Jinai : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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Matendo yanayotajwa kama jinai hutazamiwa kuwa hatari ya amani katika jamii na pia kuvunja haki za watu. Kwa hiyo katika mifumo ya sheria ya kisasa [[dola]] linalenga kulinda amani na haki kwa kutunga sheria zinazokataza jinai. Jinai kwa jumla hutawaliwa na sheria ya jinai, ambayo ni tofauti na sheria ya
Matendo yanayotajwa kama jinai hutazamiwa kuwa hatari ya amani katika jamii na pia kuvunja haki za watu. Kwa hiyo katika mifumo ya sheria ya kisasa [[dola]] linalenga kulinda amani na haki kwa kutunga sheria zinazokataza jinai. Jinai kwa jumla hutawaliwa na sheria ya jinai, ambayo ni tofauti na sheria ya


Kwa kawaida tendo fulani linahitaji kutendwa pamoja na nia ya kuvunja sheria ili kutajwa jinai. Hata hivyo, pia matendo maalum yanayotendwa "kwa namna ya kutokuwa mwangalifu au kupuuza kwa kiasi cha kuhatarisha maisha ya binadamu au kusababisha dhara kwa mtu mwingine yeyote"<ref>Kanuni ya Adhabu Tanzania (Penal Code , Chapter 16 of the Laws (revised), Jinai kwa kutojali na kupuuza, ss. 233. ([https://sheriakwakiswahili.blogspot.com/p/downloads.html<nowiki> online hapa])</nowiki>
Kwa kawaida tendo fulani linahitaji kutendwa pamoja na nia ya kuvunja sheria ili kutajwa jinai. Hata hivyo, pia matendo maalum yanayotendwa "kwa namna ya kutokuwa mwangalifu au kupuuza kwa kiasi cha kuhatarisha maisha ya binadamu au kusababisha dhara kwa mtu mwingine yeyote"<ref>Kanuni ya Adhabu Tanzania (Penal Code , Chapter 16 of the Laws (revised), Jinai kwa kutojali na kupuuza, ss. 233. ([https://sheriakwakiswahili.blogspot.com/p/downloads.html<nowiki> online hapa])</ref> yanaweza kuangaliwa kama jinai.

</ref> yanaweza kuangaliwa kama jinai.


Ilhali kila jinai inavunja sheria, siyo kila unvunjaji wa sheria inayohesabiwa kama jinai. Kuvunja sheria za biashara na mikataba baina ya watu inaweza kufuatiliwa kwa kesi za madai mbele ya mahakama, lakini mara nyingi hazifuatiliwi mara moja na vyombo vya dola.
Ilhali kila jinai inavunja sheria, siyo kila unvunjaji wa sheria inayohesabiwa kama jinai. Kuvunja sheria za biashara na mikataba baina ya watu inaweza kufuatiliwa kwa kesi za madai mbele ya mahakama, lakini mara nyingi hazifuatiliwi mara moja na vyombo vya dola.


Kutokea kwa jinai kunahitaji kuthibitiishwa na mahakama au jaji anayeangalia mashtaka dhidi ya mtu na kutoa hukumu ambako hatia fulani kulingana na sheria inathibitishwa au kukataliwa. Kama mkosaji anahukumiwa kuwa na hatia, jaji ataamua kuhusu [[adhabu]] yake. Sheria za jinai hutaja adhabu maalumu kwa kila aina ya kosa, ilhali jaji kwa kawaida ana chaguo fulani kuamulia kiwango cha ajabu.


