Mlima Kenya : Tofauti kati ya masahihisho

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Pitio la 18:53, 16 Septemba 2018

Mlima Kenya (Kikuyu: Kĩrĩnyaga; Kiembu: Kirenia; Kimaasai: Ol Donyo Keri; Kimeru: Kirimara) ndio mrefu zaidi nchini Kenya. Mlima huu una urefu wa mita 5,199. Mlima huu unatokana na volkeno zimwe ikikadiriwa ya kwamba mlipuko wake wa mwisho ulitokea mnamo miaka milioni 2.6 hadi 3.1 iliyopita.

Vilele vyake vya juu vinaitwa Batian (m 5,199), Nelion (m 5,188) na Lenana (m 4,985). Kuna barafuto nane mlimani lakini zinapungua kila mwaka kutokana na kupanda kwa halijoto duniani na kupungua kwa usimbishaji kwa sababu ya kukatwa kwa miti mingi^[1]^[2]^[3].

Mlima Kenya ni volkeno rusu iliyoumbwa takriban miaka milioni 3 baada ya kuumbika wa Bonde la Ufa.^[4] Umekuwa na theluji kwa maelfu ya miaka. Theluji hiyo hufanya kuwe na mmomonyoko unaosababishwa na barafuto na kutengeneza mabonde^[5]. Barafuto zimepungua kutoka 18 hadi 10^[3]. Mlima huu ni chanzo muhimu cha maji kwa Kenya.^[6]

Habari kuhusu mlima zilifikishwa Ulaya mwaka 1849 na Ludwig Krapf,^[7] lakini jamii ya wanasayansi walibaki na wasiwasi kuhusu ripoti kuwa kulikuwa na theluji karibu na ikweta.^[8] Uwepo wa Mlima Kenya ulithibitishwa mwaka 1883 na 1887^[9]. Ulipandwa na timu iliyoongozwa na Halford John Mackinder, mwaka 1899^[10]. Leo Mlima Kenya hupandwa na watalii na wanaopenda kupanda milima na miamba.^[11]

Mfumo wa ikolojia wa Mlima Kenya una aina tofauti za mimea na wanyama.^[12] Mteremko hufunikwa na aina tofauti ya misitu. Spishi asilia ni kama vile mianzi, tai na pimbi.^[13] Kwa sababu hii, eneo la km² 715 linalozunguka mlima ni hifadhi ya taifa ^[14] na liliorodheshwa na UNESCO kama urithi wa dunia mwaka 1997.^[15] Hifadhi hupokea wageni zaidi ya 15,000 kwa mwaka.^[6]

Etimolojia

Neno Kenya linaweza kuwa lilitokana na majina ambayo makabila wenyeji waliupatia Mlima Kenya. Wakikuyu; Kirinyaga, Waembu; Kirenyaa na Wakamba; Kiinyaa. Ludwig Krapf aliliandika jina kama Kenia na Kegnia, maneno ambayo yanaaminika kutoholewa kutoka neno la Kikamba.^[16]^[17]^[18]

Majina ya vilele

Vilele vya Batian, Nelion na Lenana vimepewa majina ya Laibon Mbatian na wanawe ambao walikuwa Wamasai..^[7] Kilele cha Terere pia kilipatiwa jina la kiongozi Mmasai. Majina mengine yalitoka kwa majina ya wazungu wapelelezi, k.v. Shipton, Sommerfelt, Tilman, Dutton na Arthur. Kuna majina yaliyotoka kwa wakenya na walowezi maarufu. Majina ya watume John na Peter yalitolewa na Arthur, aliyekuwa mmishonari.^[19]

Jiografia

Jiolojia

Mlima Kenya ni volkeno rusu iliyokuwa hai kati ya miaka milioni 2.6 na 3.1 iliyopita. Kasoko ya awali ilikuwa pengine katika urefu wa m 6,000; juu kuliko Kilimanjaro. Tangu izimike, kumekuwa na vipindi viwili vya barafu. Barafuto za leo hazipiti m 4,650 ^[11].

Miteremko ya kitako cha mlima haijawahi kuwa na barafuto. Ni misitu na baadhi ya sehemu zikalimwa. Miteremko hiyo ina mabonde yenye umbo la V na vijito vingi. Juu mlimani, katika eneo ambalo ni nyika, mabonde yenye umbo la U na vina vifupi. Mabonde hayo yaliumbwa na barafuto.^[20]

Wakati Mlima Kenya ulikuwa hai, shughuli za kivolkeno mbali kiasi na mlima. Kaskazini mashariki, kando ya mlima kuna vizibo vingi vya volkeno na kreta. Kreta ya Ithanguni ndio kubwa zaidi. Inadhaniwa kuwa ilikuwa na theluji wakati huo. Hii inaweza kuonekana kwa kuwa kilele kimelainika. Vilima vidogo huonekana hapo kama ishara kuwa vilikuwa vizibo.^[20]

Miamba inayounda Mlima kenya ni pamoja na basalt, rhomb porphyrite, phonolite, kenyte na trachyte.^[20] Kenyte iliripotiwa kuonekana mara ya kwanza mwaka 1900 na Gregory katika utafiti wake wa jiolojia ya Mlima Kenya.^[21]

Joseph Thompson alipendekeza utafiti ufanyiwe Mlima Kenya mara ya kwanza mwaka 1883. Aliona mlima kutoka Tambarare ya Laikipia na akaandika kuwa ilikuwa volkeno zimwe, kizibo kikionekana.^[22] Hata hivyo, maoni yake hayakuaminika na wanasayansi wa magharibi, hasa baada ya mwaka 1887 wakati Teleki na von Höhnel walikwea mlima na kueleza walichokatia kauli kuwa kreta.^[23] Mwaka 1893 msafara wa Gregory ulifika Barafuto ya Lewis, m 5,000. Alithibitisha kuwa volkeno ilikuwa imezimwa na kuwa kulikuwa na barafuto.^[23]^[21]

Vilele

Asili ya vilele vingi ni shughuli za volkeno. Vilele vingi vimekaribia kati mwa mlima. Vinafanana na vilele vya Alpi kwa sababu ya mikunjo.^[24] Kuvu, kuvumwani na mimea midogo ya milimani humea katika vilele vya kati.^[13] Vizibo vya volkeno vimefunikwa kwa majivu ya volkeno na udongo.^[25]

Vilele virefu zaidi ni Batian (m 5,199), Nelion (m 5,188) na Lenana (m 4,985).^[11]

Vilele na vizibo vingine ni pamoja na Piggot (m 4,957), Dutton (m 4,885), John (m 4,883), John Minor (m 4,875), Krapf Rognon (m 4,800), Peter (m 4,757), Slade (m 4,750) na Midget (m 4,700). Vyote vina miinuko inayotengeneza umbo kama la piramidi.^[11]^[24]

Vilele maarufu vilivyo katika viunga vya mlima ni Terere (m 4,714) and Sendeyo (m 4,704).^[11]

Batian (kushoto), Nelion (kulia), na Slade katika mandharimbele
Kilele cha lenana ndicho kimeinuka zaidi
Krapf Rognon (m 4800) na Barafuto ya Krapf
Kilele cha Midget kinaweza kukwewa kwa siku moja
Vilele vya Terere na Sendeyo viko katika kiunga cha mlima

Barafuto

Barafuto zinazidi kudidimia kila mwaka.^[26]^[27] Kila mwaka, theluji inayolimbikika katika majira ya baridi ni kidogo kuliko inayoyeyuka katika majira ya joto. Inabashiriwa kuwa hali ikiendelea hivyo, Mlima Kenya hautakuwa na theluji miaka 30 itakayokuja^[3]^[28]. Kupungua kwa barafuto kunasababishwa na kuongezeka kwa halijoto au kubadilika kwa tabia ya usimbishaji.^[29] Eneo la barafuto lilipimwa rasmi mara ya kwanza mwaka 1980 na kubainika kuwa ni 0.7 km² ^[30].

Majina ya barafuto za Mlima Kenya kwa mzunguko wa akrabu kutoka kaskazini ni ni:

Northey

Krapf

Gregory

Lewis

Diamond

Darwin

Forel

Heim

Tyndall

Cesar

Josef

Miundo ya kingo za barafuto

Jalidi usiku hufanya kuwe na miundo ya kingo za kingo za barafuto. Kuna sentimita chache ardhi jalidi chini ya uso wa ardhi.^[11]^[24] Kupanuka na kupunguka kwa ardhi kwa sababu ya halijoto, hufanya mimea isiweze kumea katika kingo.^[19]

Mito

Mlima Kenya ni eneo kuu la vyanzo vya maji vya mito miwili mikubwa nchini Kenya; Mto Tana na Mto Ewaso Ngiro Kaskazini.^[6] Mfumo wa ikolojia wa Mlima Kenya hupatia watu zaidi ya milioni 2 maji.^[6] Wiani wa vijito ni kubwa hasa katika miteremko ambayo haijawahi kuwa na barafuto.^[31] Vijito na mito inayoanza Mlima Kenya humwaga maji ndani ya Mto Sagana, Mto Tana na Mto Ewaso Ngiso Kaskazini moja kwa moja au kupitia mito mingine. ^[31]^[32]

Ikolojia

Eneo la Mlima Kenya lina kanda tofauti za kiikolojia. Kila ukanda una sifa zake na spishi kuu ya mimea. Spishi nyingi zinazopatikana katika sehemu zilizo juu ya mlima zinapatikana pia katika maeneo mengine ya mlima na Afrika Mashariki.^[13]

Pia kuna tofauti kati ya kanda, kutegemea upande wa mlima na ukali wa mteremko. Kusini mashariki pa mlima ni sehemu nyevu kuliko kaskazini^[30] kwa hivyo, spishi nyingi za sehemu hiyo hutegemea unyevu kukua. Baadhi ya spishi, k.v. mianzi, haziwezi kukua katika pande zote za mlima kwa sababu za tofauti za unyevu.^[11]

Kanda

Tabianchi hubadilika kulingana na mwinuko. Katika kitako cha mlima, udongo una rutuba na hivyo ni mzuri kwa ukulima. Ukulima ulikuwa ukifanyika hapo kwa miaka.^[33]

Mlima Kenya umezungukwa na misitu. Uoto katika misitu unategemea kiwango cha mvua, na spishi hutofautiana zaidi kusini na kaskazini mwa mteremko.^[7] Misitu katika kitako cha mlima hutishiwa na binadamu wanaokata miti ili watengeneze mbao na wanyakuzi ardhi.^[33]

Juu ya misitu ni ukanda wa mianzi asilia. Ukanda huu huzunguka mlima isipokuwa sehemu ya kaskazini ambapo kuna upungufu wa mvua^[19]. Ni vigumu kupata spishi nyingine za mimea hapo kwa sababu uoto wa mianzi ni mzito na huzuia mimea mingine kumea.^[11]

Juu ya ukanda wa mianzi ni ukanda wa mpaka wa miti. Miti hapa mara nyingi ni midogo kuliko miti katika misitu ya kitako cha mlima.^[34]

Mahali miti haiwezi kuota ni nyika ya mlima, m 3,000. Mimea ya jenasi Erica hupatikana katika sehemu ya magharibi ambayo huwa nyevu. Vichaka na nyasi hupatikana katika sehemu kame ambayo hushuhudia moto wa pori.^[19] ^[33]

Kimo kinapoongezeka, halijoto hupungua zaidi na hewa hupungua, katika ukanda unaojulikana kama Alpi ya Kiafrika. Mazingira ya ukanda huo yanafanana tu na yale ya Safu ya Aberdare. ^[13] Mimea mingi ya ukanda huo imejirekebisha ili kuweza kukabili halihewa.^[35]

Ukanda ulio juu ni ambapo barafuto zimedidimia. Mimea bado haijaweza kuota hapo.^[13]

Flora

Mimea ya mlima hutofautiana na mwinuko na mwelekeo wa mlima.^[36] Mwinuko unapoongezeka, mimea huwa na marekebisho spesheli ili kuhimili jalidi na miale ya urujuanimno.^[19]^[34] Kwa mfano, mimea ya jenasi Carduus, katika ukanda wa alpi ya kiafrika, hutumia majani kulinda jicho la ua kutokana na jalidi.^[37]^[35]

Fauna

Wanyama wengi hukaa katika kitako cha mlima penye halianga nzuri kidogo. Spishi za nyani, pimbi wa mitini, ndovu, nungunungu, nyati, fisi, mbuni, duma na simba huishi hapo.^[11] Wanyama mamalia wachache, k.v. Sylvicapra grimmia na pimbi wa miamba wanaweza kuishi katika miinuko ya juu kidogo.^[37]^[13]

Spishi za ndege, k.v. chozi, kwenzi, tai na tumbusi hupatikana katika ukanda wa alpi ya kiafrika. Ndege ni muhimu katika mfumo wa ikolojia hiyo kwa kuwa wao husaidia katika mchavusho.^[36]

Tabianchi

Tabianchi ya Mlima Kenya ni ya milima ya ikweta ambayo Hedberg alieleza kuwa ni 'majira ya baridi kila usiku, majira ya joto kila mchana'. ^[38] Mlima Kenya mojawapo ya vituo vya uchunguzi wa angahewa vya Global Atmospheric Watch.^[39]

