Madhara yasiyokusudiwa : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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==Viungo vya Nje==
==Viungo vya Nje==
* [http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-BeyondPrecisionIssuesofMoralityandDecisionMakinginMinimizingCollateralCasualties.html ''Beyond Precision: Issues of Morality and Decision Making in Minimizing Collateral Casualties''], ACDIS Occasional Paper by Lt. Col. Dwight A. Roblyer
* [http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-BeyondPrecisionIssuesofMoralityandDecisionMakinginMinimizingCollateralCasualties.html ''Beyond Precision: Issues of Morality and Decision Making in Minimizing Collateral Casualties''] {{Wayback|url=http://acdis.illinois.edu/publications/207/publication-BeyondPrecisionIssuesofMoralityandDecisionMakinginMinimizingCollateralCasualties.html |date=20100705085027 }}, ACDIS Occasional Paper by Lt. Col. Dwight A. Roblyer
* [http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/usaf/afpam14-210/part20.htm USAF Intelligence Targeting Guide - Attachment 7 : Collateral Damage]
* [http://www.fas.org/irp/doddir/usaf/afpam14-210/part20.htm USAF Intelligence Targeting Guide - Attachment 7 : Collateral Damage]
* [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J134v10n04_06#preview The Culture of Collateral Damage: A Genealogy by Glen Perice, The Journal of Poverty, Volume 10, No. 4, 2007]
* [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1300/J134v10n04_06#preview The Culture of Collateral Damage: A Genealogy by Glen Perice, The Journal of Poverty, Volume 10, No. 4, 2007]
* [http://www.army-technology.com/glossary/collateral-damage.html Army Technology]
* [http://www.army-technology.com/glossary/collateral-damage.html Army Technology]
* [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m6007/is_56/ai_n14700122/pg_16 Air Force Law Review, Wntr, 2005 by Jefferson D. Reynolds]
* [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m6007/is_56/ai_n14700122/pg_16 Air Force Law Review, Wntr, 2005 by Jefferson D. Reynolds]
* [http://www.friendsjournal.org/contents/2003/04april/feature.html The Faces of “Collateral Damage” by Charlie Clements, Friends Journal, April 2003]
* [http://www.friendsjournal.org/contents/2003/04april/feature.html The Faces of “Collateral Damage” by Charlie Clements, Friends Journal, April 2003] {{Wayback|url=http://www.friendsjournal.org/contents/2003/04april/feature.html |date=20070217034358 }}
* [http://www.truthinmedia.org/truthinmedia/Kosovo/War/PhotoAlbum/photos-war-7.html Collateral Damage during NATO bombing of SR Yugoslavia 1999] Warning: explicit images
* [http://www.truthinmedia.org/truthinmedia/Kosovo/War/PhotoAlbum/photos-war-7.html Collateral Damage during NATO bombing of SR Yugoslavia 1999] {{Wayback|url=http://www.truthinmedia.org/truthinmedia/Kosovo/War/PhotoAlbum/photos-war-7.html |date=20080924091531 }} Warning: explicit images
* [http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/1571 "Collateral Damage: A Military Euphemism for Murder"] by Camillo "Mac" Bica, Znet, April 16, 2007
* [http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/1571 "Collateral Damage: A Military Euphemism for Murder"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.zmag.org/znet/viewArticle/1571 |date=20090527142007 }} by Camillo "Mac" Bica, Znet, April 16, 2007





Pitio la 02:34, 17 Januari 2021

Madhara yasiyolengwa, Uharibifu wa nyongeza, au Uharibifu wa Ziada (kutoka Kiingereza: Collateral damage) ni istilahi ya kutaja tukio linatokea katika hali ambayo siyo iliyokusudiwa. Istilahi hii hasa hutumika kijeshi katika hali ya kutaja uharibifu wa mali za raia au watu majeruhi ambao si wapiganaji, yaani, raia ya wa kawaida tu.[1]

Mfano ni wakati wa matumizi ya silaha kama mzinga, bomu au kombora dhidi ya wanajeshi adui nyumba za kiraia au watu raia wanaweza kupigwa ama kwa kosa au kutokana na ukali wa mlipuko.

Marejeo

Viungo vya Nje