Ulemavu : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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Ukurasa ulianzishwa kwa kuandika ''''Ulemavu''' ni hali ya kuwa na hitilafu ya kudumu mwilini au akilini inayomzuia mtu kutekeleza shughuli zilizo kawaida katika maisha ya jamii. Unamwekea mtu m...'
 
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{{commons cat|Disabled people}}
{{commons cat|Disabled people}}
*[http://shivyawata.or.tz/ Shirikisho la Vyama vya watu wenye ulemavu Tanzania SHIVYAWATA - Tanzania Federation of Disabled People’s Organizations]
*[http://shivyawata.or.tz/ Shirikisho la Vyama vya watu wenye ulemavu Tanzania SHIVYAWATA - Tanzania Federation of Disabled People’s Organizations]
*[hhttp://shivyawata.or.tz/surveys/download/Fact%20Sheet%20Tanzania%20_Swa.pdf Taarifa: Hali ya haki za watu wenye ulemavu Tanzania, imetolewa na SHIVYAWATA]
*[http://shivyawata.or.tz/surveys/download/Fact%20Sheet%20Tanzania%20_Swa.pdf Taarifa: Hali ya haki za watu wenye ulemavu Tanzania, imetolewa na SHIVYAWATA]
*[http://hakielimu.org/files/publications/document172Sauti_Elimu-22.pdf Walemavu wana haki ya kupata elimu, Hakielimu Sautielimu toleo 9-2009]
*[http://hakielimu.org/files/publications/document172Sauti_Elimu-22.pdf Walemavu wana haki ya kupata elimu, Hakielimu Sautielimu toleo 9-2009]
*[http://www.unicef.org/tanzania/AdvocacyBrief-DISABILITY-SWA-WEB.pdf Watoto na Ulemavu - ajenda ya watoto, muhtasari wa utetezi watoto; UNICEF Tanzania]
*[http://www.unicef.org/tanzania/AdvocacyBrief-DISABILITY-SWA-WEB.pdf Watoto na Ulemavu - ajenda ya watoto, muhtasari wa utetezi watoto; UNICEF Tanzania]

Pitio la 19:04, 1 Juni 2015

Ulemavu ni hali ya kuwa na hitilafu ya kudumu mwilini au akilini inayomzuia mtu kutekeleza shughuli zilizo kawaida katika maisha ya jamii. Unamwekea mtu mipaka asiweze kutekeleza shughuli fulani katika maisha yake, tofauti na watu wengine.

Hitilafu na ulemavu

Shirika la Afya Duniani (WHO) limeunda mfumo wa kupanga alama za ulemavu. Hapa kuna tofauti kati ya

  • hitilafu (ing. impairment) kama kukosa uwezo wa kutumia kiungo cha mwili kama kawaida
  • ulemavu (ing. disability) kama hitilafu inasababisha kukosa uwezo wa kutekeleza shughuli zinazotekelezwa na "watu wa kawaida".
  • hasara au kikwazo (ing. handicap) inayoweza kupatikana kwa mtu mwenye ulemavu akishindwa kutekeleza shughuli katika jamii.

Kwa mfano mtoto aliyeambukizwa ugonjwa wa kupooza (ing. cerebral palsy) anabaki na hitilafu ya viungo vya miguu hawezi kuvikunja wala haiwezi kubeba uzito wa mwili wake. Hitilafu hii inamzuia kutembea kwa njia ya kawaida. Kama hatibiwi hitilafu inaweza kuongezeka kwa sababu musuli ya miguu zinajikaza zaidi na zaidi. Kukosa uwezo wa kutembea ni ulemavu. Lakini kiwango chake kinaweza kupunguzwa kwa tiba na vifaa vya pekee. Akijifunza kutembea kwa kutumia vyuma vilivyofungwa kando la miguu vizuizi vya kutekeleza shughuli vinapungua sana. Kutegemeana na mazingira anapoishi ataona hasara ndogo au kubwa zaidi akitafuta njia yake katika maisha.

Ulemavu wa kimwili

Ulemavu wa kimwili unatoknana na hitilafu yote inayoweka mipaka kazi ya kawaida ya viungo vya mwili kama vile mikono au miguu.

Ulemavu wa milango ya fahamu

Hapo ni hasa hitilafu zinazohusu uwezo wa kuona au kusikia.Kuna pia watu wenye hitilafu za kunusu au kuonja.

Ulemavu wa akili

Hitilafu mbalimbali katika ubongo na mfumo wa neva zinaweza kuonekana katika

  • kuchelewa kwa watoto kuketi, kutambaa, kutembea au kusema.
  • matumizi ya lugha
  • matatizo ya kukumbuka
  • matatizo ya kujifunza kanuni za kijamii
  • matatizo ya kutambua na kuelewa matatizo na kutafuta suluhisho
  • uhaba wa uwezo wa kujitunza, kama kuvaa, kula na kukuta njia.

Ulemavu wa kiakili unatokea kwa viwango tofauti sana. Mara nyingi hautambuliki hadi mtoto anaingia shule na kuchelewa kujifunza. Hata hapo ni lazima kutofautisha kama tatizo ni ulemavu wa akili au ulemavu wa kujifunza tu. Wengine wanaishia kiwango cha elmu kinacholingana na uwezo wa mtoto wa wastani mwenye miaka 9-12[1] na wanaweza kujifunza kazi inayowawezesha kudumisha maisha yao wakiwa watu wazima.


Marejeo

  1. Identification and Evaluation of Mental Retardation, American Family Physician, Feb 15, 2000


Viungo vya Nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

Kujisomea

  • C. G. Mung'ong'o, Njozi iliyopotea, Tanzania Pub. House, 1980, ISBN 9976100205, 9789976100204
  • Arditi, A.; Rosenthal, B. (1998). "Developing an objective definition of visual impairment". Vision '96: Proceedings of the International Low Vision Conference. Madrid, Spain: ONCE. pp. 331–334.
  • Burkhauser, Richard V.; Schmeiser, Maximilian D.; Weathers II, Robert R. (Jan 2012). "The Importance of Anti-Discrimination and Workers' Compensation Laws on the Provision of Workplace Accommodations Following the Onset of a Disability". Industrial & Labor Relations Review 65 (1). 
  • Darling, Peter (Aug 2007). "Disabilities and the Workplace". Business NH Magazine 24 (8). 
  • DePoy, Elizabeth; Gilson, Stephen French (2004). Rethinking Disability: Principles for Professional and Social Change. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks Cole. ISBN 978-0-534-54929-9. 
  • Donovan, Rich (March 1, 2012). The Global Economics of Disability. Return on Disability. Iliwekwa mnamo August 11, 2012.
  • Ducy, Elizabeth McAdams; Stough, Laura M.; Clark, M. Carolyn (2012). "Choosing Agency in the Midst of Vulnerability: Using Critical Disability Theory to Examine a Disaster Narrative". In Steinberg, Shirley R.; Cannella, Gaile S.. Choosing Agency in the Midst of Vulnerability: Using Critical Disability Theory to Examine a Disaster Narrative. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN 978-1-4331-0688-0
      .
  • Miles, Albert S (1994). "Brown v. Board of Education and the American with Disabilities Act: Vistas of equal educational opportunities for African Americans". Journal of Negro Education 63 (3). 
  • Disabled Maori and Disability Support Options. Maori & Psychology Research Unit, University of Waikato (2004). Iliwekwa mnamo August 11, 2012.
  • Stough, Laura M. (2009). "The Effects of Disaster on the Mental Health of Individuals With Disabilities". In Neria, Yuval; Galea, Sandro; Norris, Fran H.. The Effects of Disaster on the Mental Health of Individuals With Disabilities. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-41282-8
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