Tazama chanzo cha Klaudio Ptolemaio

<sup>Kuhusu [[Farao|wafalme wa Misri]] walioitwa Ptolemaio angalia [[Nasaba ya Waptolemaio]]</sup>

[[Picha:Ptolomy and Astronomy, 1503 Wellcome L0012387.jpg|250px|thumb|Ptolemaio alivyoonyeshwa kama mfalme wa sayansi pamoja na mama mwakilishi wa astronomia katika kitabu cha Ujerumani mnamo mwaka 1503]]
'''Klaudio Ptolemaio''' (kwa [[Kigiriki]] Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος, ''Klaúdios Ptolemaíos''; [[100]] – mnamo [[170]] [[BK]]) alikuwa [[mtaalamu]] wa [[hisabati]], [[jiografia]] na [[astronomia]] kutoka nchini [[Misri]]. 

[[Utamaduni|Kiutamaduni]] alikuwa [[Mgiriki]] aliyeishi [[Mji|mjini]] [[Aleksandria]] wakati Misri ilikuwa [[jimbo]] la [[Dola la Roma]]. Hakuna habari za hakika kuhusu [[maisha]] yake.

Ptolemaio ni maarufu kwa [[vitabu]] vyake vilivyohifadhiwa alipotoa hitimisho ya [[elimu]] ya siku zake. Vitabu hivyo vilitafsiriwa kwa [[Kilatini]] na [[Kiarabu]] vikawa msingi wa elimu hadi mwisho wa [[Zama za Kati]] kwa [[Wakristo]] wa [[Ulaya]] na pia kwa [[Waislamu]] wa [[Mashariki ya Kati]]. 

==Astronomia==
[[Picha:Mfumo wa Ptolemaio.png|350px|thumb|Ptolemaio aliona Dunia katika kitovu cha ulimwengu]]
Katika kitabu chake cha [[Almagest]] alieleza jinsi Wagiriki walivyoona [[ulimwengu]]. Walidhani Dunia iko kwenye [[kitovu]] cha [[ulimwengu]]. [[Magimba ya angani|Magimba mengine ya angani]] yaani [[Mwezi]], [[Jua]] na [[sayari]] [[tano]] zilizojulikana ziliizunguka kwa njia za [[mizingo]] yenye [[umbo]] la [[duara]]. Mizingo hii ilidhaniwa kama [[tufe]] za [[kioo]]. Tufe la nje kabisa lilikuwa tufe la [[nyota]]. Ili kupatanisha mwendo wa sayari na miendo yao jinsi ilivyotazamwa [[Anga|angani]] ilikuwa lazima kuwaza pia miendo mingine ya sayari ya kuzunguka tena katika duara ndogo wakati wa kufuata njia zao kwenye mzingo katika tufe husika. 

Picha hii ya muundo wa ulimwengu ilitazamiwa kuwa kweli hadi mafundisho mapya ya [[Koperniko]] na [[Galileo]] yaliyoanza kusambaa kuanzia mwaka [[1543]].
[[Picha:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg|300px|thumb|Dunia ya Ptolemaio - ramani iliyochorwa Italia kwenye karne ya 15 kufuatana na maandiko yake]]

==Jiografia==
Kitabu kingine kilichohifadhiwa na kuwa na athari kubwa kilikuwa "[[Jiografia]]" yake. Humo alikusanya [[data]] kuhusu mahali palipojulikana katika Dola la Roma wakati wake.

Ptolemaio alijua tayari ya kwamba Dunia ina umbo la tufe. Alitambua pia ya kwamba habari zake zilihusu takriban [[robo]] [[moja]] ya uso wa Dunia na robo [[tatu]] hazikujulikana kwake.

Habari alizokuwa nazo zilianza upande wa [[magharibi]] kwenye [[Visiwa vya Kanari]] katika [[Bahari Atlantiki]] zikaelekea hadi katikati ya [[China]], kwa jumla [[nyuzi]] 180.  Upande wa [[kaskazini]] alikuwa na habari kuhusu [[Visiwa vya Shetland]] (kaskazini kwa [[Britania]]) hadi [[pwani]] ya [[Afrika ya Mashariki]] upande wa [[kusini]].

==Hisabati==
Kati ya kazi zake za kihisabati kuna uhakiki mmoja tu uliohifadhiwa kupitia taarifa za wataalamu wengine: hii ni [[Uhakiki wa Ptolemaio]] juu ya uhusiano kati ya pande [[nne]] za [[pembenne]] na ulalo wake kama [[kona]] za pembenne hulala juu ya [[duara]].

==Viungo vya nje==
{{Commons|Κλαύδιος Πτολεμαῖος|Ptolemaio}}
{{Wikiquote}}
{{Wikisource}}

