Mtumiaji:Rberetta/mpya : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
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== Usambazaji na makazi == |
== Usambazaji na makazi == |
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[[Picha:Tetracerus quadricornis map.png|thumb|Usambazaji wa palahala pembe-nne]] |
[[Picha:Tetracerus quadricornis map.png|thumb|Usambazaji wa palahala pembe-nne]] |
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Palahala pembe-nne wengi sana wa pori wapo [[Uhindi]], na makundi ya wanyama wachache yapo [[Nepal]]. Usambazaji wao huenea kusini ya tambarare ya [[Ganges|Gangetic]] mpaka jimbo la [[Tamil Nadu]], na mashariki mpaka [[Odisha]]. Wapo pia katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Msitu wa Gir, ya Uhindi ya magharibi.<ref name=iucn/><ref name=Leslie2009/> |
Palahala pembe-nne wengi sana wa pori wapo [[Uhindi]], na makundi ya wanyama wachache yapo [[Nepal]]. Usambazaji wao huenea kusini ya tambarare ya [[Ganges|Gangetic]] mpaka jimbo la [[Tamil Nadu]], na mashariki mpaka [[Odisha]]. Wapo pia katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Msitu wa Gir, ya Uhindi ya magharibi.<ref name=iucn/><ref name=Leslie2009/> |
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Palahala pembe-nne huishi katika makazi mbalimbali mahali kokote ndani ya usambazaji wao, lakini hupendelea misitu wazi,<ref name=Krishna2008/><ref name=Krishna2009/> mikavu, ya kupukutika majani milimani. Palahala pembe-nne hubaki katika maeneo yenye uoto mwingi wa manyasi marefu au vichaka vizito, na karibu na maji. Wao hukaa mbali na maeneo ya binadamu.<ref name=Leslie2009/> Wanyama wawawindao palahala pembe-nne ni pamoja na [[chui milia]],<ref name=Biswas2006/> [[chui]], na [[dhole]] (mbwa pori wa Uhindi).<ref name=Karanth1992/> |
Palahala pembe-nne huishi katika makazi mbalimbali mahali kokote ndani ya usambazaji wao, lakini hupendelea misitu wazi,<ref name=Krishna2008/><ref name=Krishna2009/> mikavu, na ya kupukutika majani milimani. Palahala pembe-nne hubaki katika maeneo yenye uoto mwingi wa manyasi marefu au vichaka vizito, na karibu na maji. Wao hukaa mbali na maeneo ya binadamu.<ref name=Leslie2009/> Wanyama wawawindao palahala pembe-nne ni pamoja na [[chui milia]],<ref name=Biswas2006/> [[chui]], na [[dhole]] (mbwa pori wa Uhindi).<ref name=Karanth1992/> |
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== Mwenendo == |
== Mwenendo == |
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Palahala pembe-nne kwa kawaida ni wanyama wa upweke, ingawa mara chache wako katika makundi ya hadi wanne. Wao hupendelea kukaakaa, badala ya kuhamahama, na mara nyingi watakinga eneo lao kuwawekea wenyewe hilo. Madume huweza kuwa wagomvi kwa madume wengine wakati misimu ya kupandana. Wanyama wazima hufanya mlio wa kugutusha ulio na sauti kama "froank", na sauti nyingine zilizo tulivu zaidi kuwasiliana na watoto au wazima wengine. Wawasiliana pia kutumia harufu, wakiacha chungu za kinyesi barani mwao na kutia alama uoto kutumia tezi za harufu zilozopo mbele ya macho yao.<ref name=Leslie2009/> |
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Four-horned antelope are generally solitary animals, although they are occasionally found in groups of up to four individuals. They are sedentary, rather than nomadic, and may defend exclusive [[territory (animal)|territories]]. Males tend to become very aggressive towards other males during mating seasons. Adults make alarm calls that sound like a husky 'phronk', and other, quieter calls to communicate with young or other adults. They also communicate through [[scent marking]], leaving piles of droppings in their territories, and marking vegetation using large scent glands in front of the eyes.<ref name=Leslie2009/> |
