Mtumiaji:Rberetta/mpya : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
Kazi |
Kazi |
||
| Mstari 1: | Mstari 1: | ||
{{Uainishaji |
{{Uainishaji |
||
| rangi = #D3D3A4 |
| rangi = #D3D3A4 |
||
| jina = |
| jina = Palahala pembe-nne |
||
| picha = |
| picha = Four-horned_Antelope.JPG |
||
| upana_wa_picha = 250px |
| upana_wa_picha = 250px |
||
| maelezo_ya_picha = |
| maelezo_ya_picha = Palahala pembe-nne wa kiume<br><sup>(''Tetracerus quadricornis'')</sup> |
||
| himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> |
| himaya = [[Mnyama|Animalia]] <small>(Wanyama)</small> |
||
| faila = [[Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)</small> |
| faila = [[Chordata]] <small>(Wanyama wenye ugwe wa neva mgongoni)</small> |
||
| Mstari 13: | Mstari 13: | ||
| bingwa_wa_familia = [[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1821 |
| bingwa_wa_familia = [[John Edward Gray|J. E. Gray]], 1821 |
||
| nusufamilia = [[Bovinae]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana na ng'ombe)</small> |
| nusufamilia = [[Bovinae]] <small>(Wanyama wanaofanana na ng'ombe)</small> |
||
| jenasi = ''[[ |
| jenasi = ''[[Tetracerus]]'' <small>(Wanyama kama palahala pembe-nne)</small> |
||
| bingwa_wa_jenasi = |
| bingwa_wa_jenasi = [[William Elford Leach|Leach]], 1825 |
||
| spishi = ''[[ |
| spishi = ''[[Palahala pembe-nne|T. quadricornis]]'' |
||
| bingwa_wa_spishi = |
| bingwa_wa_spishi = ([[Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville|de Blainville]], 1816) |
||
| subdivision = Nususpishi 3: |
|||
| ramani = Pseudoryx nghetinhensis distribution.png |
|||
:''T. q. quadricornis'' <small>(de Blainville, 1816)</small> |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
:''T. q. iodes'' <small>Hodgson, 1847</small> |
|||
:''T. q. subquadricornis'' <small>(Elliot, 1839)</small> |
|||
<!-- |
|||
| ramani = Tetracerus quadricornis map.png |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
--> |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru |
Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru |
||
''' |
'''Palahala pembe-nne''' ni palahala mdogo wa [[spishi]] ''Tetracerus quadricornis'' katika [[Familia (biolojia)|familia]] Bovidae, anayeishi msituni wazi kwa [[Uhindi]] na [[Nepal]]. Huyo ndiye mnyama pekee katika jenasi ''Tetracerus''. Akiwa na kimo cha sm 55–64 tu mabegani, huyo ni mnyama mdogo kabisa katika familia Bovidae. Madume wa spishi hiyo ndio wa pekee miongoni mwa mamalia wote kwa sababu wana pembe nne za kudumu. |
||
== Maelezo == |
|||
Saola huishi misitu ya [[Vietnam]] na [[Laos]]. Saola ana mnasaba na [[ng'ombe]], [[mbuzi]] na [[palahala]],<ref name=DoiscienceMissing/> na spishi hiyo iliainishwa baada ya mzoga wake umegunduliwa na kikosi cha pamoja cha Wizara ya Misitu na "[[w:World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]", mnamo 1992 katika Hifadhi ya [[Vũ Quang]], Vietnam.<ref name=cite/> Kikosi hicho kiliona fuvu tatu za kichwa zenye pembe nyofu ndefu zisizo za kawaida, zilizowekwa nyumbani mwa wawindaji. Katika makala yao, kikosi kilipendekeza kufanywa "uchunguzi wa miezi mitatu kuangalia mnyama hai", lakini tupo miaka 20 baadaye, na bado hakuna mwanasayansi yeyote ambaye amemwona saola porini. Lakini saola hai alipigwa picha porini, mnamo Septemba ya 2013, na mtego wa kamera. Van Ngoc Thinh, mkurugenzi wa taifa wa WWF Vietnam, alisema "Huu ni ugunduzi muhimu na umetoa tena matumaini kwa ajili ya kufufua kwa spishi hiyo."<ref name=guardian/><ref name=wwf/> Idadi ya Saola wanaoishi haijuliwi, kama wanyama 11 tu wamerekodiwa wakiwa hai. |
|||
[[Picha:Vierhornantilope.jpg|thumb|left|Palahala pembe-nne wa kike]] |
|||
Palahala pembe-nne is among the smallest Asian bovids, standing just {{convert|55|to|64|cm|abbr=on}} tall at the shoulder, and weighing {{convert|17|to|22|kg|abbr=on}}. It has a generally slender build, with thin legs and a short tail. The coat is yellow-brown or reddish, fading to a whitish colour on the underparts and the insides of the legs. A black stripe of hair runs down the anterior surface of each leg, with black patches on the muzzle and the backs of the ears. Females have four teats, located far back on the abdomen.<ref name=Leslie2009/> |
|||
The most distinctive feature of the animal is the presence of four horns; a feature unique among extant mammals. Only the males grow horns, usually with two between the ears and a second pair further forward on the forehead. The first pair of horns appear at just a few months of age, and the second pair generally grow after 10 to 14 months. The horns are never shed, although they may be damaged during fights. Not all adult males have horns; in some individuals, especially those belonging to the subspecies ''T. q. subquadricornis'', the forward pair of horns is absent or represented only by small, hairless bumps. The hind pair of horns reaches {{convert|7|to|10|cm|abbr=on}} in length, while the forward pair is usually smaller, at just {{convert|2|to|5|cm|abbr=on}}.<ref name=Leslie2009/> |
|||
== Usambazaji na makazi == |
|||
[[Picha:Tetracerus quadricornis map.png|thumb|Usambazaji wa palahala pembe-nne]] |
|||
Most wild four-horned antelope are found in [[India]], with small, isolated populations in [[Nepal]]. Their range extends south of the [[Ganges|Gangetic]] plains down to the state of [[Tamil Nadu]], and east as far as [[Odisha]]. They also occur in the [[Gir Forest National Park]] of western India.<ref name=iucn/><ref name=Leslie2009/> |
|||
Four-horned antelope live in a variety of habitats across their range, but prefer open,<ref name=Krishna2008/><ref name=Krishna2009/> dry, deciduous forests in hilly terrain. They tend to remain in areas with significant vegetation cover from tall grasses or heavy undergrowth, and close to a supply of water. They generally stay away from human-inhabited areas.<ref name=Leslie2009/> Predators of four-horned antelopes include [[tiger]]s,<ref name=Biswas2006/> [[leopard]]s, and [[dhole]]s.<ref name=Karanth1992/> |
|||
== Mwenendo == |
|||
Four-horned antelope are generally solitary animals, although they are occasionally found in groups of up to four individuals. They are sedentary, rather than nomadic, and may defend exclusive [[territory (animal)|territories]]. Males tend to become very aggressive towards other males during mating seasons. Adults make alarm calls that sound like a husky 'phronk', and other, quieter calls to communicate with young or other adults. They also communicate through [[scent marking]], leaving piles of droppings in their territories, and marking vegetation using large scent glands in front of the eyes.<ref name=Leslie2009/> |
|||
They are herbivorous, feeding on soft leaves, fruits, and flowers. Although the precise details of their diets in the wild are unknown, they have been observed to prefer plants such as [[Ziziphus mauritiana|Indian plum]], [[Phyllanthus emblica|Indian gooseberry]], ''[[Bauhinia]]'', and ''[[Acacia]]'' in artificial trials.<ref name=Leslie2009/> |
|||
== Uzazi == |
|||
[[Picha:ChousinghaHead.jpg|left|thumb|Kichawa cha palahala pembe-nne]] |
|||
The breeding season lasts from May to July, and males and females generally remain apart for the remainder of the year. Courtship behaviour consists of the male and female kneeling and pushing at each other with intertwined necks, followed by ritual strutting by the male. [[Gestation]] lasts about eight months, and results in the birth of one or two young. At birth, the young are {{convert|42|to|46|cm|abbr=on}} long, and weigh {{convert|0.74|to|1.1|kg|abbr=on}}. Young remain with the mother for about a year, and reach sexual maturity at around two years.<ref name=Leslie2009/> |
|||
== Mabadiliko == |
|||
[[Picha:Em - Tetracerus quadricornis - GMZ 1.jpg|thumb|right|Fuvu la kichwa la ''Tetracerus quadricornis'']] |
|||
The four-horned antelope is currently regarded as the only species in the genus ''Tetracerus''. Both genetic and morphological studies, however, confirm it as one of only two living members of the tribe [[Boselaphini]], with its closest living relative being the [[nilgai]]. This group originated at least 8.9 million years ago, in much the same area where the four-horned antelope lives today, and may represent the most "primitive" of all living bovids, having changed the least since the origins of the family.<ref name=Bibi2007/> |