Misimu

Mlima Kenya hushuhudia misimu miwili tofauti, misimu ya joto na misimu ya mvua, kama maeneo mengine ya Kenya.^[40] Miteremko ya mashariki kaskazini hupata mvua kubwa zaidi kwa kuwa uko katika upande wa pepo za matlai ambazo huleta mvua kutoka Bahari Hindi. Mvua hii huwezesha msitu uliosongamana katika upande huo. Katika miinuko ya juu, usimbishaji hufanyika kama theluji na kutengeneza barafuto.^[41]

Misimu ya Mlima Kenya ni kama ifuatavyo^[33]:


Msimu	Wakati
Masika	Aprili-Juni/Julai
Vuli	Oktoba-Disemba
Joto/Kiangazi	Disemba/Januari-Februari na Julai/Agosti-Septemba

Historia

Ugunduzi wa Wazungu

Joseph Thomson alithibitisha ugunduzi wa Krapf.

Mlima Kenya ulikuwa kati ya vilele virefu Afrika kuonekana kwa mara ya kwanza na wapelelezi kutoka Ulaya. Wa kwanza kuuona alikuwa Johann Ludwig Krapf, mmisionari Mjerumani^[18], tarehe 3 Desemba 1849^[7], kutoka Kitui, mji ulio km 160 kutoka mlima^[42], baada ya ugunduzi wa Mlima Kilimanjaro.

Krapf aliambiwa na watu wa kabila la Waembu kwamba walikuwa wakiuzunguka mlima lakini hawakuwa wamepaa juu kwa sababu ya baridi na theluji.^[18] Wakikuyu walithibitisha haya yametukia.

Samuel Teleki, Mzungu wa kwanza kuweka mguu juu ya Mlima Kenya.

Krapf pia alibainisha kwamba mito inayotoka Mlima Kenya, na mingine katika eneo la milima, ilikuwa mito ya kudumu. Akagundua kuwa lazima kuna chanzo cha maji mlimani, katika umbo la barafuto.^[18] Aliamini ni chanzo cha Nili Nyeupe.^[43]

Mwaka 1851 Krapf akarudi Kitui. Yeye alisafiri km 65 karibu na mlima, lakini hakuweza kuuona tena. Mwaka 1877 Hildebrandt alikuwa katika eneo la Kitui na kusikia juu ya mlima, lakini pia hakuweza kuuona, hivyo watu walianza kumtuhumu Krapf.^[23]

Hatimaye, mwaka 1883, Joseph Thomson alipita upande wa magharibi wa mlima na Krapf alithibitisha madai yake.^[22] Hata hivyo, upelelezi rasmi wa kwanza ulifanyika mwaka 1887 na Samuel Teleki na Ludwig von Höhnel. Waliweza kufika mita 4,350 kwenye mteremko wa kusini magharibi^[9]. Katika safari ya upelelezi huo, waliamini kuwa walikuwa wamegundua volkeno.

Mwaka 1892, Teleki na von Höhnel walirudi upande wa mashariki, lakini hawakuweza kupitia msitu.^[13]

Hatimaye, mwaka 1893 timu ilisafiri kutoka pwani hadi Ziwa Baringo katika Bonde la Ufa, ikiongozwa na John W. Gregory, mwanajiolojia Mwingereza. Walikwea mlima hadi mita 4,730 na wakakaa masaa kadhaa katika Barafuto ya Lewis. Aliporudi Uingereza, Gregory alichapisha majarida na hadithi ya mafanikio yake.^[19] George Kolb, daktari Mjerumani, alifanya safari mwaka 1894 na 1896 ^[19] na alikuwa wa kwanza kufika nyika ya mlima upande wa mashariki.

Tarehe 28 Julai 1899,^[10] Halford John Mackinder aliongoza kundi la wapelelezi 6 kutoka Ulaya, 66 kutoka Uswahilini, Wamaasai 2 na Wakikuyu 96^[10]. Walipatana na matatizo mengi njiani^[10]. Mackinder aliendelea kupanda mlima. Alikita kambi m 3,142^[10] katika Bonde la Höhnel. Alifanya jaribio la kwanza kufikia kilele tarehe 30 Agosti pamoja na Brocherel na Ollier kupitia upande wa mashariki, lakini wakabakisha kupanda m 100 kutoka Kilele cha Nelion. Tarehe 5 Septemba, Hausberg, Ollier na Brocherel walifanya mzunguko kutafuta njia rahisi ila hawakuweza kupata. Tarehe 11 Septemba Ollier na Brocherel walipanda Barafuto ya Darwin, lakini walilazimishwa kukatiza safari kutokana na dhoruba ya theluji^[10].

Wakati Saunders alirudi kutoka Naivasha timu okozi, Mackinder, Ollier na Brocherel walijaribu kupanda kilele tena. Walifika kilele cha Batian saa sita mchana tarehe 13 Septemba, na walishuka kutumia njia ileile^[10].

1900-1930

Baada ya ukweaji wa kwanza, hakukuwa na safari nyingi za kukwea mlima. Upelelezi kabla ya Vita ya Kwanza ya Dunia ulikuwa ukifanywa na walowezi nchini Kenya, ambao hawakufanya upelelezi wa kisayansi. Misheni ya Kanisa la Uskoti ilipofunguliwa Chogoria, wamishonari kadhaa walikwea mlima lakini hakuna aliyefanikiwa kufikia vilele vya Batian au Nelion.^[19]

Miti ya misitu ilikatwa ili kurahisisha safari ya kufikia vilele. Mwaka 1920, Arthur Fowell Buxton alijaribu kutengeneza njia kutoka kusini, na njia nyingine walikuja kutoka Nanyuki kaskazini, lakini njia iliyotumiwa zaidi ni ile ya Chogoria, kutoka mashariki, iliyotengenezwa na Ernest Carr.^[19]

Mwishoni mwa Julai 1930, Shipton na Bill Tilman walikwea vilele vyote. Katika safari hii, Shipton na Tilman walijaribu kukwea vilele vingine, ikiwa ni pamoja na Petro, Dutton, Midget , Pigott na aidha Terere au Sendeyo.^[44]

1931 hadi leo

Katika miaka ya 1930 ziara zilifanyika zaidi katika nyika ya mlima. Raymond Hook na Humphrey Slade walikwea ili wachore ramani ya mlima na wakapeleka samaki. Februari mwaka 1938, C Carol na Mtu Muthara wakawa mwanamke wa kwanza na Mwafrika wa kwanza mtawalia kupaa Nelion, katika ziara na Noel Symington, mwandishi wa The Night Climbers of Cambridge, na tarehe 5 Machi Una Cameron akawa mwanamke wa kwanza kupaa Batian.^[19]

Wakati wa Vita Kuu ya Pili ya Dunia ziara za kukwea mlima zilididimia zaidi. Watu maarufu waliokwea katika wakati huo walikuwa wafungwa wa vitani Waitaliano, ambao walikuwa wamefungwa jela Nanyuki. Walitoroka na kupanda mlima kabla ya kurejea kambini.^[45]

Mwaka 1949 eneo kupita m 3,400 lilifanywa hifadhi ya kitaifa.^[19] Barabara ilijengwa kutoka Naro Moru ili kurahisisha safari ya kufikia nika ya mlima.