===Matoleo ya maandiko yake===
*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Ptolemy/Tetrabiblos/home.html Ptolemy's Tetrabiblos at LacusCurtius] (Transcription of the [[Loeb Classical Library]]'s  English translation)
*[http://www.sacred-texts.com/astro/ptb/index.htm Entire ''Tetrabiblos'' of J.M. Ashmand's 1822 translation.]
*[http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/home.html Ptolemy's Geography at LacusCurtius] (English translation, incomplete)
*[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/III-2-F-b-2/V-1/page/0162.html.ja Extracts of Ptolemy on the country of the Seres (China)] (English translation)
*[http://soltdm.com/sources/mss/ptol/ptol_0.htm Geography (the Balkan Provinces, with old maps)] {{Wayback|url=http://soltdm.com/sources/mss/ptol/ptol_0.htm |date=20081015003501 }} at [http://soltdm.com/index.htm Sorin Olteanu's LTDM Project (soltdm.com)] {{Wayback|url=http://soltdm.com/index.htm |date=20071113100711 }}
*[http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#ptolemy ''Almagest'' books 1–13] The complete text of Heiberg's edition (PDF) Greek.
*[https://archive.org/details/pt1claudiiptolemaei01ptoluoft ''Almagest'' books 1–6] {{gr icon}} with preface {{la icon}} at [[Internet Archive|archive.org]]
*[http://roderic.uv.es/uv_ms_0693 ''Geography''], digitized codex made in Italy between 1460 and 1477, translated to Latin by Jacobus Angelus at [http://roderic.uv.es/handle/10550/43 Somni]. Also known as ''codex valentinus'', it is the oldest manuscript of the codices with maps of Ptolemy with the donis projections. 
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/general.23472.1 Hieronymi Cardani ... In Cl. Ptolemaei ... IIII De astrorum judiciis] From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the [[Library of Congress]]
*[http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.rbc/General.17936 Almagestū Cl. Ptolemei] From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the [[Library of Congress]]

===Juu ya Ptolemaio===
* {{cite web|url=http://obs.nineplanets.org/psc/theman.html|publisher=obs.nineplanets.org|title=Ptolemy, the Man|first=Bill|last=Arnett|accessdate=2008-11-24|date=2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050529010926/http://obs.nineplanets.org/psc/theman.html|archivedate=2005-05-29}}
* {{cite web|title=Cartographic Images of the World on the Eve of the Discoveries|first=Gerald|last=Danzer|publisher=The Newberry Library|date=1988|url=http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss08.html|accessdate=26 November 2008|archivedate=2011-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927055557/http://www.newberry.org/smith/slidesets/ss08.html}}
* {{cite web|url=http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~fhasele/ptolemaeus/index.html|title=Κλαυδιου Πτολεμιου: Γεωγραφικῆς Ύφηγήσεως (Geographie)|first=Frank|last=Haselein|date=2007|accessdate=2008-11-24|publisher=Frank Haselein|language=German, English|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918003658/http://wwwuser.gwdg.de/~fhasele/ptolemaeus/index.html|archivedate=2008-09-18}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.skyscript.co.uk/ptolemy.html|publisher=Skyscript.co|title=The Life & Work of Ptolemy|first=Deborah|last=Houlding|accessdate=2008-11-24|date=2003}}
* {{Wikicite | id= Jones-2010 | reference= Jones, Alexander (ed.) 2010. ''Ptolemy in Perspective: Use and Criticism of his Work from Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century''. New York: Series: Archimedes, Vol. 23., {{isbn|978-90-481-2787-0}}}}
*{{Cite encyclopedia
| first = Gerald J.
| last = Toomer
| title = Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemæus)
| authorlink = Gerald J. Toomer
| url = http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/Dictionary%20of%20Scientific%20Biography/Ptolemy%20(Toomer).pdf
| publisher = Scribner & American Council of Learned Societies
| isbn = 978-0-684-10114-9
| editor-last = Gillispie
| editor-first = Charles
| encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]
| volume = 11
| pages = 186–206
| location = New York
| date = 1970
| access-date = 2017-08-04
| archivedate = 2012-03-14
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120314024102/http://www.u.arizona.edu/~aversa/scholastic/Dictionary%20of%20Scientific%20Biography/Ptolemy%20(Toomer).pdf
}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/76 |title=Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy): Representation, Understanding, and Mathematical Labeling of the Spherical Earth |first=Ben |last=Sprague |publisher=Center for Spatially Integrated Social Science |date=2001–2007 |accessdate=26 November 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130123132308/http://www.csiss.org/classics/content/76 |archivedate=2013-01-23 }}

====Maelezo mengine====
*[http://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/stoddard/JAVA/ptolemy.html Java simulation of the Ptolemaic System] {{Wayback|url=http://jove.geol.niu.edu/faculty/stoddard/JAVA/ptolemy.html |date=20081205163915 }} – at Paul Stoddard's Animated Virtual Planetarium, Northern Illinois University
*{{YouTube|Plxed3JVOnI|Animation of Ptolemy's Two Solar Hypotheses}}
*[http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/java/demos/kennett/Epicycle/Epicycle.html Epicycle and Deferent Demo] {{Wayback|url=http://www.phy.syr.edu/courses/java/demos/kennett/Epicycle/Epicycle.html |date=20080516005122 }} – at Rosemary Kennett's website at the [[University of Syracuse]]
*[https://people.sc.fsu.edu/~dduke/ptolemy.html Flash animation of Ptolemy's universe.] (best in Internet Explorer)

====Picha====
*[http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//02LateAncient/Ptolemy/ Online Galleries, History of Science Collections, University of Oklahoma Libraries] {{Wayback|url=http://hos.ou.edu/galleries//02LateAncient/Ptolemy/ |date=20110818012514 }}. High resolution images of works by Ptolemy in .jpg and .tiff format.
{{mbegu-mwanasayansi}}
[[Category:Waliozaliwa 100]]
[[Category:Waliofariki 170]]
[[Category:Watu wa Roma ya Kale]]
[[Category:Wanaastronomia wa Ugiriki ya Kale]]
[[jamii:Wanasayansi wa Misri]]