|||
== Hifadhi == |
|||
Living in a densely populated part of the world, the four-horned antelope is threatened by loss of its natural habitat to agricultural land. In addition, the unusual four-horned skull has been a popular target for [[trophy hunting|trophy hunters]]. Only around 10,000 four-horned antelope are estimated to remain alive in the wild, although many are in protected animal conservation areas. The species is protected under the [[Wildlife Protection Act of 1972|Indian Wildlife Protection Act]] and the Nepalese population is listed in Appendix III of [[CITES]]. |
|||
Mnamo mwisho wa Agosti 2010, saola mmoja alikamatwa na wanakijiji Laos, lakini alikufa wakati alipokuwepo hali ya kufungwa, kabla ya wanahifadhi wa serikali hawajapanga kumwacha saoga kurudi porini. Mzoga unachunguzwa kuboresha ujuzi wa kisayansi wa saola.<ref name=BBCNews/><ref name=livescience/> Mara nyingine, wanyama hao wategwa katika mitego ambayo imewekwa kushika wanyama kama nguruwe mwitu wajao kula mimea ambayo imepandwa na wakulima. Zaidi ya mitego 26,651 imeondolewa kutoka makazi ambapo saola ameishi kwa miaka mingi.<ref name = save/> |
|||
Hadi sasa, saola wote ambao wamekamatwa wamekufa; hayo yamesababisha mawazo kwamba spishi hiyo haiwezi kuishi kwa kufungwa. |
|||
== Hali ya sasa == |
== Hali ya sasa == |
||
Palahala pembe-nne wameainishwa na IUCN kama spishi inayoweza kudhuriwa, kwa sababu maangamizi ya makazi.<ref name=iucn/> |
|||
== Marejeo == |
== Marejeo == |
||
{{reflist|refs= |
{{reflist|refs= |
||
<ref name=iucn>{{cite web|title=IUCN Red List|date=2014|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/ |
<ref name=iucn>{{cite web|title=IUCN Red List|date=2014|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/21661/0}}</ref> |
||
<ref name= |
<ref name=Leslie2009>{{cite journal | author = Leslie, D.M. & Sharma K. | year = 2009 | title = ''Tetracerus quadricornis'' (Artiodactyla: Bovidae) | journal = Mammalian Species | volume = 843 | pages = 1–11 | doi = 10.1644/843.1 }}</ref> |
||
<ref name= |
<ref name=Krishna2008>{{cite journal | author = Krishna, C.Y, Krishnaswamy, J & Kumar, N.S. | year = 2008 | title = Habitat factors affecting site occupancy and relative abundance of four horned antelope | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 276 | issue = 1 | pages = 63–70 | doi = 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00470.x }}</ref> |
||
<ref name=Krishna2009>{{cite journal | author = Krishna, C.Y, Clyne, P, Krishnaswamy, J & Kumar, N.S. | year = 2009 | title = Distributional and ecological review of the four horned antelope ''Tetracerus quadricornis'' | journal = Mammalia | volume = 73 | issue = 1 | pages = 1–6 | doi = 10.1515/MAMM.2009.003 }}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=guardian>[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/nov/13/saola-sighting-vietnam-rare-mammal "Saola sighting in Vietnam raises hopes for rare mammal's recovery: Long-horned ox photographed in forest in central Vietnam, 15 years after last sighting of threatened species in wild", ''The Guardian,'' (November 13 2013).]</ref> |
|||
<ref name=Biswas2006>{{cite journal | author = Biswas, S. & Sankar, K. | year = 2002 | title = Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (''Panthera tigris tigris'') in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India | journal = Journal of Zoology | volume = 256 | issue = 3 | pages = 411–420 | doi = 10.1017/S0952836902000456}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=wwf>[http://worldwildlife.org/stories/saola-rediscovered-rare-photos-of-elusive-species-from-vietnam "Saola Rediscovered: Rare Photos of Elusive Species from Vietnam", World Wildlife Federation (February 13 2013).]</ref> |
|||
