawezekana ya kwamba matumizi ya pijini yanaimarika hadi kutumiwa ndani ya familia na kuwa lugha ya kwanza kwa watoto: hapo inaitwa lugha ya Krioli. Kumetokea ya kwamba Krioli inaendelea kutumiwa na kujengwa hadi kuwa lugha kamili.
Kuna lugha mbalimbali zilizoanza kwa njia hii. Chanzo cha Kiswahili kinadhaniwa kilikuwa hapohapo. Kuna wataalamu wanaoona hata Kiingereza kilianza kama pijini au krioli wakati wa uvamizi wa Wanormani miaka 1000 iliyopita.
Tazama pia
Tanbihi
Marejeo
- Bakker, Peter (1994), "Pidgins", katika Arends, Jacques; Muijsken, Pieter; Smith, Norval (whr.), Pidgins and Creoles: An Introduction, John Benjamins, ku. 26–39
- Hymes, Dell (1971), Pidginization and Creolization of Languages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-07833-4
- McWhorter, John (2002), The Power of Babel: The Natural History of Language, Random House Group, ISBN 0-06-052085-X
- Sebba, Mark (1997), Contact Languages: Pidgins and Creoles, MacMillan, ISBN 0-333-63024-6
- Thomason, Sarah G.; Kaufman, Terrence (1988), Language contact, creolization, and genetic linguistics, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-07893-4
- Todd, Loreto (1990), Pidgins and Creoles, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-05311-0
Marejeo mengine
- Holm, John (2000), An Introduction to Pidgins and Creoles, Cambridge University Press
Viungo vya nje
Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya lugha bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Pijini kama historia yake, uenezi au maendeleo yake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |