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Harriet Martineau

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Harriet Martineau (12 Juni 1802 – 27 Juni 1876) alikuwa mwananadharia wa kijamii wa Kiingereza. Aliandika kutoka kwa mtazamo wa kisosholojia, wa kina, wa kidini na wa kike, alitafsiri kazi za Auguste Comte, na, jambo la nadra kwa mwandishi mwanamke wa wakati huo, alipata mapato ya kutosha kujikimu. Malkia Victoria mchanga alifurahia kazi yake na akamwalika kwenye taji lake la 1838. Martineau alishauri kuzingatia mambo yote ya jamii, ikiwa ni pamoja na jukumu la nyumba katika maisha ya nyumbani pamoja na taasisi za msingi za kisiasa, kidini, na kijamii. Mwandishi wa riwaya Margaret Oliphant alimuita "mhadhiri wa kuzaliwa na mwanasiasa... asiyeathiriwa sana na jinsia yake kuliko labda mwingine yeyote, mwanamume au mwanamke, wa kizazi chake."[1]

Kujitolea kwake kwa maisha yote kwa harakati ya kumudu futa ukoloni kumesababisha umaarufu na mafanikio ya Martineau kusomwa ulimwenguni kote, hasa katika taasisi za elimu ya juu za Marekani kama Chuo Kikuu cha Northwestern. Wakati wa kufunua sanamu ya Martineau mnamo Desemba 1883 katika Old South Meeting House huko Boston, Wendell Phillips alimtaja kama "mudu futa ukoloni mkuu wa Marekani." Sanamu ya Martineau ilitolewa kwa Chuo cha Wellesley mnamo 1886.[2]

Alizaliwa Norwich, England, Harriet Martineau alikuwa wa sita kati ya watoto wanane wa Thomas, mtengenezaji wa nguo. Alihudumu kama shemasi wa Octagon Chapel, Norwich kutoka 1797. Mama yake, Elizabeth (née Rankin), alikuwa binti wa mmudu fua sukari na mbuni. Ndugu zake watano waliomudu zidi Harriet walijumuisha dada wawili na kaka watatu. Kwa mpangilio wa umri majina yao yalikuwa, Elizabeth, Thomas, Henry, Robert na Rachel Ann. Ndugu zake wawili wadogo wa Harriet walikuwa James na wa mwisho kati ya wale wanane, Ellen.

Familia ya Martineau ilikuwa ya asili ya Kihugenoti ya Kifaransa na ilikiri maoni ya Kiunitariani. Wajomba zake walijumuisha daktari wa upasuaji Philip Meadows Martineau (1752–1829), ambaye alikuwa amefurahia kumtembelea katika mali yake ya karibu, Bracondale Lodge, na mfanyabiashara na msaidizi Peter Finch Martineau. Martineau alikuwa wa karibu zaidi na kaka yake James, ambaye alikua mwanafalsafa na kasisi katika mila ya Wapingaji wa Kiingereza. Kulingana na mwandishi Diana Postlethwaite, uhusiano wa Harriet na mama yake ulikuwa wa mkazo na ukosefu wa upendo, ambao ulichangia maoni yaliyoelezwa katika maandishi yake ya baadaye. Martineau alidai mama yake alimudu acha kwa mlezi wa maziwa.[3]

Utoto wa Harriet ulikuwa tofauti kabisa ikilinganishwa na mtoto yeyote wa kawaida. Familia yake ilikuwa na hali ya kifedha ya starehe na walikuwa marafiki wa karibu na familia ya Gurney ya Earlham Hall, Norfolk. Baba ya Harriet, Thomas, alimiliki ukodishaji wa nyumba ya Gurney, Gurney Court, mahali pa kuzaliwa kwa Harriet. Utajiri wa familia ulibaki hadi karibu 1825–26 wakati soko la hisa na mfumo wa benki ulipoporomoka. Kama ilivyotajwa hapo awali uhusiano wa Harriet na mama yake ulikuwa wa uhasama tangu mapema. Ilikuwa ni ishara ya jadi kwa mama kuajiri walezi wa maziwa kwa watoto wao, hasa ikiwa hawangeweza kuwanyonyesha watoto wao wenyewe. Hata hivyo mlezi wa maziwa mahususi ambaye mama ya Harriet alikuwa ameajiri hakuweza kutoa kiasi cha kutosha cha maziwa kwa mtoto mchanga. Hili lilimudu acha Harriet akiwa na njaa kwa wiki chache za kwanza za maisha yake, ambayo ndiyo Bi. Martineau alihusisha magonjwa yote ya baadaye ya Harriet.[4][5]

Mawazo ya Harriet juu ya maisha ya nyumbani na "ufakulti wa asili wa ukaazi wa nyumbani," kama ilivyoelezwa katika kitabu chake "Household Education" (1848), yalitokana na ukosefu wake wa malezi alipokuwa akikua. Iligundulika kuwa upendo ulioonyeshwa kwa Harriet na mama yake ulikuwa wa nadra sana. Kwa hakika, kumekuwa na matokeo ambayo yalipendekeza kwamba Harriet alikuwa amewazia malaika wakimudu chukua, ambayo ilifikiriwa kuashiria tamaa yake ya kupata njia ya kutoroka kutoka kwa utawala wa mama yake kupitia kujiua.[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]

