Karl Barth

Kutoka Wikipedia, kamusi elezo huru
Karl Barth kwenye stempu ya posta ya Ujerumani.

Karl Barth (tamka bart; 10 Mei 1886 - 10 Desemba 1968) alikuwa mwanatheolojia wa Ukristo wa kireformed kutoka nchini Uswisi. Barth anajulikana zaidi kwa ufafanuzi wake wa Waraka kwa Warumi, kwa nafasi yake katika Kanisa la Ungamo huko Ujerumani wakati wa utawala wa Adolf Hitler, kwa utungaji wa Azimio la Barmen [1] [2] na hasa kwa muhtasari wake mkubwa wa Elimu ya Imani ya Kanisa (Church Dogmatics, Kirchliche Dogmatik) [3] iliyochapishwa kwa juzuu nyingi kati ya miaka 1932-1967. [4] [5]

Sawa na wanatheolojia wengi wa Kiprotestanti wa kizazi chake, Barth alielimishwa katika teolojia ya kiliberali iliyoathiriwa na Adolf von Harnack, Friedrich Schleiermacher na wengine. [6] Baada ya masomo, alianza kazi yake ya uchungaji katika kijiji cha Safenwil ambako wakazi wengi walifanya kazi viwandani; huko alijulikana kama "Mchungaji Mwekundu wa Safenwil" [7] na alizidi kukatishwa tamaa na Ukristo wa kiliberali ambao alikuwa amefundishwa ndani yake. Hii ilimfanya aandike toleo la kwanza la kitabu chake Waraka kwa Warumi (aka Warumi I), kilichochapishwa mwaka wa 1919, ambamo aliazimia kusoma Agano Jipya kwa njia tofauti.

Barth alianza kujulikana kimataifa tangu kuchapishwa mnamo 1921 chapa ya pili ya ufafanuzi wake, Waraka kwa Warumi, ambamo alijitenga na theolojia ya kiliberali waziwazi. [8]

Aliwashawishi wanatheolojia wengi muhimu kama vile Dietrich Bonhoeffer ambaye aliunga mkono Kanisa la Ungamo, na Jürgen Moltmann, Helmut Gollwitzer, James H. Cone, Wolfhart Pannenberg, Rudolf Bultmann, Thomas F. Torrance, Hans Küng, na pia Reinhold Niebuhr na Jacques Ellul pamoja na waandishi wa riwaya kama vile Flannery O'Connor, John Updike, na Miklós Szentkuthy.

Barth pia alikuwa na ushawishi mkubwa juu ya maadili ya Kikristo ya kisasa, [9] [10] akiathiri kazi ya wanamaadili kama vile Stanley Hauerwas, John Howard Yoder, Jacques Ellul na Oliver O'Donovan. [9] [11]

Maisha ya awali na elimu

Karl Barth alizaliwa tarehe 10 Mei 1886, huko Basel, Uswisi. Wazazi wale walikuwa Johann Friedrich "Fritz" Barth (1852-1912) na Anna Katharina (Sartorius) Barth (1863-1938). [12] Karl alikuwa na ndugu wa kiume wawili, Peter Barth (1888-1940) na Heinrich Barth (1890-1965), na dada wawili, Katharina na Gertrude. Fritz Barth alikuwa profesa wa theolojia na mchungaji. Karl alianza masomo yake kwenye Chuo Kikuu cha Bern, na kisha kuhamishiwa Chuo Kikuu cha Berlin aliposoma chini ya Adolf von Harnack, na kisha kuhamia kwa muda mfupi Chuo Kikuu cha Tübingen hadi kumaliza masomo yake huko Marburg aliposoma chini ya Wilhelm Herrmann (1846-1922). [12]