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They are herbivorous, feeding on soft leaves, fruits, and flowers. Although the precise details of their diets in the wild are unknown, they have been observed to prefer plants such as [[Ziziphus mauritiana|Indian plum]], [[Phyllanthus emblica|Indian gooseberry]], ''[[Bauhinia]]'', and ''[[Acacia]]'' in artificial trials.<ref name=Leslie2009/> |
They are herbivorous, feeding on soft leaves, fruits, and flowers. Although the precise details of their diets in the wild are unknown, they have been observed to prefer plants such as [[Ziziphus mauritiana|Indian plum]], [[Phyllanthus emblica|Indian gooseberry]], ''[[Bauhinia]]'', and ''[[Acacia]]'' in artificial trials.<ref name=Leslie2009/> |
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Pitio la 05:21, 28 Novemba 2014
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 Palahala pembe-nne wa kiume
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| Uainishaji wa kisayansi | ||||||||||||||||||
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Nususpishi 3:
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Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
Palahala pembe-nne ni palahala mdogo wa spishi Tetracerus quadricornis katika familia Bovidae, anayeishi msituni wazi kwa Uhindi na Nepal. Huyo ndiye mnyama pekee katika jenasi Tetracerus. Akiwa na kimo cha sm 55–64 tu mabegani, huyo ni mnyama mdogo kabisa katika familia Bovidae. Madume wa spishi hiyo ndio wa pekee miongoni mwa mamalia wote kwa kuwa wana pembe nne za kudumu.
Maelezo
Palahala pembe-nne ni miongoni mwa wanyama wadogo zaidi wa familia bovidae wa Asia, akiwa na kimo cha sm 55–64 tu mabegani, na uzito wa kilo 17–22. Ana umbo dogo wenye miguu myembamba na mkia mfupi. Manyoya yake ni kahawia au kahawianyekundu, yakibadili kuwa meupe katika sehemu za ndani za miguu. Mchirizi mweusi wa nywele upo nje ya kila mguu, na ana maeneo meusi puani na sehemu za nyuma za masikio. Majike wana matiti manne, yaliyopo nyuma katika fumbatio.[1]
Kipengele cha mnyama huyo kisicho cha kawaida ni kuwepo kwa pembe nne; kipengele cha pekee miongoni mwa wanyama hai. Madume tu wana pembe, kwa kawaida wakiwa na pembe mbili kati ya masikio na mbili zaidi mbele yao pajini. Pembe za kwanza hutokea alipo na umri wa miezi michache tu, na za pili hutokea baada ya miezi 10 au 14. Pembe hizo haziambuliwi kamwe, ingawa labda zitadhuriwa wakati wa kupigana. Madume wazima wengine hawana pembe; hasa kwa nususpishi T. q. subquadricornis jozi ya pembe za mbele hazipo, au zipo kama nundu ndogo bila nywele. Jozi ya pembe za nyuma hufika urefu wa sm 7–10, huku jozi ya mbele ni kwa kawaida ndogo zaidi, sm 2–5 tu.[1]
Usambazaji na makazi
Palahala pembe-nne wengi sana wa pori wapo Uhindi, na makundi ya wanyama wachache yapo Nepal. Usambazaji wao huenea kusini ya tambarare ya Gangetic mpaka jimbo la Tamil Nadu, na mashariki mpaka Odisha. Wapo pia katika Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Msitu wa Gir, ya Uhindi ya magharibi.[2][1]
Palahala pembe-nne huishi katika makazi mbalimbali mahali kokote ndani ya usambazaji wao, lakini hupendelea misitu wazi,[3][4] mikavu, na ya kupukutika majani milimani. Palahala pembe-nne hubaki katika maeneo yenye uoto mwingi wa manyasi marefu au vichaka vizito, na karibu na maji. Wao hukaa mbali na maeneo ya binadamu.[1] Wanyama wawawindao palahala pembe-nne ni pamoja na chui milia,[5] chui, na dhole (mbwa pori wa Uhindi).[6]
Mwenendo
Palahala pembe-nne kwa kawaida ni wanyama wa upweke, ingawa mara chache wako katika makundi ya hadi wanne. Wao hupendelea kukaakaa, badala ya kuhamahama, na mara nyingi watakinga eneo lao kuwawekea wenyewe hilo. Madume huweza kuwa wagomvi kwa madume wengine wakati misimu ya kupandana. Wanyama wazima hufanya mlio wa kugutusha ulio na sauti kama "froank", na sauti nyingine zilizo tulivu zaidi kuwasiliana na watoto au wazima wengine. Wawasiliana pia kutumia harufu, wakiacha chungu za kinyesi barani mwao na kutia alama uoto kutumia tezi za harufu zilozopo mbele ya macho yao.[1]