==Kujisomea==

* Attenborough, F.L. (ed. and trans.) (1922). [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928142907/http://www.ilabdatabase.com/member/detail.php3?custnr=&membernr=1661&ordernr=42311 ''The Laws of the Earliest English Kings'']. Cambridge: [[Cambridge University Press]]. Reprint March 2006. [http://www.lawbookexchange.com/ The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.] ISBN 1-58477-583-1
* Blythe, James M. (1992). ''Ideal Government and the Mixed Constitution in the Middle Ages''. Princeton: [[Princeton University Press]]. ISBN 0-691-03167-3
* Cohen, Stanley (1985). ''Visions of Social Control: Crime, Punishment, and Classification''. Polity Press. ISBN 0-7456-0021-2
* [[Michel Foucault|Foucault, Michel]] (1975). ''Discipline and Punish: the Birth of the Prison'', New York: Random House.
* Garoupa, Nuno & Klerman, Daniel. (2002). "Optimal Law Enforcement with a Rent-Seeking Government". ''American Law and Economics Review'' Vol. 4, No. 1. pp.&nbsp;116–140.
* Hart, H.L.A. (1972). ''Law, Liberty and Morality''. Stanford: [[Stanford University Press]]. ISBN 0-8047-0154-7
* Hitchins, Peter. ''[[A Brief History of Crime]]'' (2003) 2nd edition was issued as ''he Abolition of Liberty: The Decline of Order and Justice in England'' (2004)
* Kalifa, Dominique. ''Vice, Crime, and Poverty: How the Western Imagination Invented the Underworld'' (Columbia University Press, 2019)
* Kern, Fritz. (1948). ''Kingship and Law in the Middle Ages''. Reprint edition (1985), Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press.
* Kramer, Samuel Noah. (1971). ''The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character''. Chicago: [[University of Chicago]]. ISBN 0-226-45238-7
* Maine, Henry Sumner. (1861). ''Ancient Law: Its Connection with the Early History of Society, and Its Relation to Modern Ideas''. Reprint edition (1986). Tucson: [[University of Arizona Press]]. ISBN 0-8165-1006-7
* Oppenheim, A. Leo (and Reiner, Erica as editor). (1964). ''Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization''. Revised edition (September 15, 1977). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-63187-7
* Pennington, Kenneth. (1993). ''The Prince and the Law, 1200–1600: Sovereignty and Rights in the Western Legal Tradition''. Berkeley: [[University of California Press]]. ISBN 0-520-07995-7
* Polinsky, A. Mitchell. (1980). "Private versus Public Enforcement of Fines". ''The Journal of Legal Studies'', Vol. IX, No. 1, (January), pp.&nbsp;105–127.
* Polinsky, A. Mitchell & Shavell, Steven. (1997). ''[https://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/6259.html On the Disutility and Discounting of Imprisonment and the Theory of Deterrence]'', NBER Working Papers 6259, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
* Skaist, Aaron Jacob. (1994). ''The Old Babylonian Loan Contract: Its History and Geography''. [[Ramat Gan]], [[Israel]]: [[Bar-Ilan University]] Press. ISBN 965-226-161-0
* [http://www.cliothemis.com/Atrocitas-enormitas-Esquisse-pour Théry, Julien. (2011). "Atrocitas/enormitas. Esquisse pour une histoire de la catégorie de 'crime énorme' du Moyen Âge à l'époque moderne", Clio@Themis, Revue électronique d'histoire du droit, n. 4]
* Tierney, Brian. (1979). ''Church Law and Constitutional Thought in the Middle Ages''. London: Variorum Reprints. ISBN 0-86078-036-8
* {{Cite book
| last= Tierney
| first= Brian
| author-link= Brian Tierney (medievalist)
| title= The Crisis of Church and State, 1050–1300: with selected documents
| edition= Reprint
| orig-year= 1964
| year= 1988
| publisher= [[University of Toronto Press]]
| location= Toronto
| isbn= 978-0-8020-6701-2
}}
* Vinogradoff, Paul. (1909). ''Roman Law in Medieval Europe''. Reprint edition (2004). Kessinger Publishing Co. ISBN 1-4179-4909-0
== Marejeo ==
== Marejeo ==
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Pitio la 22:47, 21 Februari 2021

Jinai ni kitendo kinachofanywa na mtu ambacho ni kinyume na sheria za nchi au eneo. Kwa hiyo jinai inafafanuliwa na sheria inayotaja matendo maalum kuwa vile.

Matendo yanayotajwa kama jinai hutazamiwa kuwa hatari ya amani katika jamii na pia kuvunja haki za watu. Kwa hiyo katika mifumo ya sheria ya kisasa dola linalenga kulinda amani na haki kwa kutunga sheria zinazokataza jinai. Jinai kwa jumla hutawaliwa na sheria ya jinai, ambayo ni tofauti na sheria ya

Kwa kawaida tendo fulani linahitaji kutendwa pamoja na nia ya kuvunja sheria ili kutajwa jinai. Hata hivyo, pia matendo maalum yanayotendwa "kwa namna ya kutokuwa mwangalifu au kupuuza kwa kiasi cha kuhatarisha maisha ya binadamu au kusababisha dhara kwa mtu mwingine yeyote"[1] yanaweza kuangaliwa kama jinai.

Ilhali kila jinai inavunja sheria, siyo kila unvunjaji wa sheria inayohesabiwa kama jinai. Kuvunja sheria za biashara na mikataba baina ya watu inaweza kufuatiliwa kwa kesi za madai mbele ya mahakama, lakini mara nyingi hazifuatiliwi mara moja na vyombo vya dola.

Kutokea kwa jinai kunahitaji kuthibitiishwa na mahakama au jaji anayeangalia mashtaka dhidi ya mtu na kutoa hukumu ambako hatia fulani kulingana na sheria inathibitishwa au kukataliwa. Kama mkosaji anahukumiwa kuwa na hatia, jaji ataamua kuhusu adhabu yake. Sheria za jinai hutaja adhabu maalumu kwa kila aina ya kosa, ilhali jaji kwa kawaida ana chaguo fulani kuamulia kiwango cha ajabu.

Kujisomea

Marejeo

  1. Kanuni ya Adhabu Tanzania (Penal Code , Chapter 16 of the Laws (revised), Jinai kwa kutojali na kupuuza, ss. 233. (<nowiki> online hapa)