Kuanzia mwaka 1911 hadi 1921, Barth alihudumu kama mchungaji wa Reformed katika kijiji cha Safenwil katika jimbo la Aargau. Mnamo 1913 alimwoa Nelly Hoffmann, msanii aliyepiga fidla. Walikuwa na binti mmoja na wana wa kiume wanne, wawili kati yao walikuwa wasomi na wanatheolojia wa Biblia Markus (Markus Barth--6 Oktoba 1915 - 1 Julai 1994) na Christoph Barth (Christoph Barth--1917-1986). Baadaye alikuwa profesa wa theolojia huko Göttingen (1921–1925), Münster (1925–1930) na Bonn (1930–1935), nchini Ujerumani. Alipokuwa akihudumu huko Göttingen alikutana na Charlotte von Kirschbaum, ambaye aliendelea kuwa karani na msaidizi wake kwa muda mrefu; alishiriki sana katika uandishi wa kazi yake kuu, Elimu ya Imani ya Kanisa. [13] Barth alifukuzwa nchini Ujerumani mnamo 1935 baada ya kukataa kutia sahihi Kiapo cha Uaminifu kwa Adolf Hitler akarudi Uswizi na kuwa profesa huko Basel (1935-1962).

Kuachana na theolojia ya kiliberali

Mnamo Agosti 1914, wakati wa kuanza kwa Vita Kuu ya Kwanza ya Dunia, Karl Barth alisikitika kupata taarifa kwamba walimu wake wa chuo kikuu alioheshimu, akiwemo Adolf von Harnack, walikuwa wametia saini " Tamko la Wasomi wa Ujerumani tisini na tatu kwa Ulimwengu uliostaarabika" ambamo walitetea matendo ya Ujerumani vitani; [14] kwa sababu hiyo, Barth alihitimisha kwamba hataweza kufuata uelewa wao wa Biblia na historia tena. [15]

Waraka kwa Warumi

Barth alianza ufafanuzi wake kuhusu Waraka kwa Warumi (Kijerumani: Der Römerbrief) mnamo mwaka 1916 alipokuwa bado mchungaji huko Safenwil. Toleo la kwanza lilitolewa mnamo 1919. [7] Kutokana na kitabu hicho, Barth alialikwa kufundisha theolojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Göttingen. Barth aliamua mnamo Oktoba 1920 kwamba hakuridhika na toleo la kwanza na alianza kazi ya kulisahihisha na kutunga upya akamaliza toleo la pili kwenye Septemba 1921. [7] [16] Hasa katika toleo la pili la mwaka 1922, Barth alitoa hoja kwamba ufunuo wa Mungu katika maisha, kifo, na ufufuko wa Yesu unakataza na kuangusha jaribio lolote la kumshirikisha Mungu na tamaduni, mafanikio, au mali za kibinadamu. Umaarufu wa kitabu hicho ulisababisha kuchapishwa tena na tena katika lugha kadhaa.

Azimio la Barmen

Stempu ya posta ya Ujerumani Magharibi ya mwaka 1984 inayoadhimisha miaka 50 ya Azimio la Barmen.

Mnamo 1934 Kanisa la Kiprotestanti la Ujerumani lilitafuta njia ya kuwa na msimamo kuhusu utawala wa chama cha Hitler nchini. Barth alihusika kwa kiasi kikubwa kuandika Azimio la Barmen (Barmer Erklärung) [17] Azimio hilo lilikataa ushawishi wa Unazi juu ya Ukristo wa Ujerumani kwa hoja kwamba uaminifu wa Kanisa kwa Mungu wa Yesu Kristo hauruhusu kukubali ukuu wa mabwana wengine, kama vile Kiongozi wa Ujerumani, Adolf Hitler. [18] Barth alituma tamko hili kwa Hitler mwenyewe. Azimio hilo lilikuwa mojawapo ya hati za msingi za Kanisa la Ungamo na Barth alichaguliwa kuwa mshiriki wa uongozi wake (Bruderrat - baraza la ndugu).

Barth alilazimishwa kujiuzulu kutoka kwa uprofesa wake katika Chuo Kikuu cha Bonn mnamo 1935 baada ya kukataa kula kiapo kwa Hitler. Kisha akarudi Uswisi alikozaliwa, ambako alipewa uprofesa wa theolojia katika Chuo Kikuu cha Basel. Gazeti la Neue Zürcher Zeitung lilichapisha ukosoaji wake wa 1936 dhidi ya mwanafalsafa Martin Heidegger aliyeunga mkono Wanazi. Mnamo 1938 alimwandikia barua mwenzake Mcheki Josef Hromádka ambamo alisema kwamba wanajeshi waliopigana dhidi ya Ujerumani ya Nazi walikuwa wakitumikia kazi ya Kikristo.

