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Jacques Derrida

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Jacques Derrida (/ˈdɛrɪdə/; Kifaransa: [ʒak dɛʁida]; alizaliwa Jackie Élie Derrida; 15 Julai 1930 – 9 Oktoba 2004) alikuwa mwanafalsafa wa Aljeria ya Kifaransa. Alianzisha falsafa ya uharibifu (deconstruction), ambayo alitumia katika maandishi yake kadhaa, na ambayo ilikuzwa kupitia usomaji wa karibu wa isimu ya Ferdinand de Saussure na fenomenolojia ya Husserl na Heidegger. Yeye ni mmoja wa watu wakuu wanaohusishwa na baada ya muundo (post-structuralism) na falsafa ya baada ya Moderiniti (postmodern philosophy), ingawa alijidistansia na baada ya muundo na kukataa neno "baada ya Moderiniti".[1][2]

Wakati wa kazi yake, Derrida alichapisha zaidi ya vitabu 40, pamoja na mamia ya insha na maonyesho ya umma. Ameathiri sana taaluma za kibinadamu na sayansi za kijamii, ikiwa ni pamoja na falsafa, fasihi, sheria, anthropolojia, historiografia, isimu ya kutumika, sosholojia ya lugha, uchanganuzi wa nafsi, muziki, usanifu, na nadharia ya kisiasa.

Hadi miaka ya 2000, kazi yake ilihifadhi ushawishi mkubwa wa kitaaluma katika Marekani, Ulaya Bara, Amerika Kusini na nchi zote ambapo falsafa ya bara imekuwa ya juu, hasa katika mijadala kuhusu ontolojia, epistemolojia (hasa inayohusu sayansi za kijamii), maadili, aesthetics, hermeneutics, na falsafa ya lugha. Kwa miongo miwili ya mwisho ya maisha yake, Derrida alikuwa Profesa wa Taaluma za Kibinadamu katika Chuo Kikuu cha California, Irvine. Katika sehemu nyingi za Ulimwengu wa Anglosphere, ambapo falsafa ya uchanganuzi inatawala, ushawishi wa Derrida unahisiwa zaidi sasa katika masomo ya fasihi kwa sababu ya shauku yake ya muda mrefu katika lugha na uhusiano wake na wakosoaji wa fasihi mashuhuri. Pia aliathiri usanifu (katika mfumo wa deconstructivism), muziki (hasa katika mazingira ya muziki ya hauntology), sanaa, na ukosoaji wa sanaa.[3]

Hasa katika maandishi yake ya baadaye, Derrida alishughulikia mada za maadili na kisiasa katika kazi yake. Baadhi ya wakosoaji wanaona Hotuba na Fenomeni (1967) kuwa kazi yake muhimu zaidi, wakati wengine wanataja Ya Gramatolojia (1967), Uandishi na Tofauti (1967), na Pembezoni mwa Falsafa (1972). Maandishi haya yaliathiri wanaharakati na harakati za kisiasa mbalimbali. Alikua mtu wa umma anayejulikana na mwenye ushawishi, huku mbinu yake ya falsafa na ugumu wa kazi yake uliyojulikana ulimfanya kuwa wa utata.[4][5][6]