Marejeo

[hariri | hariri chanzo]
  1. ↑ "Harriet Martineau". National Portrait Gallery, London. NPG (London). Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Aprili 2023. This portrait appeared on the art market in 1885 from an unknown source (it had not come from the family). According to family letters, it was painted by Evans during 1833 and 1834, 'as a labour of love', so it may have been kept by the artist. It was first offered, as a work by Lawrence, to Sir Thomas Martineau{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  2. ↑ Perrin, B. (18 Aprili 2023). "Kate Middleton 'is a Brummie' claims history teacher ahead of Royal visit to city". BirminghamLive. Iliwekwa mnamo 24 Aprili 2023. Mr Reed told BirminghamLive: "Kate's great great great great great aunt Harriet Martineau who died in 1876 – who is famous as the 'greatest American abolitionist' – is buried in the Jewellery Quarter at Key Hill cemetery. ...Kate and William will be visiting the Jewellery Quarter this Thursday, April 20.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  3. ↑ Postlethwaite, Diana (Spring 1989). "Mothering and Mesmerism in the Life of Harriet Martineau". Signs. 14 (3). University of Chicago Press: 583–609. doi:10.1086/494525. JSTOR 3174403. S2CID 143910920.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  4. ↑ Martineau, Harriet (1877). Harriet Martineau's Autobiography. Juz. la 3. Cambridge University Press. ku. 79–80. ISBN 9781108022583. Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Februari 2013. How delighted the Princess Victoria was with my 'Series'{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  5. ↑ Wilson, Christopher (6 Machi 2011). "The benefits of a feminist in the family". The Telegraph. Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Februari 2013.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  6. ↑ Voelkner, K. (1997). Introduction to Harriet Martineau: A Global Anthology of Women's Resistance from 600 B.C.E. to the Present. Northwestern University. ku. 385–386. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Februari 2021.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  7. ↑ McCrum, R. (15 Mei 2017). "The 100 best nonfiction books: No 67 – Household Education by Harriet Martineau (1848)". The Guardian. Iliwekwa mnamo 3 Februari 2020. ...contemporary success, and short-term celebrity...she is a pioneer sociologist both in her own right as the author of books such as Society in America (1837)...{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  8. ↑ Cosgrove, C. (2020). Fortune and Faith in Old Chicago: A Dual Biography of Mayor. SIU Press. uk. 179. ISBN 9780809337941. Iliwekwa mnamo 7 Februari 2021. Other antislavery activists belonging to the circle of Chicago and Evanston Methodists included Northwestern University founder John Evans. Evans was an organizer of the Republican Party in Illinois, an opponent of the Fugitive Slave ...{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  9. ↑ Phillips, W. (1891). Speeches, Lectures, and Letters of Wendell Phillips – Volume 2. Lee and Shepherd. uk. 476. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Aprili 2023. [December 26, 1883 – Old South Meeting House in Boston]: Americans, I ask you to welcome to Boston this statue of Harriet Martineau, because she was the greatest American abolitionist.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  10. ↑ "Harriet Martineau Statue, Wellesley College". Wellesley College. 1883. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Aprili 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  11. ↑ "Harriet Martineau". Spartacus Educational. Iliwekwa mnamo 7 Agosti 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  12. ↑ Martineau, Harriet (2007). Peterson, Linda H. (mhr.). Autobiography. Broadview Press. uk. 49. ISBN 9781551115559. Iliwekwa mnamo 29 Septemba 2013.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  13. ↑ Ronalds, B. F. (Februari 2018). "Peter Finch Martineau and his Son". The Martineau Society Newsletter. 41: 10–19.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  14. ↑ Hanna, W. (1852). Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Thomas Chalmers. uk. 407. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 Julai 2023. MY DEAR GRACE, -Rode to Norwich with Mr. Gurney and Mr. F. Cunningham. Called on Mrs. Martineau, mother to the celebrated authoress.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  15. ↑ Farrant, A. "Amelia Opie and the Martineaus" (PDF). Martineau Society. Iliwekwa mnamo 21 Julai 2023. Harriet was born in Gurney Court in Magdalen Street, Norwich, in June 1802. It has a central block with two side wings and it takes its name from John Gurney, a wool merchant, who bought the property in 1754.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  16. ↑ O'Malley, I. "Florence Nightingale, 1820–1856 : a study of her life down to the end of the Crimean war". Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Septemba 2019. Hilary was at a school kept by Miss Rachael Martineau, sister of Harriet.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  17. ↑ Cromwell, J. (15 Machi 2013). Florence Nightingale – Feminist. McFarland, 25 February 2013. uk. 37. ISBN 9780786470921. Iliwekwa mnamo 10 Septemba 2019. ....Unitarian Academy....{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
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