Juzuu za Elimu ya Imani ya Kanisa (Kirchliche Dogmatik).

Maandishi yake

Dogmatics za Kanisa katika tafsiri ya Kiingereza

Marejeo

  1. ↑ Houtz, Wyatt (4 April 2018). "Karl Barth and the Barmen Declaration (1934)". The PostBarthian. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 February 2019.  Check date values in: |date=, |accessdate= (help)
  2. ↑ "Karl Barth – Christian History". 
  3. ↑ "The Life of Karl Barth: Church Dogmatics Vol IV: The Doctrine of Reconciliation 1953–1967 (Part 7)". The PostBarthian (kwa en-US). 5 April 2019. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 April 2019.  Check date values in: |date=, |accessdate= (help)
  4. ↑ Name (Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology). People.bu.edu. Retrieved on 15 July 2012.
  5. ↑ Houtz, Wyatt (21 April 2016). "Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics Original Publication Dates". The PostBarthian. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 February 2019.  Check date values in: |date=, |accessdate= (help)
  6. ↑ Houtz, Wyatt (18 April 2018). "The Life of Karl Barth: Early Life from Basel to Geneva 1886–1913 (Part 1)". The PostBarthian. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 January 2021.  Check date values in: |date=, |accessdate= (help)
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Houtz, Wyatt (3 October 2017). "The Romans commentary by the Red Pastor of Safenwil: Karl Barth's Epistle to the Romans". The PostBarthian. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 February 2019.  Check date values in: |date=, |accessdate= (help)
  8. ↑ Houtz, Wyatt (18 April 2018). "The Life of Karl Barth: Early Life from Basel to Geneva 1886–1913 (Part 2)". The PostBarthian. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 February 2019.  Check date values in: |date=, |accessdate= (help)
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Parsons, Michael (1987). "Man Encountered by the Command of God: the Ethics of Karl Barth". Vox Evangelica 17: 48–65. Iliwekwa mnamo 17 November 2012.  Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  10. ↑ Daniel L. Migliore (15 August 2010). Commanding Grace: Studies in Karl Barth's Ethics. W.B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-8028-6570-0.  Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. ↑ Choi Lim Ming, Andrew (2003). A Study on Jacques Ellul's Dialectical Approach to the Modern and Spiritual World. wordpress.com
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Houtz, Wyatt (18 April 2018). "The Life of Karl Barth: Early Life from Basel to Geneva 1886–1913 (Part 1)". The PostBarthian. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 February 2019.  Check date values in: |date=, |accessdate= (help)
  13. ↑ Church Dogmatics, ed. T. F. Torrance and G. W. Bromiley (1932–67; ET Edinburgh: T&T Clark, 1956–75).
  14. ↑ Manifesto of the Ninety-Three German Intellectuals, 1914.
  15. ↑ Houtz, Wyatt (21 April 2018). "The Life of Karl Barth: The Red Pastor of Safenwil 1909–1921 (Part 2)". The PostBarthian. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 February 2019.  Check date values in: |date=, |accessdate= (help)
  16. ↑ Kenneth Oakes, Reading Karl Barth: A Companion to Karl Barth's Epistle to the Romans, Eugene: Cascade, 2011, p. 27.
  17. ↑ Houtz, Wyatt (4 April 2018). "Karl Barth and the Barmen Declaration (1934)". The PostBarthian. Iliwekwa mnamo 23 February 2019.  Check date values in: |date=, |accessdate= (help)
  18. ↑ Michael Allen (18 December 2012). Karl Barth's Church Dogmatics: An Introduction and Reader. Bloomsbury Publishing. ku. 5–. ISBN 978-0-567-48994-4.  Check date values in: |date= (help)