They are herbivorous, feeding on soft leaves, fruits, and flowers. Although the precise details of their diets in the wild are unknown, they have been observed to prefer plants such as Indian plum, Indian gooseberry, Bauhinia, and Acacia in artificial trials.[1]
Uzazi
The breeding season lasts from May to July, and males and females generally remain apart for the remainder of the year. Courtship behaviour consists of the male and female kneeling and pushing at each other with intertwined necks, followed by ritual strutting by the male. Gestation lasts about eight months, and results in the birth of one or two young. At birth, the young are cm 42 hadi 46 (in 17 hadi 18) long, and weigh kg 0.74 hadi 1.1 (lb 1.6 hadi 2.4). Young remain with the mother for about a year, and reach sexual maturity at around two years.[1]
Mabadiliko
The four-horned antelope is currently regarded as the only species in the genus Tetracerus. Both genetic and morphological studies, however, confirm it as one of only two living members of the tribe Boselaphini, with its closest living relative being the nilgai. This group originated at least 8.9 million years ago, in much the same area where the four-horned antelope lives today, and may represent the most "primitive" of all living bovids, having changed the least since the origins of the family.[7]
Hifadhi
Living in a densely populated part of the world, the four-horned antelope is threatened by loss of its natural habitat to agricultural land. In addition, the unusual four-horned skull has been a popular target for trophy hunters. Only around 10,000 four-horned antelope are estimated to remain alive in the wild, although many are in protected animal conservation areas. The species is protected under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act and the Nepalese population is listed in Appendix III of CITES.
Hali ya sasa
Palahala pembe-nne wameainishwa na IUCN kama spishi inayoweza kudhuriwa, kwa sababu maangamizi ya makazi.[2]
Marejeo
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Leslie, D.M. & Sharma K. (2009). "Tetracerus quadricornis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)". Mammalian Species 843: 1–11. doi:10.1644/843.1.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "IUCN Red List". 2014.
- ↑ Krishna, C.Y, Krishnaswamy, J & Kumar, N.S. (2008). "Habitat factors affecting site occupancy and relative abundance of four horned antelope". Journal of Zoology 276 (1): 63–70. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00470.x.
- ↑ Krishna, C.Y, Clyne, P, Krishnaswamy, J & Kumar, N.S. (2009). "Distributional and ecological review of the four horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis". Mammalia 73 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2009.003.
- ↑ Biswas, S. & Sankar, K. (2002). "Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India". Journal of Zoology 256 (3): 411–420. doi:10.1017/S0952836902000456.
- ↑ Karanth, K.U. & Sunquist, M.E. (1992). "Population structure, density and biomass of large herbivores in the tropical forests of Nagarhole, India". Journal of Tropical Ecology 8 (1): 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0266467400006040.
- ↑ Bibi, F. (2007). "Origin, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography of early Bovini". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 248 (1): 60–72. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.009.
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