Mwaka 1963, katika siku ya uhuru wa Kenya, Kisoi Munayo alikita bendera ya Kenya juu ya mlima. Mwaka 1997, mlima Kenya uliteuliwa kuwa eneo la urithi wa dunia na UNESCO.^[15]

Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya

Makala kuu: Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya

Hifadhi ya Taifa ya Mlima Kenya, ilianzishwa mwaka 1949. Inahifadhi eneo linalozunguka mlima. Awali ilikuwa hifadhi ya misitu.^[46] Tangu Aprili 1978 eneo limeteuliwa kama Hifadhi ya Mazingira ya dunia UNESCO .^[47]

Serikali ya Kenya ilikuwa na sababu nne za kuanzisha Hifadhi ya Taifa inayozunguka Mlima Kenya: umuhimu wa utalii kwa uchumi, kuhifadhi eneo la uzuri, kuhifadhi viumbe hai ndani yake, na kuhifadhi vyanzo vya maji vinavyozunguka eneo.^[6]

Utamaduni

Makabila makuu wanaoishi kuzunguka Mlima Kenya ni Wakikuyu, Wameru, Waembu na Wamaasai. Hao wote huona mlima huo kama kipengele muhimu cha tamaduni zao.

Wakikuyu

Wakikuyu wanaishi kusini na magharibi mwa mlima.^[13]^[48] Wao ni wakulima na hulima katika udongo mwekundu wa volkeno. Wakikuyu waamini kwamba Mungu wao, Ngai aliishi juu ya Mlima Kenya aliposhuka kutoka mbinguni.^[49] Wao wanaamini kuwa mlima ni kiti cha enzi cha Ngai duniani. Ni mahali ambapo Gikuyu, baba wa kabila, alitumia kukutana na Mungu wao, Ngai.^[49]^[28] Jina kwa ajili ya Kikuyu Mlima Kenya ni Kĩrĩnyaga (Kirinyaga), tafsiri yake ikiwa ni mlima mweupe. Linatokana na weupe wa theluji^[50].

Waembu

Waembu wanaishi kusini-mashariki mwa Mlima Kenya,^[13] na kuamini kuwa mlima ni nyumba ya Mungu wao, Ngai au Mwene Njeru. Mlima ni takatifu, na walikuwa wakijenga nyumba zikiwa na milango iliyokuwa ikitazama mlima.^[28] Waembu wanauita kiri Njeru, maana yake, mlima mweupe.^[19]^[44]^[28]

Wamasai

Wamasai ni wahamahamaji ambao walitumia ardhi kaskazini ya mlima kulisha mifugo wao. Wanaamini kuwa mababu zao walishuka kutoka mlima mwanzoni mwa wakati.^[28] Wamasai waliuita Ol Donyo Keri, ambalo linamaanisha 'mlima wa bakora au rangi nyingi' kudokeza theluji, misitu na mengineyo vinavyoonekana kutoka tambarare ya kandokando.^[51] Sala moja ya Wamasai kuhusu Mlima Kenya:

Mungu bariki watoto wetu, wawe kama mkuyu wa Morintat, wakue na wapanuke, wawe kama Vilima vya Ngong, kama Mlima Kenya, kama Mlima Kilimanjaro na waongezeke. (tafsiri)

—Ilikusanywa na Francis Sakuda wa Makumbusho ya Amani ya Oloshoibor^[51]

Wameru

Wameru wanaishi Mashariki na Kaskazini mwa mlima. Walilima na kufuga katika sehemu yenye rutuba nyingi nchini Kenya. Jina la Mt. Kenya kwa Kimeru ni Kirimara (kutokana na weupe wa theluji).^[52]

Makabila mengine

Wazungu wa kwanza kutembelea Mlima Kenya mara nyingi walileta wajumbe wa makabila mengine kama marafiki na mabawabu. Wengi wao hawakuwa na uzoefu wa baridi, au kuwahi kuona theluji. Maitikio yao mara nyingi zilikuwa za woga na tuhuma.

Sifa nyingine ya wazanzibari ilionekana katika kambi ile ile. Asubuhi ilipofika, waume walikuja kuniarifu kwamba maji yale waliokuwa wamewacha ndani ya vyungu yalikuwa yamerogwa. Walisema kuwa ni meupe, na hayatikisiki; Fundi, aliyejulikana kuwa mwenye kuthubutu, alikuwa ameyagonga kwa kijiti na hayakutoka. Walinirai niyaangalie, nikawaambia wayaniletee. Wakakataa, hata hivyo, ili kuyagusa, wakanirai niende yalipokuwa. Kwa kweli, maji yalikuwa yameganda. Niliweka chungu juu ya jiko, nikatabiri kuwa yangegeuka kuwa maji tena. Tuliokuwa nao wakakaa karibu na kuyatazama; yalipoyeyuka, waliniambia kwa furaha kuwa shetani alikuwa amefukuzwa, na nikawaambia kuwa wangeweza kuyatumia maji tena; lakini punde nilipogeuka, waliyamwaga na kuchota mengine kutoka mto uliokuwa karibu. (tafsiri)

—J W Gregory, The Great Rift Valley^[23]

Ziara yake ya mwaka 1899, Mackinder alipatana na baadhi ya wanaume kutoka kabila la Wadorobo.^[13]

Ukweaji mlima

Njia za kukwea

Kuna njia nane za kutembea zinazoelekea kwenye kilele cha juu. Ni, kwa mzunguko wa akrabu, kutoka kaskazini, njia za Meru, Chogoria, Kamweti, Naro Moru, Burguret, Sirimon na Timau^[11]. Pia kuna njia inayozunguka vilele inayotumiwa kuunganisha njia tofauti. ^[53] Kati ya hizi, Chogoria, Naro Moru na Sirimon ndio hutumika zaidi na zina malango. Njia nyingine zinahitaji idhini maalum kutoka kwa Huduma ya Wanyamapori Kenya ili kuzitumia.

