Ziwa Van

Ramani ya Ziwa Van

Ziwa Van pamoja na kanisa kwenye kisiwa cha Akdamar

Ziwa Van ( Turkish , Armenian ) ni ziwa kubwa la chumvi na ziwa kubwa zaidi nchini Uturuki, mashariki mwa nchi.

Jiografia

Ziwa Van iko katika nyanda za juu kwenye kimo cha mita 1,640. Inapokea maji yake kutoka milima jirani lakini hakuna njia ya maji kutoka; mto uliotoka zamani ulifungwa na miamba ya volkeno miaka milioni iliyopita.

Umbali kati ya miji Tatvan upande wa magharibi na Van upande wa mashariki ni kilomita 93, umbali mkubwa wa magharibi hadi mwisho wa hori upande wa mashariki ni km 127. Umbali mkubwa kutoka kaskazini hadi kusini ni km 52.

Kina kikubwa ni mita 451.

Kuna feri ya reli inayozunguka baina ya Tatvan na Van. Treni za kimataifa baina ya Uturuki na Iran zinavuka hapa.

Chumvi na ekolojia

Maji yake ni ya chumvichumvi, takriban nusunusu magadi na NaCl. Maji huwa kwa wastani na thamani pH ya 9.8.

Kiwango cha magadi kwenye ziwa kinabadilika kufuatana na majira na pia ni tofauti kufuatana nakina cha maji. Maji yenye chumvi nyingi ni nzito zaidi hivyo maji ya usoni haina magadi mengi sawa na maji ya chini. Pia sehemu karibu na ufuko ambako mito inaingia huwa na maji matamu zaidi kuliko eneo la katikati.

Kuna spishi moja ya samaki pekee (alburnus tarichi) inayopatikana katika ziwa; wakati wa kuzaa wanarudi kwenye midomo ya mito ambako kiasi cha maji matamu ni juu zaidi, baadaye wanaweza kurudi katika sehemu ambako kiwango cha magadi ni juu kiasi.

Kuna aina nyingi za planktoni.

Historia na utamaduni

Katika milenia ya kwanza KK Ziwa Van ilikuw sehemu ya milki ya Urartu.

Tangu karne ya 3 KK Ziwa Van ilikuwa katikati ya maeneo yaliyokaliwa na Waarmenia. Ushuhuda wake hadi leo ni monasteri ya Kiarmenia kwenye kisiwa cha Akdamar. Tangu maangamizi ya Waarmenia taifa hili halipo tena hapa lakini watalii wengi Waarmenia wanatembelea Akdamar.

Siki hizi kuna Wakurdi wengi katika mazingira ya ziwa.

Tovuti za Nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

Ziwa Van

• "Ancient castle studied in Lake Van", Hürriyet Daily News (kwa Kiingereza), iliwekwa mnamo 27 February 2018 
• APA (27 July 2007), "Turkey, Iran agree on joint railway", Yeni Şafak 
• Coskun, M.; Musaoğlu, N. (2004), "Investigation of Rainfall-Runoff Modelling of the Van Lake Catchment by Using Remote Sensing and GIS Integration", Proceedings of the 20th Congress of the International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing 
• Cottrell, Leonard (1960), The Concise Encyclopædia of Archaeology 
• Danulat, Eva; Kempe, Stephan (February 1992), "Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia in Chalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)", Fish Physiology and Biochemistry 9 (5–6): 377–386, PMID 24213814, doi:10.1007/BF02274218 
• Degens, E.T.; Wong, H.K.; Kempe, S.; Kurtman, F. (June 1984), "A geological study of Lake Van, eastern Turkey", International Journal of Earth Sciences (Springer) 73 (2): 701–734, doi:10.1007/BF01824978 
• Ebeling, Erich; Meissner, Bruno (1997), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archäologie [Lexicon of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archeology], Berlin: de Gruyter, uk. 2, ISBN 978-3110148091 
• Gibbens, Sarah (15 November 2017), Ancient Ruins Discovered Under Lake in Turkey, National Geographic, iliwekwa mnamo 27 February 2018 
• Hewsen, Robert H. (September 1997), "The Geography of Armenia", katika Hovannisian, Richard G., The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I – The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century, New York: St. Martin's Press, ku. 1–17, ISBN 978-0-312-10169-5 
• Kempe, S.; Degens, E.T. (1978), "Lake Van varve record: the past 10,420 years", katika Degens, E.T.; Kurtman, F., Geology of Lake Van, Ankara: MTA Press, ku. 56–63 
• Kempe, S.; Kazmierczak, J.; Landmann, G.; Konuk, T.; Reimer, A.; Lipp, A. (14 February 1991), "Largest known microbialites discovered in Lake Van, Turkey", Nature 349 (6310): 605–608, doi:10.1038/349605a0 
• "Lake Van", The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 1998 
• Landmann, Günter; Reimera, Andreas; Lemcke, Gerry; Kempe, Stephan (June 1996), "Dating Late Glacial abrupt climate changes in the 14,570 yr long continuous varve record of Lake Van, Turkey", Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology (Elsevier Science B.V.) 122 (1–4): 107–118, doi:10.1016/0031-0182(95)00101-8 
• Mina, Muhammed (19 December 2015), Türkiye'nin en büyük feribotu Van Gölü'nde deneme seferine çıktı [Turkey's Largest Ferry Begins Trial Voyage on Lake Van], Hürriyet, iliwekwa mnamo 4 June 2016 
• Oktay, Yüksel (8 May 2007), On the Roads of Anatolia — Van, Los Angeles Chronicle, ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 28 September 2007 
• Oswald, Felix (1906), A Treatise on the Geology of Armenia 
• Sarı, Mustafa (2006), Inci Kefalı Summary, Doğa Gözcüleri Derneği, ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 11 January 2008 
• Sarı, Mustafa (2008), "Threatened fishes of the world: Chalcalburnus tarichi (Pallas 1811) (Cyprinidae) living in the highly alkaline Lake Van, Turkey", Environmental Biology of Fishes (Springer Netherlands) 81 (1): 21–23, doi:10.1007/s10641-006-9154-9 
• Toker, Mustafa; Sengör, Ali Mehmet Celal; Demirel Schluter, Filiz; Demirbağ, Emin; Çukur, Deniz; İmren, Caner; Niessen, Frank (May 2017), "The structural elements and tectonics of the Lake Van basin (Eastern Anatolia) from multi-channel seismic reflection profiles", Journal of African Earth Sciences 129: 165–178, doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2017.01.002 
• Tomonaga, Yama; Brennwald, Matthias S.; Kipfer, Rolf (2011), "Spatial distribution and flux of terrigenic He dissolved in the sediment pore water of Lake Van (Turkey)", Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 75 (10): 2848–2864, doi:10.1016/j.gca.2011.02.038 
• UNESCO, Tentative World Heritage Sites 
• University of Bonn (15 March 2007), Turkey's Lake Van Provides Precise Insights Into Eurasia's Climate History, Science Daily 
• Warren, J.K. (2006), Evaporites: Sediments, Resources and Hydrocarbons, Springer, ISBN 978-3-540-26011-0 
• Wong, H.K.; Degens, E.T. (1978), "The bathymetry of Lake Van, eastern Turkey", Geology of Lake Van (169), Ankara: General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, ku. 6–10