<ref name=Karanth1992>{{cite journal | author = Karanth, K.U. & Sunquist, M.E. | year = 1992 | title = Population structure, density and biomass of large herbivores in the tropical forests of Nagarhole, India | journal = Journal of Tropical Ecology | volume = 8 | issue = 1 | pages = 21–35 | doi = 10.1017/S0266467400006040}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=BBCNews>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11328123|title=Rare antelope-like mammal caught in Asia|work=BBC News|accessdate=16 September 2010|date=16 September 2010}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=Bibi2007>{{cite journal | author = Bibi, F. | year = 2007 | title = Origin, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography of early Bovini | journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 248 | issue = 1 | pages = 60–72 | doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.009}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name=livescience>{{cite web|url=http://www.livescience.com/animals/asian-unicorn-saola-100916.html|title=Rare Asian 'Unicorn' Sighted, Dies in Captivity|work=livescience.com|accessdate=16 September 2010}}</ref> |
|||
<ref name = save>[http://www.savethesaola.org/ " Home - Saola Working Group ."] N.p., n.d. Web. 18 April 2013</ref> |
|||
}} |
}} |
||
{{Commons category| |
{{Commons category|Tetracerus quadricornis}} |
||
{{mbegu-mnyama}} |
{{mbegu-mnyama}} |
||
Pitio la 01:42, 27 Novemba 2014
| Palahala pembe-nne | ||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Palahala pembe-nne wa kiume
(Tetracerus quadricornis) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Uainishaji wa kisayansi | ||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||
| Ngazi za chini | ||||||||||||||||||
|
Nususpishi 3:
|
Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
Palahala pembe-nne ni palahala mdogo wa spishi Tetracerus quadricornis katika familia Bovidae, anayeishi msituni wazi kwa Uhindi na Nepal. Huyo ndiye mnyama pekee katika jenasi Tetracerus. Akiwa na kimo cha sm 55–64 tu mabegani, huyo ni mnyama mdogo kabisa katika familia Bovidae. Madume wa spishi hiyo ndio wa pekee miongoni mwa mamalia wote kwa sababu wana pembe nne za kudumu.
Maelezo
Palahala pembe-nne is among the smallest Asian bovids, standing just cm 55 hadi 64 (in 22 hadi 25) tall at the shoulder, and weighing kg 17 hadi 22 (lb 37 hadi 49). It has a generally slender build, with thin legs and a short tail. The coat is yellow-brown or reddish, fading to a whitish colour on the underparts and the insides of the legs. A black stripe of hair runs down the anterior surface of each leg, with black patches on the muzzle and the backs of the ears. Females have four teats, located far back on the abdomen.[1]
The most distinctive feature of the animal is the presence of four horns; a feature unique among extant mammals. Only the males grow horns, usually with two between the ears and a second pair further forward on the forehead. The first pair of horns appear at just a few months of age, and the second pair generally grow after 10 to 14 months. The horns are never shed, although they may be damaged during fights. Not all adult males have horns; in some individuals, especially those belonging to the subspecies T. q. subquadricornis, the forward pair of horns is absent or represented only by small, hairless bumps. The hind pair of horns reaches cm 7 hadi 10 (in 2.8 hadi 3.9) in length, while the forward pair is usually smaller, at just cm 2 hadi 5 (in 0.79 hadi 1.97).[1]
Usambazaji na makazi
Most wild four-horned antelope are found in India, with small, isolated populations in Nepal. Their range extends south of the Gangetic plains down to the state of Tamil Nadu, and east as far as Odisha. They also occur in the Gir Forest National Park of western India.[2][1]
Four-horned antelope live in a variety of habitats across their range, but prefer open,[3][4] dry, deciduous forests in hilly terrain. They tend to remain in areas with significant vegetation cover from tall grasses or heavy undergrowth, and close to a supply of water. They generally stay away from human-inhabited areas.[1] Predators of four-horned antelopes include tigers,[5] leopards, and dholes.[6]
Mwenendo
