Uchale : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho
kuanzisha makala |
(Hakuna tofauti)
|
Pitio la 14:13, 6 Oktoba 2018
Uchale (pia undugu wa uchale au undugu wa kuchanjiana) ni undugu unaofanywa kati ya watu wawili ambao hawana undugu wa kuzaliwa kwa kuchanjiana damu. Mviga wa uchale na sababu zake hutofautiana kulingana na mila na tamaduni ya watu wanaofanya undugu[1][2].
Leo, uchale hufanyika katika magenge[3] na baadhi ya vikundi vya uhamasishaji[2]. Kuchanjiana damu kunaweza kueneza maradhi[4].
Utamaduni
Katika jamii za Waafrika ambako uchale ulifanyika, ulitumika kama mkataba[5][6][7] au njia ya kuanzisha uhusiano[8] kati ya wanaume wawili au jamii[6]. Undugu wa aina hii haungevunjika ovyo. Kutoheshimu ndugu wa uchale, kuliaminika kuwa na adhabu ya kiungu[1]. Sababu za kufanya undugu huo zilihusiana wanaume kutaka kulinda mali na kutaka kuhakikisha heshima baina ya ndugu. Kwa mfano, katika jamii za watu wa Kigezi, Uganda, wanaume waliingia katika uchale ili waweze kupitia njia za biashara kwa usalama[7]. Machifu wa jamii za Watio na Wabhobangi walichanjiana ili washirikiane katika raslimali za Mto Kongo[6]. Katika jamii ya Wakikuyu, watu ambao hawakuwa Wakikuyu hawakukubalika hadi wakati mviga wa uchale ungefanyika[9][8].
Marejeo
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 White, Luise (1994/07). "Blood brotherhood revisited: kinship, relationship, and the body in East and Central Africa". Africa (kwa Kiingereza) 64 (3): 359–372. ISSN 1750-0184. doi:10.2307/1160786. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Donovan, Jack; Miller, Nathan F. (2012-12). Blood-Brotherhood: And Other Rites of Male Alliance (kwa Kiingereza). Dissonant Hum. ISBN 9780985452322. Check date values in:
|date=(help) - ↑ "Aryan Brotherhood", Southern Poverty Law Center (kwa Kiingereza), iliwekwa mnamo 2018-10-06
- ↑ Isik, Memet; Set, Turan; Sattar Khan, Abdul; Avsar, Ummu Zeynep; Cansever, Zeliha; Acemoglu, Hamit (2013-6). "Prevalence of Blood Brotherhood among High School Students in Erzurum and the Effect of Peer-led Education on this Practice". The Eurasian Journal of Medicine 45 (2): 83–87. ISSN 1308-8734. PMC PMC4261492 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 25610258. doi:10.5152/eajm.2013.16. Check date values in:|date=(help) - ↑ Doyle, Cathal M. (2014-11-20). Indigenous Peoples, Title to Territory, Rights and Resources: The Transformative Role of Free Prior and Informed Consent (kwa Kiingereza). Routledge. uk. 17. ISBN 9781317703181.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Sundkler, Bengt; Steed, Christopher (2000-05-04). A History of the Church in Africa (kwa Kiingereza). Cambridge University Press. uk. 278. ISBN 9780521583428.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Carswell, Grace (2007). Cultivating Success in Uganda: Kigezi Farmers & Colonial Policies (kwa Kiingereza). James Currey. uk. 38. ISBN 9781847016010.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Hutchinson, Henry Neville; Gregory, John Walter; Lydekker, Richard (1985). The Living Races of Mankind (kwa Kiingereza). Mittal Publications. uk. 344.
- ↑ Bulpett, C. W. L. (2012-11-12). King of the Wa-Kikuyu: A True Story of Travel and Adventure in Africa (kwa Kiingereza). Routledge. ku. 97–99. ISBN 9781136249051.