Vyanzo

  • Bradshaw, Timothy. 1988. Trinity and Ontology: A Comparative Study of the Theologies of Karl Barth and Wolfhart Pannenberg. Rutherford House Books, reprint, Lewiston; Lampeter: Edwin Mellen Press for Rutherford House, Edinburgh, 1992.
  • Braaten, Carl E. (2008). That All May Believe: A Theology of the Gospel and the Mission of the Church. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. ISBN 978-0802862396. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 October 2015.  Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  • Bromiley, Geoffrey William. An introduction to the theology of Karl Barth. Grand Rapids, Mich. : William B. Eerdmans, 1979.
  • Buclin, Hadrien, Entre culture du consensus et critique sociale. Les intellectuels de gauche dans la Suisse de l'après-guerre, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Lausanne, 2015.
  • Busch, Eberhard. Karl Barth: His Life from Letters and Autobiographical Texts. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1976.
  • ——— (2004), The Great Passion: An Introduction to Karl Barth's Theology, Grand Rapids, MI: William B Eerdmans .
  • Chung, Paul S. Karl Barth: God's Word in Action. James Clarke & Co, Cambridge (2008),  .
  • Chung, Sung Wook. Admiration and Challenge: Karl Barth's Theological Relationship with John Calvin. New York: Peter Lang, 2002.  ISBN 978-0-820-45680-5.
  • Chung, Sung Wook, ed. Karl Barth and Evangelical Theology: Convergences and Divergences. Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2008. ISBN 978-0-801-03127-4.
  • Clark, Gordon. Karl Barth's Theological Method. Trinity Foundation (1997, 2nd ed.), 1963.  ISBN 0-940931-51-6.
  • Fiddes, Paul. 'The status of women in the thought of Karl Barth', in Janet Martin Soskice, ed., After Eve [alternative title After Eve: women, theology and the Christian tradition], 1990, pp. 138–55. Marshall Pickering
  • Fink, Heinrich. "Karl Barth und die Bewegung Freies Deutschland in der Schweiz." [Doctoral dissertation.] "Karl Barth und die Bewegung Freies Deutschland in der Schweiz : Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor scientiae theologiae (Dr.sc.theol.), vorgelegt dem Senat des Wissenschaftlichen Rates der Humboldt-Universitaaet zu Berlin." Berlin, H. Fink [Selfpublisher], 1978.
  • Galli, Mark (2000). "Neo-Orthodoxy: Karl Barth". Christianity Today.
  • Gherardini, Brunero. "A domanda risponde. In dialogo con Karl Barth sulle sue 'Domande a Roma' (A Question Answered. In Dialogue with Karl Barth on His 'Questions in Rome')". Frigento (Italy): Casa Mariana Editrice, 2011.  ISBN 978-88-9056-111-5.
  • Gignilliat, Mark S (2009). Karl Barth and the Fifth Gospel: Barth's Theological Exegesis of Isaiah. Farnham: Ashgate. ISBN 978-0754658566. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 October 2015.  Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
  • Gorringe, Timothy. Karl Barth: Against Hegemony. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
  • Hunsinger, George. How to Read Karl Barth: The Shape of His Theology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
  • Jae Jin Kim. Die Universalitaet der Versoehnung im Gottesbund. Zur biblischen Begruendung der Bundestheologie in der kirchlichen Dogmatik Karl Barths, Lit Verlag, 1992.
  • Mangina, Joseph L. Karl Barth: Theologian of Christian Witness. Louisville: Westminster John Knox, 2004.
  • McCormack, Bruce. Karl Barth's Critically Realistic Dialectical Theology: Its Genesis and Development, 1909–1936. Oxford University Press, USA (27 March 1997),  
  • McKenny, Gerald. "The Analogy of Grace: Karl Barth's Moral Theology." Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.  ISBN 0-19-958267-X.
  • Oakes, Kenneth. Karl Barth on Theology and Philosophy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.
  • Oakes, Kenneth. Reading Karl Barth: A Companion to Karl Barth's Epistle to the Romans. Eugene: Cascade, 2011.
  • Webster, John. Barth. 2nd ed., London: Continuum, 2004.
  • Webster, John, ed. The Cambridge Companion to Karl Barth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

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