Four-horned antelope are generally solitary animals, although they are occasionally found in groups of up to four individuals. They are sedentary, rather than nomadic, and may defend exclusive territories. Males tend to become very aggressive towards other males during mating seasons. Adults make alarm calls that sound like a husky 'phronk', and other, quieter calls to communicate with young or other adults. They also communicate through scent marking, leaving piles of droppings in their territories, and marking vegetation using large scent glands in front of the eyes.[1]
They are herbivorous, feeding on soft leaves, fruits, and flowers. Although the precise details of their diets in the wild are unknown, they have been observed to prefer plants such as Indian plum, Indian gooseberry, Bauhinia, and Acacia in artificial trials.[1]
Uzazi
The breeding season lasts from May to July, and males and females generally remain apart for the remainder of the year. Courtship behaviour consists of the male and female kneeling and pushing at each other with intertwined necks, followed by ritual strutting by the male. Gestation lasts about eight months, and results in the birth of one or two young. At birth, the young are cm 42 hadi 46 (in 17 hadi 18) long, and weigh kg 0.74 hadi 1.1 (lb 1.6 hadi 2.4). Young remain with the mother for about a year, and reach sexual maturity at around two years.[1]
Mabadiliko
The four-horned antelope is currently regarded as the only species in the genus Tetracerus. Both genetic and morphological studies, however, confirm it as one of only two living members of the tribe Boselaphini, with its closest living relative being the nilgai. This group originated at least 8.9 million years ago, in much the same area where the four-horned antelope lives today, and may represent the most "primitive" of all living bovids, having changed the least since the origins of the family.[7]
Hifadhi
Living in a densely populated part of the world, the four-horned antelope is threatened by loss of its natural habitat to agricultural land. In addition, the unusual four-horned skull has been a popular target for trophy hunters. Only around 10,000 four-horned antelope are estimated to remain alive in the wild, although many are in protected animal conservation areas. The species is protected under the Indian Wildlife Protection Act and the Nepalese population is listed in Appendix III of CITES.
Hali ya sasa
Palahala pembe-nne wameainishwa na IUCN kama spishi inayoweza kudhuriwa, kwa sababu maangamizi ya makazi.[2]
Marejeo
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Leslie, D.M. & Sharma K. (2009). "Tetracerus quadricornis (Artiodactyla: Bovidae)". Mammalian Species 843: 1–11. doi:10.1644/843.1.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "IUCN Red List". 2014.
- ↑ Krishna, C.Y, Krishnaswamy, J & Kumar, N.S. (2008). "Habitat factors affecting site occupancy and relative abundance of four horned antelope". Journal of Zoology 276 (1): 63–70. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2008.00470.x.
- ↑ Krishna, C.Y, Clyne, P, Krishnaswamy, J & Kumar, N.S. (2009). "Distributional and ecological review of the four horned antelope Tetracerus quadricornis". Mammalia 73 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1515/MAMM.2009.003.
- ↑ Biswas, S. & Sankar, K. (2002). "Prey abundance and food habit of tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) in Pench National Park, Madhya Pradesh, India". Journal of Zoology 256 (3): 411–420. doi:10.1017/S0952836902000456.
- ↑ Karanth, K.U. & Sunquist, M.E. (1992). "Population structure, density and biomass of large herbivores in the tropical forests of Nagarhole, India". Journal of Tropical Ecology 8 (1): 21–35. doi:10.1017/S0266467400006040.
- ↑ Bibi, F. (2007). "Origin, paleoecology, and paleobiogeography of early Bovini". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 248 (1): 60–72. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.11.009.
|
Makala hii kuhusu mnyama fulani bado ni mbegu. Je, unajua kitu kuhusu Mtumiaji:Rberetta/mpya kama uainishaji wake wa kibiolojia, maisha au uenezi wake? Labda unaona habari katika Wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari. |
Ili kupata maelezo kuhusu masanduku ya uanapwa ya spishi angalia: Wikipedia:WikiProject Mammals/Article templates/doc.