Karl Marx : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
d r2.7.2+) (Roboti: Imeongeza ba:Карл Маркс |
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Pitio la 18:43, 9 Machi 2013
Karl Marx (1818 - 1883) alikuwa mwanafalsafa kutoka nchini Ujerumani ambaye pamoja na Friedrich Engels alianzisha ukomunisti.
Maisha yake
Alizaliwa mjini Trier tarehe 5 Mei 1818.
Kati ya 1835 na 1841 alisoma sheria, historia na falsafa.
Tangu 1842 alikuwa mwandishi mkuu wa gazeti la Rheinische Zeitung mjini Köln. Alisimama upande wa wafuasi wa demokrasia dhidi ya utawala wa watemi na wafalme katika Ujerumani.
Kutokana na upinzani huo serikali ya Prussia ilimkataza asiandike tena kwenye magazeti, hivyo alihamia Ufaransa. Alipokaa mjini Paris alianza kuandika juu ya ujamaa kama ukamilisho wa demokrasia.
Baada ya kuhamia Brussels katika Ubelgiji alitunga pamoja na Engels kijitabu cha Manifesto ya Chama cha Kikomunisti (Ilani ya kikomunisti) alimotangaza imani yake ya kwamba "historia ya jamii zote ni historia ya mapambano ya matabaka". Alichora picha ya historia ambako jamii ya kikabaila imezaa ngazi mpya ya ubepari; hapo alitabiri kwamba ubepari utazaa tena mbegu wa uharibifu wake na utafuatwa na ujamaa au ukomunisti. Ukomunisti utakuwa na jamii bila matabaka na bila utawala. Aliona ya kwamba wafanyakazi kama tabaka linalozalisha utajiri wanapaswa kuchukua utawala mikononi mwao kwa njia ya mapinduzi akawaalika, "Wafanyakazi wa nchi zote muungane!".
Baadaye Marx alipaswa kukimbia Ulaya bara akapata kimbilio Uingereza alipoishi London hadi kifo chake, akitumia muda mwingi kwenye maktaba ya Britania. Alikuwa na vipindi vya umaskini mkali lakini alipata tena msaada kutoka kwa rafiki yake Engels. Kwa miaka kadhaa alikuwa mwanahabari wa gazeti la Marekani "New York Tribune".
Huko London aliandika kitabu chake kikuu "Das Kapital" (yaani "Rasilmali").
Aliaga dunia tarehe 14 Machi 1883 akazikwa kwenye makaburi ya Highgate Cemetery.
Falsafa yake
Kwa Marx kazi ya falsafa haikuwa kueleza dunia ilivyo bali kuibadilisha. Alifundisha ya kwamba mawazo, fikra na imani zote zinatokana na hali ya uchumi na teknolojia katika jamii.
Mwenyewe aliathiriwa sana na Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel na kutoka kwake alipokea hoja ya kuwa historia linafuata kanuni zake likielekezwa kwenye lengo maalumu. Tofauti na Hegel aliona historia haisukumwi na "roho ya ulimwengu" bali na nguvu za uchumi wa jamii na namna ya kujipatia riziki za maisha.
Kutokana na msingi huu Marx alikataa dini na imani ya Mungu. Kwake dini ni itikadi ya jamii ya uwongo na pamoja na sahihisho la jamii alitarajia ya kwamba dini itapotea.
Matokeo yake
Baada ya kifo chake Engels aliendelea kutoa maandiko yake kama vitabu.
Marx alikuwa na athira kubwa kati ya vyama vya wafanyakazi vya Ulaya vyenye mwelekeo wa kisoshalisti.
Baadaye kundi kali kati ya wasoshalisti Warusi chini ya Lenin iliendelea kupanua mafundisho ya Marx kwa "Umarx-Ulenin" iliyokuwa itikadi rasmi ya vyama vya kikomunisti.
Marx aliheshimiwa kama nabii katika nchi zilizotawaliwa na Wakomunisti, kuanzia Urusi hadi kuenea kwa thuluti moja ya watu wote duniani.
Hasa kuanzia mwaka 1989 athari yake imepungua.
Viungo vya Nje
Maandiko yake
- Marx and Engels Internet Archive [1]
- Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right (1843)
- On the Jewish Question (1843)
- Notes on James Mill (1844)
- Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 (1844)
- Theses on Feuerbach (1845)
- The German Ideology [with Engels] (1845-46)
- The Poverty of Philosophy (1846-47)
- Wage-Labour and Capital (1847)
- Manifesto of the Communist Party [with Engels] (1847-48)
- The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte (1852)
- Grundrisse (1857-58)
- A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (1859)
- Writings on the U.S. Civil War [with Engels; compiled] (1861)
- Theories of Surplus Value, 3 volumes (1862)
- Value, Price and Profit (1865)
- Capital vol. 1 (1867)
- The Civil War in France (1871)
- Critique of the Gotha Programme (1875)
- Notes on Wagner (1883)
- Capital, vol. 2 [posthumously, by Engels] (1893)
- Capital, vol. 3 [posthumously, by Engels] (1894)
- Letters [with Engels; compiled] (1833-95)
- Ethnological Notebooks — ISBN 90-232-0924-9 (1879-80)
- Works by Karl Marx katika Project Gutenberg
- "The Reality Behind Commodity Fetishism" (in English) at Sic et Non (in German)
- Libertarian Communist Library Karl Marx Archive
- Karl Marx Biography
- Works by Karl Marx at Zeno.org (German)
Maisha yake
- Friedrich Engels' Biography of Marx
- Franz Mehring's Karl Marx: The Story of His Life
- Vladimir Lenin's Karl Marx Biography
- Francis Wheen's Karl Marx: A Life
- Karl Korsch's Karl Marx Biography
- Maximilien Rubel's Marx, life and works
Makala na kamusi
- Dead Sociologists - Karl Marx
- Ernest Mandel, Karl Marx (New Palgrave article)
- Marx on India and the Colonial Question from the Anti-Caste Information Page
- Portraits of Karl Marx
- The Karl Marx Museum
- Marxmyths.org - Various essays on misinterpretations of Marx
- Paul Dorn, The Paris Commune and Marx' Theory of Revolution
- Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy entry
- Why Marx is the Man of the Moment