Tazama pia

Orodha ya milima ya Kenya

Orodha ya milima ya Afrika

Orodha ya milima

Vitabu kuhusu Mlima Kenya

Sir Halford Mackinder, The First ujio wa Mlima Kenya [KM Barbour, ed.], (London, 1991); hadithi ya ujio wa kwanza Batian, pamoja Mackinder's diary na baadhi ya Expedition's picha. Barbour discusses sababu Mackinder, ambaye aliandika na kuchapisha vitabu vingine, hawakuwa kuchapisha maelezo ya akaunti ya Expedition.^[54]

Dutton EAT, Kenya Mountain (London, 1929); akaunti ya Expedition Mlima Kenya mwaka 1926; illustreras.^[7]

Vivienne de Watteville, Mwambie Dunia - kuzunguka na Reflections kati Tembo na Milima (London & New York, 1935); akaunti ya mwandishi wa ugenini katika kibanda kidogo katika kanda ya Ziwa na Ellis explorations yake ya Gorges Valley; illustreras .^[55]

HW Tilman, theluji juu ya Ikweta (London, 1937); akaunti ya ujio wa kwanza (na Shipton) ya NW ridge na Nelion; illustreras.^[56]

Eric Shipton, juu ya kwamba Mlima, (London, 1943); akaunti ya ujio wa kwanza (na Tilman) ya NW ridge na Nelion; illustreras.^[57]

Felice Benuzzi, Fuga sul Kenya (Milano 1947) / No picnic juu ya Mlima Kenya (London, 1952); a mountaineering classic, kuhusu wafungwa wa kivita tatu ambao kutoroka kutoka gerezani kambi yao mwaka 1943, hupanda mlima na sparse mgawo, improvised vifaa na hakuna ramani, na kisha kuvunja kurejea katika kambi yao gerezani.^[45]

Roland Truffaut, Du Kenya au wa Kilimanjaro (Paris 1953) / Kutoka Kenya kwa Kilimanjaro (London, 1957); 1952 akaunti ya ujio wa Kifaransa N. uso wa Mt Kenya; illustreras.^[58]

I. Allan, Guide to Mlima Kenya (1981; 1991; wengi updates); mamlaka ya kuongoza kwa njia ya peaks.^[19]

Hamish MacInnes, bei ya Adventure, (London, 1987); inajumuisha hadithi ya wiki-mrefu uokozi wa Gerd Judmeier baada yake kuanguka karibu na kilele cha Batian mapema katika miaka ya 1970.^[59]

I. Allan, C. Kata, G. Boy, Snowcaps juu ya Ikweta (London, 1989); historia ya Afrika Mashariki milima na ascents yao, ikiwemo ya hivi karibuni zaidi pioneered njia; illustreras.^[60]

Yohana Msomaji, Mlima Kenya (London, 1989); akaunti ya ujio wa Nelion, pamoja na Iain Allan kama mwongozo; illustreras.^[61]

M. Amin, D. Willetts, B. Tetley, On Mungu Mountain: The Story wa Mlima Kenya (London, 1991). A photographic maadhimisho ya mlima.^[62]

Kirinyaga, Mike Resnick, (1989).^[12]

Facing Mount Kenya, Jomo Kenyatta, (1938); kitabu kuhusu Kikuyu.^[63]

