Umakanika kawaida

Jedwali la mwendo wa kandokando ya dunia.

Umakanika kawaida (kwa Kiingereza: classical mechanics) ni sehemu ya fizikia inayoeleza jinsi vitu vya kila siku vinavyosogea na sababu za kusogea kutokana na nguvu mbalimbali. Tukijua jinsi vitu vinavyosogea sasa, tunaweza kutabiri vitakavyosogea kesho, mbali ya kutambua vilivyosogea siku za nyuma pia. Hivyo tunaweza kutumia umakanika kawaida kuzungumzia, kwa mfano, mwendo wa sayari.

Vitu tusivyoviona, kwa mfano kutokana na udogo wake, au vinavyosogea kwa kasi mno, vinahitaji kuchunguzwa kwa umakanika kwanta ambao ni sehemu ya pili ya umakanika.

Umakanika kawaida ya kwanza ulikuwa Umakanika wa Newton, uliotengenezwa na kazi msingi wa Issac Newton na mifano ya hisabati zilivumbiliwa na Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Leonhard Euler na watu wengine ili kueleza mwendo wa miili inapoathiriwa na nguvu. Baadaye njia zilizotumia nishati zilijengwa na Euler, Joseph-Louis Lagrange, William Rowan Hamilton na watu wengine ili kupeleka maendeleo ya makanika ya uchambizi (ambayo inajumuisha makanika ya Langrange na makanika ya Hamilton). Hayo maendeleo yalipanuliwa zaidi ya kazi za awali; na marekebisho fulani, yanatumika katikia maneneo yote ya fizikia ya leo

Marejeo

• Alonso, M.; Finn, J. (1992). Fundamental University Physics. Addison-Wesley.
• Feynman, Richard (1999). The Feynman Lectures on Physics. Perseus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7382-0092-7.
• Feynman, Richard; Phillips, Richard (1998). Six Easy Pieces. Perseus Publishing. ISBN 978-0-201-32841-7.
• Goldstein, Herbert; Charles P. Poole; John L. Safko (2002). Classical Mechanics (tol. la 3rd). Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-65702-9.
• Kibble, Tom W.B.; Berkshire, Frank H. (2004). Classical Mechanics (5th ed.). Imperial College Press. ISBN 978-1-86094-424-6.
• Kleppner, D.; Kolenkow, R.J. (1973). An Introduction to Mechanics. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-035048-9.
• Landau, L.D.; Lifshitz, E.M. (1972). Course of Theoretical Physics, Vol. 1 – Mechanics. Franklin Book Company. ISBN 978-0-08-016739-8.
• Morin, David (2008). Introduction to Classical Mechanics: With Problems and Solutions (tol. la 1st). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87622-3.*Gerald Jay Sussman; Jack Wisdom (2001). Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-19455-6.
• O'Donnell, Peter J. (2015). Essential Dynamics and Relativity. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4665-8839-4.
• Thornton, Stephen T.; Marion, Jerry B. (2003). Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems (5th ed.). Brooks Cole. ISBN 978-0-534-40896-1.

Viungo vya nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

Umakanika kawaida

Wikiquote ina mkusanyiko wa dondoo kuhusu:

Umakanika kawaida

• Crowell, Benjamin. Light and Matter (an introductory text, uses algebra with optional sections involving calculus)
• Fitzpatrick, Richard. Classical Mechanics (uses calculus)
• Hoiland, Paul (2004). Preferred Frames of Reference & Relativity
• Horbatsch, Marko, "Classical Mechanics Course Notes".
• Rosu, Haret C., "Classical Mechanics". Physics Education. 1999. [arxiv.org : physics/9909035]
• Shapiro, Joel A. (2003). Classical Mechanics
• Sussman, Gerald Jay & Wisdom, Jack & Mayer,Meinhard E. (2001). Structure and Interpretation of Classical Mechanics
• Tong, David. Classical Dynamics (Cambridge lecture notes on Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism)
• Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library (KMODDL)
  Movies and photos of hundreds of working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an e-book library of classic texts on mechanical design and engineering.
• MIT OpenCourseWare 8.01: Classical Mechanics Free videos of actual course lectures with links to lecture notes, assignments and exams.
• Alejandro A. Torassa, On Classical Mechanics

Makala hii kuhusu mambo ya fizikia bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Umakanika kawaida kama historia yake au mahusiano yake na mada nyingine? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.