Kikingaradi : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8 |
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{{Commons category|Lightning rods}} |
{{Commons category|Lightning rods}} |
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*"''[http://www.usatoday.com/weather/thunder/2000-05-15-lightn-rod-tests.htm Researchers find that blunt lightning rods work best]''". [[USA Today]], June 10, 2002. |
*"''[http://www.usatoday.com/weather/thunder/2000-05-15-lightn-rod-tests.htm Researchers find that blunt lightning rods work best]''". [[USA Today]], June 10, 2002. |
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* [[Federal Aviation Administration]], "''[http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22300/22344/FAA_STD_019D.pdf FAA-STD-019d, Lightning and surge protection, grounding, bonding and shielding requirements for facilities and electronic equipment]''". [[National Transportation Library]], August 9, 2002. |
* [[Federal Aviation Administration]], "''[http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22300/22344/FAA_STD_019D.pdf FAA-STD-019d, Lightning and surge protection, grounding, bonding and shielding requirements for facilities and electronic equipment] {{Wayback|url=http://ntl.bts.gov/lib/22000/22300/22344/FAA_STD_019D.pdf |date=20120212231118 }}''". [[National Transportation Library]], August 9, 2002. |
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* Kithil, Richard, "''[http://www.lightningsafety.com/nlsi_lhm/lightning_rod_recent.html Lightning Rods: Recent Investigations]''". National Lightning Safety Institute, September 26, 2005. |
* Kithil, Richard, "''[http://www.lightningsafety.com/nlsi_lhm/lightning_rod_recent.html Lightning Rods: Recent Investigations]''". National Lightning Safety Institute, September 26, 2005. |
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* Kithil, Richard, "''[http://www.lightningsafety.com/nlsi_lhm/InstallRods.html Should Lightning Rods be Installed?]''". National Lightning Safety Institute, September 26, 2005. |
* Kithil, Richard, "''[http://www.lightningsafety.com/nlsi_lhm/InstallRods.html Should Lightning Rods be Installed?]''". National Lightning Safety Institute, September 26, 2005. |
Pitio la 05:02, 9 Machi 2021
Kikingaradi ni kifaa kinachofungiwa juu ya nyumba, minara au majengo marefu mengine. Kwa kawaida ni nondo nene ya metali ambayo inaunganishwa na waya inayoishia kwenye pao la metali lililochimbwa ardhini.
Kazi ya kikingaradi ni kuvuta radi kwake na kuifishi ardhini bila kupita ndani ya jengo. Radi ina kiwango kikubwa cha chaji ya umeme ndani yake na inaweza kusababisha uharibifu mkubwa kwenye kitu kinachopigwa naye. Pale ambako radi inatokea chaji yake inatafuta njia ya haraka ya kuingia kwenye ardhi kwa shabaha ya kutoa chaji yake. Hapo mara nyingi radi inatafuta vilele vya majengo au pia miti ambayo ni kama sehemu ya juu ya uso wa ardhi. Kuachiliwa kwa chaji katika jengo au mti kunaweza kuleta uharibifu. Mkondo wa umeme unaopatikana wakati wa kuachilia chaji unasababisha halijoto kali inayosababisha moto. Kama kuna unyevu ndani ya ukuta wa jengo unyevu huu unaanza kuchemka mara moja na kuwa mvuke kwa ghafla kunachosababisha mlipuko.
Hapo kikingaradi ni njia ambako umeme unaweza kupita na kufika ardhini haraka bila kutafuta njia ndani ya jengo. Ilhali radi daima inatafuta njia ya haraka ya kuachilia chaji yake ardhini kikingaradi kinatengenezwa kwa metali inayopitisha umeme haraka zaidi kuliko jengo lenyewe. Kwa sababu hii metali inayochaguliwa kwa kikingaradi ni kwa kawaida shaba, aloi za shaba au alumini, kwa kwa sababu metali hizi zina ukinzani mdogo kwa mkondo wa umeme. Shaba ni bora kuliko alumini lakini bei yake ni juu zaidi.
Historia
Mnamo katikati ya karne ya 18 wataalamu katika Ulaya na Marekani walianza kuelewa tabia za umeme. Walianza kuhisi ya kwamba uhusiano ulikuwepo baina ya umeme na radi. Mnamo 1750 Benjamin Franklin huko Pennsylvania, Marekani[1] aliandika juu ya radi kuwa umeme akapendekeza kuithibitisha kwa kupandisha kishada wakati wa ngurumo na kuona umeme kwenye kamba yake ya kushikilia. Kutokana na majaribio haya alibuni pia kikingaradi kilichowekwa mara ya kwanza kwenye nyumba yake mwenyewe, halafu mwaka 1752 kwenye ikulu ya Pennsylvania.
Mwnazoni kikingaradi kilienea polepole. Sababu muhimu ilikuwa hofu ya kuwa mtambo ungevuta radi kwake na hivyo kuongeza hatari badala ya kuipunguza.
Baada ya kuonekana kinasaidia kweli uenezaji wake umeendelea. Siku hizi kuna nchi nyingi zenye masharti ya kuweka kikingaradi kwenye majengo maalumu hasa kama jengo fulani ni jengo kubwa katika mazingira yake, limeinuliwa juu ya kimo cha miti au majengo jirani au kama liko juu ya mlima.
Viungo vya Nje
- "Researchers find that blunt lightning rods work best". USA Today, June 10, 2002.
- Federal Aviation Administration, "FAA-STD-019d, Lightning and surge protection, grounding, bonding and shielding requirements for facilities and electronic equipment Archived 12 Februari 2012 at the Wayback Machine.". National Transportation Library, August 9, 2002.
- Kithil, Richard, "Lightning Rods: Recent Investigations". National Lightning Safety Institute, September 26, 2005.
- Kithil, Richard, "Should Lightning Rods be Installed?". National Lightning Safety Institute, September 26, 2005.
- Kithil, Richard, "Fundamentals of Lightning Protection". National Lightning Safety Institute, September 26, 2005.
- Nailen, Richard L., "Lightning controversy goes on", The Electrical Apparatus, February 2001.
- Lightning Safety Alliance education page
- John Scoffern, Orr's Circle of the Sciences, Atmospheric Electricity—Theory of Lightning-rods W.S. Orr 1855.
- February 1919 Popular Science article about Lightning Arresters and how they were used in early AC and DC power distribution systems, Electrical Devices and How They Work, Part 14: Lightning Arresters, Popular Science monthly, February 1919, 5 unnumbered pages, Scanned by Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=7igDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PT17
Marejeo
- ↑ wakati ule ilikuwa bado koloni ya Uingereza hadi vita ya uhuru tangu 1776