Derrida alizaliwa tarehe 15 Julai 1930, katika nyumba ya majira ya joto huko El Biar (Algiers), Algeria, kwa Haïm Aaron Prosper Charles (aliyejulikana kama "Aimé") Derrida (1896–1970), ambaye alifanya kazi maisha yake yote kwa kampuni ya mvinyo na vinywaji ya Tachet, ikiwa ni pamoja na kama muuzaji anayesafiri (mwanawe alielezea kuwa kazi hiyo ilikuwa "inayosumbua" na "inayodhalilisha", baba yake akilazimika kuwa "mfanyakazi mtiifu" hadi kufikia kuamka mapema kufanya hesabu kwenye meza ya chumba cha kulia), na Georgette Sultana Esther (1901–1991), binti ya Moïse Safar. Familia yake ilikuwa Wayahudi wa Sephardic (wenye asili ya Toledo) na wakawa Wafaransa mnamo 1870 wakati Amri ya Crémieux ilipowapa uraia kamili wa Ufaransa Wayahudi wa Algeria. Wazazi wake walimpa jina "Jackie", "ambalo waliona kuwa jina la Kimarekani", ingawa baadaye angechukua toleo "sahihi" zaidi la jina lake la kwanza alipohamia Paris; ripoti zingine zinaonyesha kuwa aliitwa Jackie kwa heshima ya mwigizaji mtoto wa Marekani Jackie Coogan, ambaye alikuwa amejulikana ulimwenguni kote kupitia jukumu lake katika filamu ya Charlie Chaplin ya 1921 The Kid. Pia alipewa jina la kati Élie kwa heshima ya mjomba wake wa baba Eugène Eliahou, wakati wa tohara yake; jina hili halikurekodiwa kwenye cheti chake cha kuzaliwa tofauti na cha ndugu zake, na baadaye angeita jina hilo "jina lake la siri".

Derrida alikuwa wa tatu kati ya watoto watano. Kaka yake mkubwa Paul Moïse alikufa akiwa na umri wa chini ya miezi mitatu, mwaka mmoja kabla ya Derrida kuzaliwa, jambo lililomfanya ashushie maisha yake yote nafasi yake kama mbadala wa kaka yake aliyekufa. Derrida alitumia ujana wake huko Algiers na El-Biar.

Siku ya kwanza ya mwaka wa shule mnamo 1942, watawala wa Kifaransa huko Algeria wakitekeleza viwango vya chuki dhidi ya Wayahudi vilivyowekwa na serikali ya Vichy walimfukuza Derrida kutoka lycée yake. Alificha siri ya kuruka shule kwa mwaka mmoja badala ya kuhudhuria lycée ya Kiyahudi iliyoundwa na walimu na wanafunzi wali浜ohamishwa, na pia alishiriki katika mashindano mengi ya kandanda (aliota kuwa mchezaji wa kulipwa). Katika kipindi hiki cha ujana, Derrida alipata katika kazi za wanafalsafa na waandishi (kama Rousseau, Nietzsche, na Gide) chombo cha uasi dhidi ya familia na jamii. Usomaji wake ulijumuisha pia Camus na Sartre.[7][8][9]

Mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1940, alihudhuria Lycée Bugeaud huko Algiers; mnamo 1949 alihamia Paris, akihudhuria Lycée Louis-le-Grand, ambapo profesa wake wa falsafa alikuwa Étienne Borne. Wakati huo alijiandaa kwa mtihani wake wa kuingia katika École Normale Supérieure (ENS) yenye hadhi; baada ya kushindwa mtihani huo katika jaribio lake la kwanza, alifaulu katika la pili, na akakubaliwa mnamo 1952. Siku yake ya kwanza huko ENS, Derrida alikutana na Louis Althusser, ambaye alikua rafiki yake. Profesa wake mmoja, Jan Czarnecki, alikuwa Mprotestanti wa maendeleo ambaye angekuwa mmoja wa waliotia saini Manifesto ya 121. Baada ya kutembelea Hifadhi ya Husserl huko Leuven, Ubelgiji (1953–1954), alimaliza digrii yake ya uzamili katika falsafa (diplôme d'études supérieures) juu ya Edmund Husserl. Kisha akafaulu mtihani wa agrégation wenye ushindani mkubwa mnamo 1956. Derrida alipokea ruzuku ya masomo katika Chuo Kikuu cha Harvard, na alitumia mwaka wa masomo wa 1956–57 akisoma Ulysses ya James Joyce katika Maktaba ya Widener.[10][11][12][13]

Marejeo

[hariri | hariri chanzo]
  1. ↑ John D. Caputo, Radical Hermeneutics: Repetition, Deconstruction, and the Hermeneutic Project, OCLC 729013297, Indiana University Press, 1988, p. 5: "Derrida is the turning point for radical hermeneutics, the point where hermeneutics is pushed to the brink. Radical hermeneutics situates itself in the space which is opened up by the exchange between Heidegger and Derrida..."
  2. ↑ Wroe, Nicholas (Mei 11, 2002). "History's pallbearer". The Guardian. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 17, 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  3. ↑ Peeters (2013), pp. 12–13.

