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Sylvia Pankhurst

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Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst (5 Mei 1882 – 27 Septemba 1960) alikuwa mwanafeministi wa Kiingereza na mwanaharakati wa kijamii na mwandishi. Kufuatia kukutana na uharakati wa wafanyakazi wa wanawake nchini Marekani, alifanya kazi ya kuwaandaa wanawake wa tabaka la wafanyakazi katika East End ya London. Hili, pamoja na kukataa kwake mnamo 1914 kuingia katika mapatano ya kisiasa ya wakati wa vita na serikali, kulisababisha kuvunjika kwake na uongozi wa suffragette wa mama yake na dada yake, Emmeline na Christabel Pankhurst. Pankhurst alikaribisha Mapinduzi ya Urusi na akashauriana huko Moscow na Lenin. Lakini kama mtetezi wa udhibiti wa wafanyakazi, alikataa mstari wa chama wa Leninist na kukosoa utawala wa Bolshevik.[1]

Pankhurst alikuwa na sauti kubwa katika kuunga mkono uhuru wa Ireland; kwa mapambano ya kupinga ukoloni katika Milki yote ya Uingereza; na kwa mshikamano wa kupinga ufashisti huko Ulaya. Kufuatia uvamizi wake na Italia mnamo 1935, alijitolea kwa sababu ya Ethiopia ambapo, baada ya Vita vya Pili vya Dunia, alitumia miaka yake iliyobaki kama mgeni wa mfalme aliyerejeshwa Haile Selassie. Usambazaji wa kimataifa wa jarida lake la kila wiki la pan-Africanist "The New Times and Ethiopia News" ulichukuliwa na mamlaka ya kikoloni ya Uingereza kama sababu katika maendeleo ya utaifa wa Kiafrika, na wa harakati ya Rastafari huko Jamaica.[2][3]

Estelle Sylvia Pankhurst (baadaye aliacha jina lake la kwanza) alizaliwa huko Drayton Terrace, Old Trafford, Manchester, kwa Emmeline Pankhurst (née Goulden) na Dk. Richard Pankhurst.[4] While completing an ILP commission to paint murals in a social hall the party had built in Salford, Pankhurst discovered that the hall, named after her father, would not admit women. It was an episode that helped convince her elder sister, Christabel, of the need for women to organise independently.[5][6]

Dk. Pankhurst alikuwa mwanachama mwanzilishi mnamo 1872 wa Jumuiya ya Kitaifa ya Haki za Wanawake za Kupiga Kura, na alichukua jukumu katika kuandaa sheria ambayo iliwapa wanawake wamiliki wa nyumba wasio na waume kura katika uchaguzi wa mitaa, na wanawake waliooa udhibiti juu ya mali na mapato yao. Kulingana na binti yake, pia alitofautishwa na msaada wake kwa Sheria ya Nyumbani ya Ireland, akiwa "mgombea wa kwanza wa Bunge la Kiingereza kujitolea kwa kujitawala kwa Ireland aliposimama katika uchaguzi wa mara moja huko Manchester mnamo 1883."[7][8]

Nyumba ya familia, kwa kipindi huko Russell Square huko London, ilihudhuria wasomi wa itikadi kali kutoka Uingereza na nje ya nchi. Hawa walijumuisha mwanarchist wa Urusi Peter Kropotkin, Communard Louise Michel, na Fabian Annie Besant.[4][9][10]

Mnamo 1893, wazazi wa Pankhurst walijiunga na mgodi wa Kiskoti Keir Hardie, rafiki wa familia, kama wanachama waanzilishi wa Chama Huru cha Wafanyakazi (ILP).[11]

Pankhurst na dada zake, Christabel na Adela, walihudhuria Shule ya Upili ya Wasichana ya Manchester. Mnamo 1903, Pankhurst aliendelea kufunzwa kama msanii katika Shule ya Sanaa ya Manchester. Wakati akimaliza tume ya ILP ya kuchora michoro ya ukutani katika ukumbi wa kijamii ambao chama kilikuwa kimejenga huko Salford, Pankhurst aligundua kwamba ukumbi huo, uliopewa jina la baba yake, haukukubali wanawake. Ilikuwa ni tukio ambalo lilimsaidia kumudu shawishi dada yake mkubwa, Christabel, juu ya hitaji la wanawake kujipanga kwa kujitegemea.[12][13][14][15][16]