Tanbihi

↑ "The vanishing snow of Mount Kenya", Daily Nation (kwa en-UK), iliwekwa mnamo 2018-09-13
↑ "The vanishing glaciers of Mount Kenya", The East African (kwa en-UK), iliwekwa mnamo 2018-09-13
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 "Dying gods: Mt Kenya's disappearing glaciers spread violence below", Climate Home News (kwa en-GB), 2017-08-02, iliwekwa mnamo 2018-09-13
↑ Philippe Nonnotte. "Étude volcano-tectonique de la zone de divergence Nord-Tanzanienne (terminaison sud du rift kenyan) - Caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique du volcanisme récent (8 Ma – Actuel) et du manteau source - Contraintes de mise en place thèse de doctorat de l'université de Bretagne occidentale, spécialité : géosciences marines".
↑ Gregory, J. W. (1894-02-01). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.—Part I. The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society (kwa Kiingereza) 50 (1-4): 515–530. ISSN 0370-291X. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1894.050.01-04.36.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 Gichuki, Francis Ndegwa (Agosti 1999). "Threats and Opportunities for Mountain Area Development in Kenya". Ambio (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) 28 (5): 430–435. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "development" defined multiple times with different content
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 Dutton, E.A.T. (1929). Kenya Mountain. London: Jonathan Cape.
↑ Gregory, J. W. (John Walter) (1896). The Great Rift Valley : being the narrative of a journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo : with some account of the geology, natural history, anthropology and future prospects of British East Africa. Smithsonian Libraries. London : J. Murray.
↑ ^9.0 ^9.1 Höhnel, Ludwig; Teleki, Samuel; Bell, Nancy R. E. Meugens (1894). Discovery of lakes Rudolf and Stefanie; a narrative of Count Samuel Teleki's exploring & hunting expedition in eastern equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888. Smithsonian Libraries. London, Longmans, Green and Co.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 ^10.6 Mackinder, H. J. (1900). "A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa". The Geographical Journal 15 (5): 453–476. doi:10.2307/1774261.
↑ ^11.00 ^11.01 ^11.02 ^11.03 ^11.04 ^11.05 ^11.06 ^11.07 ^11.08 ^11.09 EWP (2007). Mount Kenya Map and Guide [map], 4th edition, 1:50,000 with 1:25,000 inset, EWP Map Guides. Cartography by EWP. ISBN 9780906227961.
↑ ^12.0 ^12.1 D., Resnick, Michael (1998). Kirinyaga : a fable of Utopia (toleo la 1st ed). New York: Ballantine Pub. Group. ISBN 0345417011. OCLC 37843815.
↑ ^13.00 ^13.01 ^13.02 ^13.03 ^13.04 ^13.05 ^13.06 ^13.07 ^13.08 ^13.09 Coe, Malcolm James (1967). The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya. The Hague: Dr W. Junk.
↑ "World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Technical Evaluation Mount Kenya (Kenya)".
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 United Nations (2008). "Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2006-12-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-23. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unesco" defined multiple times with different content
↑ Krapf, Johann Ludwig (13 Mei 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". Church Missionary Intelligencer i: 452.
↑ Foottit, Claire (2006) [2004]. Kenya. The Brade Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. ISBN 1-84162-066-1.
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 Krapf, Johann Ludwig (1860). Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
↑ ^19.00 ^19.01 ^19.02 ^19.03 ^19.04 ^19.05 ^19.06 ^19.07 ^19.08 ^19.09 ^19.10 ^19.11 ^19.12 Allan, Iain (1981). The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro. Nairobi: Mountain Club of Kenya. ISBN 978-9966985606.
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 ^20.3 Baker, B. H. (1967). Geology of the Mount Kenya Area. Geological Survey of Kenya. Ministry of Natural Resources.
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 Gregory, J. W. (1900). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.-Part II. The Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 56: 205–222.
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 Thomson, Joseph (1968). Through Masai Land (toleo la 3). London: Frank Cass & Co Ltd. Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help)
↑ ^23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 ^23.3 Gregory, John Walter (1968). The Great Rift Valley. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help)
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 ^24.2 [112]
↑ Speck, Heinrich (1982). "Soils of the Mount Kenya Area: Their formation, ecology, and agricultural significance". Mountain Research and Development 2 (2): 201–221. doi:10.2307/3672965. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-06-21.
↑ Mountain Club. "Mountain Club of Kenya Homepage". Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-05-26.
↑ Recession ya Ikweta Glaciers. A Photo Documentation, Hastenrath, S., 2008, Sundog Publishing, Madison, WI, ISBN 978-0-9729033-3-2, 144 pp.
↑ ^28.0 ^28.1 ^28.2 ^28.3 ^28.4 Kenya Wildlife Service (2006), Mount Kenya Official Guidebook, Kenya Wildlife Service
↑ Benn, Doug (1997). Glaciers and Glaciation. Arnold. ISBN 978-0340584316. More than one of |last1= na |last= specified (help); More than one of |first1= na |first= specified (help)
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 Karlén, Wibjörn; James L Fastook, Karin Holmgren, Maria Malmström, John A Matthews, Eric Odada, Jan Risberg, Gunhild Rosqvist, Per Sandgren, Aldo Shemesh and Lars-Ove Westerberg (Agosti 1999). "Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Kenya since ~6000 Cal. Years BP: Implications for Holocene Climate Change in Africa". Ambio (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) 28 (5): 409–418.
↑ ^31.0 ^31.1 Edward Stanford Ltd (1966). Geological Map of the Mount Kenya Area [map], 1st edition, 1:125000, Geological Survey of Kenya. Cartography by B. H. Baker, Geological Survey of Kenya.
↑ Andrew Wielochowski and Mark Savage (1991). Mt Kenya 1:50000 Map and Guide [map], 1 edition, 1:50000 with 1:25000 inset. Cartography by West Col Productions. ISBN 0-906227-39-9.
↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 ^33.2 ^33.3 Castro, Alfonso Peter (1995). Facing Kirinyaga. London: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. ISBN 1-85339-253-7.
↑ ^34.0 ^34.1 Niemelä, Tuomo; Petri Pellikka (2004). "Zonation and characteristics of the vegetation of Mt. Kenya". Expedition reports of the Department of Geography, University of Helsinki 40: 14–20. ISBN 952-10-2077-6.
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 Beck, Erwin; Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Margot Senser and Renate Scheibe (1984). "Equilibrium freezing of leaf water and extracellular ice formation in Afroalpine 'giant rosette' plants". Planta 162: 276–282. doi:10.1007/BF00397450.
↑ ^36.0 ^36.1 Smith, Alan P.; Truman P. Young (1987). "Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 137–158. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001033.
↑ ^37.0 ^37.1 Young, Truman P.; Mary M. Peacock (1992). "Giant senecios and alpine vegetation of Mount Kenya". Journal of Ecology 80: 141–148.
↑ Hedberg, O. (1969). "Evolution and speciation in a tropical high mountain flora". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1: 135–148. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb01816.x.
↑ Henne, Stephan; Wolfgang Junkermann, Josiah M. Kariuki, John Aseyo and Jörg Klausen (Novemba 2008). "Mount Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch Station (MKN): Installation and Meteorological Characterization". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47 (11): 2946–2962.
↑ Thompson, B. W. (1966). "The mean annual rainfall of Mount Kenya". Weather 21: 48–49.
↑ Spink, Lieut.-Commander P. C. (1945). "Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya". Geographical Journal (The Royal Geographical Society) 106 (5/6): 210–216.
↑ Rough Guide (2006). Rough Guide Map Kenya [map], 9 edition, 1:900,000, Rough Guide Map. Cartography by World Mapping Project. ISBN 1-84353-359-6.
↑ Krapf, Johann Ludwig (13 Mei 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". Church Missionary Intelligencer i: 345.
↑ ^44.0 ^44.1 Burns, Cameron (1998). Kilimanjaro & Mount Kenya; A Climbing and Trekking Guide. Leicester: Cordee. ISBN 1-871890-98-5.
↑ ^45.0 ^45.1 Benuzzi, Felice (2005). No Picnic on Mount Kenya: A Daring Escape, a Perilous Climb. : The Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1592287246. Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help)
↑ Kenya Wildlife Service (2007). "Mount Kenya National Park". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-06-22. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-23.
↑ United Nations Environment Programme (1998). "Protected Areas and World Heritage". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-02-12. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-23.
↑ Richards, Charles; James Place (1960). East African Explorers. London: Oxford University Press.
↑ ^49.0 ^49.1 Kenyatta, Jomo (2011-04-05). Facing Mount Kenya (kwa Kiingereza). Penguin Random House. ISBN 9781846555527.
↑ Karangi, Matthew (2013-01-01). "The gĩkũyũ religion and philosophy: A tool for understanding the current religio-political debates in Kenya" 108. ku. 612–622.
↑ ^51.0 ^51.1 Somjee, Sultan (2000). "Oral Traditions and Material Culture: An East Africa Experience". Research in African Literatures 31 (4): 97–103. doi:10.2979/RAL.2000.31.4.97. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-21.
↑ Fadiman, Jeffrey A. (1994). When We Began There Were Witchmen. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08615-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-14.
↑ "Mount Kenya - Introduction and Trekking Guide". 2007-12-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2018-09-16.
↑ Mackinder, Halford John; Kenneth Michael Barbour (1991). The First Ascent of Mount Kenya. Ohio University Press. uk. 287. ISBN 1850651027.
↑ de Watteville, Vivienne (1986) [1935]. Speak to the Earth - Wanderings and Reflections among Elephants and Mountains (toleo la 2). Methuen. uk. 329. ISBN 0413602702.
↑ Tilman, H. W. (1938). Snow on the Equator. The Macmillan Company. uk. 265.
↑ Shipton, Eric (1945). Upon that Mountain. Readers Union. uk. 248.
↑ Truffaut, Roland (1953). Du Kenya au Kilimanjaro: expédition française au Kenya (kwa French). Paris: Julliard. uk. 251.
↑ MacInnes, Hamish (1987). The Price of Adventure. London: Hodder & Stoughton. ISBN 0340263237.
↑ Ward, Clive; Gordon Boy, Iain Allan (1988). Snowcaps on the Equator: The Fabled Mountains of Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda and Zaire. Bodley Head. uk. 192. ISBN 0370311264.
↑ Reader, John (1989). Mount Kenya. London: Elm Tree Books. ISBN 0-241-12486-7.
↑ Amin, Mohamed; Duncan Willetts, Brian Tetley (1991). On God's Mountain: The Story of Mount Kenya. Moorland. uk. 192.
↑ Kenyatta, Jomo (1961). Facing Mount Kenya. London: Secker and Warburg.