    Jackie was born at daybreak, on 15 July 1930, at El Biar, in the hilly suburbs of Algiers, in a holiday home. [...] The boy's main forename was probably chosen because of Jackie Coogan ... When he was circumcised, he was given a second forename, Elie, which was not entered on his birth certificate, unlike the equivalent names of his brother and sister.

    See also Bennington, Geoffrey (1993). Jacques Derrida. The University of Chicago Press. uk. 325.

    1930 Birth of Jackie Derrida, July 15, in El-Biar (near Algiers, in a holiday house).
  4. ↑ "Jacques Derrida". Encyclopædia Britannica. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Mei 2017.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  5. ↑ Derrida on Religion: Thinker of Differance By Dawne McCance. Equinox. uk. 7.
  6. ↑ Derrida, Deconstruction, and the Politics of Pedagogy (Counterpoints Studies in the Postmodern Theory of Education). Peter Lang Publishing Inc. uk. 134. OCLC 314727596
  7. ↑ Derrida, Jacques (1992). "Force of Law". Katika Drucilla Cornell; Michael Rosenfeld; David Gray Carlson (whr.). Deconstruction and the Possibility of Justice. Ilitafsiriwa na Mary Quaintance (tol. la 1st). New York: Routledge. ku. 3–67. ISBN 978-0810103979.

    A decision that did not go through the ordeal of the undecidable would not be a free decision, it would only be the programmable application or unfolding of a calculable process (...) deconstructs from the inside every assurance of presence, and thus every criteriology that would assure us of the justice of the decision.
  8. ↑ "Critical Legal Studies Movement" in "The Bridge"
  9. ↑ GERMAN LAW JOURNAL, SPECIAL ISSUE: A DEDICATION TO JACQUES DERRIDA Archived 16 Mei 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Vol. 6 No. 1, 1–243, 1 January 2005.
  10. ↑ "The sociolinguistics of schooling: the relevance of Derrida's Monolingualism of the Other or the Prosthesis of Origin", Michael Evans, 01/2012; ISBN 978-3-0343-1009-3. In Edith Esch and Martin Solly (eds.), The Sociolinguistics of Language Education in International Contexts, Peter Lang, pp. 31–46.
  11. ↑ Kandell, Jonathan (10 Oktoba 2004). "Jacques Derrida, Abstruse Theorist, Dies at 74". The New York Times.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  12. ↑ "Jacques Derrida: The Last Interview" (PDF). Studio Visit. Novemba 2004 [First published 10 August 2004 in Le Monde]. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo (PDF) mnamo 5 Machi 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)

    I took part in the extraordinary transformation of the Algerian Jews; my great-grandparents were by language, custom, etc., still identified with Arabic culture. After the Cremieux Decree (1870), at the end of the 19th c., the following generation became bourgeois.
  13. ↑ Peeters (2013), pp. 13.

    When he was circumcised, he was given a second forename, Elie, which was not entered on his birth certificate, unlike the equivalent names of his brother and sister.

    See also Derrida, Jacques (1993). "Circumfession". Jacques Derrida. The University of Chicago Press. uk. 96.

    'So I have borne, without bearing, without its ever being written (12-23-76)' the name of the prophet Élie, Elijah in English ... so I took myself toward the hidden name without its ever being written on the official records, the same name as that of the paternal uncle Eugène Eliahou Derrida ...
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