Mnamo 1904, Pankhurst alishinda udhamini wa Chuo cha Sanaa cha Kifalme (RCA) huko London, lakini alikasirika kujua kwamba kati ya udhamini 16 uliotolewa na chuo kila mwaka, 13 walikuwa wamehifadhiwa kwa wanaume, na kwamba, kwa kujibu swali la bunge, Keir Hardie angeambiwa kuwa mamlaka "hawakufikiria mabadiliko yoyote."[17][18][19]

Marejeo

[hariri | hariri chanzo]
  1. ↑ Pedersen, Susan (4 Machi 2021). "Susan Pedersen · Worth the Upbringing: Thirsting for the Vote". London Review of Books. Iliwekwa mnamo 6 Novemba 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  2. ↑ Purvis, June (1996). "A 'pair of ... infernal queens'? A reassessment of the dominant representations of Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst, first-wave feminists in Edwardian Britain". Women's History Review. 5 (2): 260. doi:10.1080/09612029600200112.
  3. ↑ Simkin, John. "Sylvia Pankhurst". Spartacus Educational. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Machi 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Pankhurst, (Estelle) Sylvia (1882–1960)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (tol. la online). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37833. Subscription or UK public library membership required.
  5. ↑ Mulhallen, Jacqueline (2021). "Artist". Sylvia Pankhurst. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Novemba 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  6. ↑ Archives, The National (2014-06-19). "The National Archives - The working women's struggle for the vote". The National Archives blog (kwa Kiingereza (Uingereza)). Iliwekwa mnamo 2022-11-06.
  7. ↑ Pankhurst, Sylvia (2013). The Suffragette Movement – An Intimate Account of Persons and Ideals (tol. la Kindle). London: Warton Press. uk. 6656. OCLC 1027059219.
  8. ↑ Pankhurst, E. Sylvia (2019). Connelly, Katherine (mhr.). A suffragette in America : reflections on prisoners, pickets and political change. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 978-1-78680-454-9. OCLC 1099434698.
  9. ↑ Carlyle, Susan; Matgamma, Sean (2001). "Sylvia Pankhurst and Democracy | Workers' Liberty". www.workersliberty.org (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2022-11-11.
  10. ↑ Connelly, Katherine (2021). "'East Side Londoners': Sylvia Pankhurst's lecture tours of North America and the East London Federation of Suffragettes". Katika Hughes-Johnson, Alexandra; Jenkins, Lyndsey (whr.). The Politics of Women's Suffrage: Local, National and International Dimensions. University of London Press. ku. 263–284. ISBN 978-1-912702-95-4. JSTOR j.ctv2321krx.17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2022-11-12.
  11. ↑ Mercer, John (2007). "Writing and Re-Writing Suffrage History: Sylvia Pankhurst's 'The Suffragette'". Women's History Magazine. Juz. la 56. ku. 11–18. SSRN 1439723.
  12. ↑ Bullock, Ian; Pankhurst, Richard (1992). Sylvia Pankhurst: From Artist to Anti-Fascist. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ku. 1–13.
  13. ↑ Winslow, Barbara (2008). The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. uk. 409.
  14. ↑ Chambers, Emma. "Women Workers of England". Tate Gallery. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Machi 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  15. ↑ Ward, Margaret (1995). "Conflicting Interests: The British and Irish Suffrage Movements". Feminist Review (50): (127–147) 135. doi:10.2307/1395496. ISSN 0141-7789. JSTOR 1395496.
  16. ↑ Woman and her Sphere (2014). "Suffrage Stories:'We Believe That The Rousing Of The Irish People Had Best Be Left To Irish Women'". Woman and her Sphere (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2023-03-25.
  17. ↑ Crawford, Elizabeth (2 Septemba 2003). The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928. Routledge. ku. 281–. ISBN 978-1-135-43402-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  18. ↑ "Sylvia Pankhurst". Spartacus Educational (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2022-11-10.
  19. ↑ Connelly, Catherine (2020). "Sylvia Pankhurst the East London Suffragettes and the Chicago Strikers". issuu (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2022-11-07.
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