Viungo vya nje

Mount Kenya homepage

Mount Kenya Information & Resource

UNESCO Mtindo Site Data Sheet juu ya Mlima Kenya

Satellite picture by Google Maps

Mount Kenya Jiolojia na Glaciology

African Wildlife Foundation Safari Planner

Mlima Club ya Kenya Homepage

Bill Woodley Mount Kenya Trust

Mount Kenya Wildlife Conservancy

Wakati tulianza, kulikuwa Witchmen An Oral History kutoka Mlima Kenya (1993) Jeffrey Fadiman

Vizuka juu ya Mlima Kenya Kifungu kutoka National Geographic Adventure magazine (2007) Mathayo Power

Kenya Wildlife Service's page on Mount Kenya National Park

Frontier Climbing nchini Kenya Article on wawili wa kwanza juu ya Hekalu ascents

Afrika Mashariki ubeberu photo insha

Makala hii kuhusu maeneo ya Kenya bado ni mbegu.
Je unajua kitu kuhusu Mlima Kenya kama historia yake, biashara, taasisi zilizopo, watu au utamaduni? Labda unaona habari katika wikipedia ya Kiingereza au lugha nyingine zinazofaa kutafsiriwa? Basi unaweza kuisaidia Wikipedia kwa kuihariri na kuongeza habari.

[1] "The vanishing snow of Mount Kenya", Daily Nation (kwa en-UK), iliwekwa mnamo 2018-09-13

[2] "The vanishing glaciers of Mount Kenya", The East African (kwa en-UK), iliwekwa mnamo 2018-09-13

[:0-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 "Dying gods: Mt Kenya's disappearing glaciers spread violence below", Climate Home News (kwa en-GB), 2017-08-02, iliwekwa mnamo 2018-09-13

[Rift-4] Philippe Nonnotte. "Étude volcano-tectonique de la zone de divergence Nord-Tanzanienne (terminaison sud du rift kenyan) - Caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique du volcanisme récent (8 Ma – Actuel) et du manteau source - Contraintes de mise en place thèse de doctorat de l'université de Bretagne occidentale, spécialité : géosciences marines".

[:1-5] Gregory, J. W. (1894-02-01). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.—Part I. The Glacial Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society (kwa Kiingereza) 50 (1-4): 515–530. ISSN 0370-291X. doi:10.1144/GSL.JGS.1894.050.01-04.36.

[development-6] 6.0 ^6.1 ^6.2 ^6.3 ^6.4 Gichuki, Francis Ndegwa (Agosti 1999). "Threats and Opportunities for Mountain Area Development in Kenya". Ambio (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) 28 (5): 430–435. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "development" defined multiple times with different content

[dutton-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 Dutton, E.A.T. (1929). Kenya Mountain. London: Jonathan Cape.

[8] Gregory, J. W. (John Walter) (1896). The Great Rift Valley : being the narrative of a journey to Mount Kenya and Lake Baringo : with some account of the geology, natural history, anthropology and future prospects of British East Africa. Smithsonian Libraries. London : J. Murray.

[:2-9] 9.0 ^9.1 Höhnel, Ludwig; Teleki, Samuel; Bell, Nancy R. E. Meugens (1894). Discovery of lakes Rudolf and Stefanie; a narrative of Count Samuel Teleki's exploring & hunting expedition in eastern equatorial Africa in 1887 & 1888. Smithsonian Libraries. London, Longmans, Green and Co.

[:3-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 ^10.6 Mackinder, H. J. (1900). "A Journey to the Summit of Mount Kenya, British East Africa". The Geographical Journal 15 (5): 453–476. doi:10.2307/1774261.

[map-11] 11.00 ^11.01 ^11.02 ^11.03 ^11.04 ^11.05 ^11.06 ^11.07 ^11.08 ^11.09 EWP (2007). Mount Kenya Map and Guide [map], 4th edition, 1:50,000 with 1:25,000 inset, EWP Map Guides. Cartography by EWP. ISBN 9780906227961.

[:4-12] 12.0 ^12.1 D., Resnick, Michael (1998). Kirinyaga : a fable of Utopia (toleo la 1st ed). New York: Ballantine Pub. Group. ISBN 0345417011. OCLC 37843815.

[ecology-13] 13.00 ^13.01 ^13.02 ^13.03 ^13.04 ^13.05 ^13.06 ^13.07 ^13.08 ^13.09 Coe, Malcolm James (1967). The Ecology of the Alpine Zone of Mount Kenya. The Hague: Dr W. Junk.

[uicn-14] "World Heritage Nomination - IUCN Technical Evaluation Mount Kenya (Kenya)".

[unesco-15] 15.0 ^15.1 United Nations (2008). "Mount Kenya National Park/Natural Forest". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2006-12-30. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-23. Hitilafu ya kutaja: Invalid <ref> tag; name "unesco" defined multiple times with different content

[krapf_452-16] Krapf, Johann Ludwig (13 Mei 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". Church Missionary Intelligencer i: 452.

[foottit-17] Foottit, Claire (2006) [2004]. Kenya. The Brade Travel Guide. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. ISBN 1-84162-066-1.

[Krapf-18] 18.0 ^18.1 ^18.2 ^18.3 Krapf, Johann Ludwig (1860). Travels, Researches, and Missionary Labours in Eastern Africa. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.

[mck-19] 19.00 ^19.01 ^19.02 ^19.03 ^19.04 ^19.05 ^19.06 ^19.07 ^19.08 ^19.09 ^19.10 ^19.11 ^19.12 Allan, Iain (1981). The Mountain Club of Kenya Guide to Mount Kenya and Kilimanjaro. Nairobi: Mountain Club of Kenya. ISBN 978-9966985606.

[geology-20] 20.0 ^20.1 ^20.2 ^20.3 Baker, B. H. (1967). Geology of the Mount Kenya Area. Geological Survey of Kenya. Ministry of Natural Resources.

[gregory1900-21] 21.0 ^21.1 Gregory, J. W. (1900). "Contributions to the Geology of British East Africa.-Part II. The Geology of Mount Kenya". Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society 56: 205–222.

[thomson-22] 22.0 ^22.1 Thomson, Joseph (1968). Through Masai Land (toleo la 3). London: Frank Cass & Co Ltd. Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help)

[gregory-23] 23.0 ^23.1 ^23.2 ^23.3 Gregory, John Walter (1968). The Great Rift Valley. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd. Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help)

[baker-24] 24.0 ^24.1 ^24.2 [112]

[speck-25] Speck, Heinrich (1982). "Soils of the Mount Kenya Area: Their formation, ecology, and agricultural significance". Mountain Research and Development 2 (2): 201–221. doi:10.2307/3672965. Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-06-21.

[web-26] Mountain Club. "Mountain Club of Kenya Homepage". Iliwekwa mnamo 2007-05-26.

[glafot-27] Recession ya Ikweta Glaciers. A Photo Documentation, Hastenrath, S., 2008, Sundog Publishing, Madison, WI, ISBN 978-0-9729033-3-2, 144 pp.

[guide-28] 28.0 ^28.1 ^28.2 ^28.3 ^28.4 Kenya Wildlife Service (2006), Mount Kenya Official Guidebook, Kenya Wildlife Service

[benn-29] Benn, Doug (1997). Glaciers and Glaciation. Arnold. ISBN 978-0340584316. More than one of |last1= na |last= specified (help); More than one of |first1= na |first= specified (help)

[glacierfluctuations-30] 30.0 ^30.1 Karlén, Wibjörn; James L Fastook, Karin Holmgren, Maria Malmström, John A Matthews, Eric Odada, Jan Risberg, Gunhild Rosqvist, Per Sandgren, Aldo Shemesh and Lars-Ove Westerberg (Agosti 1999). "Glacier Fluctuations on Mount Kenya since ~6000 Cal. Years BP: Implications for Holocene Climate Change in Africa". Ambio (Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences) 28 (5): 409–418.

[baker_map-31] 31.0 ^31.1 Edward Stanford Ltd (1966). Geological Map of the Mount Kenya Area [map], 1st edition, 1:125000, Geological Survey of Kenya. Cartography by B. H. Baker, Geological Survey of Kenya.

[mapandguide-32] Andrew Wielochowski and Mark Savage (1991). Mt Kenya 1:50000 Map and Guide [map], 1 edition, 1:50000 with 1:25000 inset. Cartography by West Col Productions. ISBN 0-906227-39-9.

[castro-33] 33.0 ^33.1 ^33.2 ^33.3 Castro, Alfonso Peter (1995). Facing Kirinyaga. London: Intermediate Technology Publications Ltd. ISBN 1-85339-253-7.

[zonation-34] 34.0 ^34.1 Niemelä, Tuomo; Petri Pellikka (2004). "Zonation and characteristics of the vegetation of Mt. Kenya". Expedition reports of the Department of Geography, University of Helsinki 40: 14–20. ISBN 952-10-2077-6.

[rosette-35] 35.0 ^35.1 Beck, Erwin; Ernst-Detlef Schulze, Margot Senser and Renate Scheibe (1984). "Equilibrium freezing of leaf water and extracellular ice formation in Afroalpine 'giant rosette' plants". Planta 162: 276–282. doi:10.1007/BF00397450.

[tropicalalpine-36] 36.0 ^36.1 Smith, Alan P.; Truman P. Young (1987). "Tropical Alpine Plant Ecology". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 18: 137–158. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.18.110187.001033.

[senecio-37] 37.0 ^37.1 Young, Truman P.; Mary M. Peacock (1992). "Giant senecios and alpine vegetation of Mount Kenya". Journal of Ecology 80: 141–148.

[hedberg1969-38] Hedberg, O. (1969). "Evolution and speciation in a tropical high mountain flora". Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 1: 135–148. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1969.tb01816.x.

[globalatmospherestation-39] Henne, Stephan; Wolfgang Junkermann, Josiah M. Kariuki, John Aseyo and Jörg Klausen (Novemba 2008). "Mount Kenya Global Atmosphere Watch Station (MKN): Installation and Meteorological Characterization". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 47 (11): 2946–2962.

[climate_article-40] Thompson, B. W. (1966). "The mean annual rainfall of Mount Kenya". Weather 21: 48–49.

[spink-41] Spink, Lieut.-Commander P. C. (1945). "Further Notes on the Kibo Inner Crater and Glaciers of Kilimanjaro and Mount Kenya". Geographical Journal (The Royal Geographical Society) 106 (5/6): 210–216.

[rough_guide-42] Rough Guide (2006). Rough Guide Map Kenya [map], 9 edition, 1:900,000, Rough Guide Map. Cartography by World Mapping Project. ISBN 1-84353-359-6.

[43] Krapf, Johann Ludwig (13 Mei 1850). "Extract from Krapf's diary". Church Missionary Intelligencer i: 345.

[cordee-44] 44.0 ^44.1 Burns, Cameron (1998). Kilimanjaro & Mount Kenya; A Climbing and Trekking Guide. Leicester: Cordee. ISBN 1-871890-98-5.

[picnic-45] 45.0 ^45.1 Benuzzi, Felice (2005). No Picnic on Mount Kenya: A Daring Escape, a Perilous Climb. : The Lyons Press. ISBN 978-1592287246. Unknown parameter |origdate= ignored (|orig-year= suggested) (help)

[kws_website-46] Kenya Wildlife Service (2007). "Mount Kenya National Park". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-06-22. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-23.

[unep-47] United Nations Environment Programme (1998). "Protected Areas and World Heritage". Ilihifadhi kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2007-02-12. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-23.

[Explorers-48] Richards, Charles; James Place (1960). East African Explorers. London: Oxford University Press.

[:5-49] 49.0 ^49.1 Kenyatta, Jomo (2011-04-05). Facing Mount Kenya (kwa Kiingereza). Penguin Random House. ISBN 9781846555527.

[50] Karangi, Matthew (2013-01-01). "The gĩkũyũ religion and philosophy: A tool for understanding the current religio-political debates in Kenya" 108. ku. 612–622.

[somjee-51] 51.0 ^51.1 Somjee, Sultan (2000). "Oral Traditions and Material Culture: An East Africa Experience". Research in African Literatures 31 (4): 97–103. doi:10.2979/RAL.2000.31.4.97. Iliwekwa mnamo 2008-02-21.

[witchmen-52] Fadiman, Jeffrey A. (1994). When We Began There Were Witchmen. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-08615-5. Iliwekwa mnamo 2009-05-14.

[53] "Mount Kenya - Introduction and Trekking Guide". 2007-12-17. Iliwekwa mnamo 2018-09-16.

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