Charles II wa Uingereza

Taswira ya Charles II wa Uingereza

Charles II (29 Mei 1630 – 6 Februari 1685) alikuwa mfalme wa Uingereza, Ireland, na Uskoti kuanzia mwaka 1649 hadi 1685. Baba yake alikuwa Charles I, ambaye aliuawa baada ya kushindwa kwenye vita dhidi ya Bunge.

Maisha ya awali

Charles alikuwa mtoto wa kwanza wa mfalme. Akiwa mtoto mdogo, alipewa cheo cha Mwanamfalme wa Wales kama ishara ya kwamba atakuja kurithi ufalme.

Alipofikia ujana, baba yake tayari alikuwa vitani na Bunge katika Vita vya wenyewe kwa wenyewe vya Uingereza.

Mwanamfalme Charles hakushiriki sana katika mapigano. Mama yake, Henrietta Maria, alikuwa Mfaransa, na alimpeleka pamoja na ndugu zake Ufaransa wakati vita vilipoanza ili kuwaweka salama.

Alipokuwa na umri wa miaka kumi na minane, alipokea habari kwamba baba yake ameuawa.

Hili lilimfanya kuwa mfalme, akaanza kujiita Charles II mara moja. Hata hivyo, Bunge lilikuwa bado linadhibiti Uingereza na halikumruhusu kuchukua kiti cha enzi kwa sababu baada ya kuuawa kwa Charles I, Oliver Cromwell alichukua madaraka kama Lord Protector wa Uingereza kutoka mwaka 1653 hadi 1658.

Kukimbia kwa Mfalme

Mnamo 1651, Charles II alirudi Uingereza na kupambana na Bunge katika Mapigano ya Worcester.

Alishindwa, lakini inasemekana alitoroka kwa kujificha kwenye mti wa mwaloni.

Baadaye, alilazimika kujifanya mtumishi. Binti mmoja aitwaye Jane Lane alimsaidia kutoroka, akaelekea Uholanzi kuungana tena na wafuasi wake. Alikaa huko hadi mwaka 1660.

Marejeo ya Ufalme

Wakati Charles II akiwa Uholanzi, Uingereza ilikuwa inatawaliwa na Oliver Cromwell, ambaye alikuwa kiongozi wa nchi kwa uamuzi wa Bunge. Baada ya Cromwell kufariki mwaka 1658, mwanawe Richard Cromwell alichaguliwa kuchukua madaraka.

Hata hivyo, Richard Cromwell hakuwa na uwezo wa uongozi kama baba yake. Hii ilipelekea Charles II kuitwa arudi kutawala Uingereza. Mnamo 1660, Charles II alirejea Uingereza na kuchukua kiti cha enzi. Tukio hili linajulikana kama Kurudi kwa Uingereza.

Baadhi ya maadui wake walihukumiwa kwa kumwua baba yake na kumpinga yeye, lakini Richard Cromwell aliruhusiwa kuishi maisha ya kawaida nje ya London.

Charles II alikuwa maarufu na alijulikana kama "Mfalme Mwenye Furaha" kwa sababu alifuta sheria nyingi ambazo Cromwell alikuwa ameweka akaruhusu hivyo watu kuwa na uhuru wa kufurahia maisha yao.

Alipenda kwenda kwenye maonyesho ya michezo ya kuigiza, kucheza karata, na kushiriki katika michezo kama vile mbio za farasi.

Baadhi ya watu waliona kwamba mfalme alipaswa kuwa mtu makini na asitumie muda mwingi na pesa kwa starehe.

Kulikuwa pia na wale waliompinga kwa sababu ya imani yake ya kidini. Alilelewa na mama yake, ambaye alikuwa Mkatoliki, ilhali watu wengi nchini walikuwa Waprotestanti.

Alioa mrembo kutoka Ureno, Catherine wa Braganza. Hawakupata watoto, lakini Charles alikataa kuachana naye. Kabla ya ndoa yake, alikuwa na wapenzi wengi, na hata baada ya kuoa aliendelea kuwa na masuria.

Mmoja wa hao masuria maarufu alikuwa mwigizaji aitwaye Nell Gwyn. Baadhi ya masuria wake walizaa watoto naye. Hata hivyo, hakuna hata mmoja aliyeruhusiwa kuwa mfalme kwa sababu walikuwa watoto wa nje ya ndoa.

Mtoto maarufu zaidi wa Charles II alikuwa James Scott. Charles alimpa cheo cha Duke wa Monmouth. Mama yake James alikuwa mpenzi wa Charles wakati alipokuwa Uholanzi, na baadhi ya watu walidai walifunga ndoa kwa siri. Kama hilo lingekuwa kweli, basi James angeweza kuwa mfalme baada ya kifo cha Charles II. Watu wengi walitaka hili litokee kwa sababu hawakupenda wazo la kaka yake Charles, aitwaye James, kuwa mfalme. James alikuwa Mkatoliki, jambo ambalo lilimfanya asipendwe sana.

Charles II alifariki ghafla kutokana na ugonjwa, na mwanawe Duke wa Monmouth alianzisha uasi kwa matumaini ya kuwa mfalme. Hata hivyo, alishindwa na jeshi la kifalme, ambalo lilimuunga mkono kaka yake Charles II. Duke wa Monmouth alihukumiwa kifo kwa kukatwa kichwa, na kaka yake Charles, James II wa Uingereza, akawa mfalme mpya.

Alimotajwa

• Airy, Osmund (1904). Charles II. London: Longmans, Green & Co. hdl:2027/uc1.$b674296.
• Ashmole, Elias (1715). The History of the Most Noble Order of the Garter. London: Bell, Taylor, Baker and Collins.
• BBC staff (Oktoba 2003). Charles II and the women who bore his children (PDF). BBC. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka (PDF) kutoka chanzo mnamo 14 Aprili 2004.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Bombay: History of a City. The British Library Board. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 25 Juni 2013. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Aprili 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• "Nova et Vetera". British Medical Journal. 2 (4064): 1089. 1938. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4064.1089. PMC 2210948. PMID 20781915.
• Brown, K. M.; na wenz., whr. (2007–2017). "Proclamation: of King Charles II, 5 January 1649 (NAS. PA2/24, f.97r-97v.)". The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707. University of St Andrews. Iliwekwa mnamo 5 Agosti 2016.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Bruce, Thomas (1890). Memoirs of Thomas, Earl of Ailesbury, Vol. 1. Westminster: Roburghe Club, Nichols & Sons.
• Burnet, Gilbert (1847). History of My Own Time, part1. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
• Bryant, Mark (2001). Private Lives. London: Cassell. ISBN 0-304-35758-8.
• Chisholm, Hugh, mhr. (1911). "East India Company" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Juz. la 8 (tol. la 11th). Cambridge University Press. ku. 834–835. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
• Cokayne, George E. (1926). "Appendix F. Bastards of Charles II". The Complete Peerage. Juz. la VI. Revised and enlarged by Gibbs, Vicary; Edited by Doubleday, H. A., Warrand, D., and de Walden, Lord Howard. London: St Catherine Press.
• Doble, C. E., mhr. (1885). Remarks and Collections of Thomas Hearne. Juz. la 1. Oxford: Clarendon Press for the Oxford Historical Society.
• Evelyn, John (1952). Diary of John Evelyn, Vol. 1. London: Dent & Sons.
• Falkus, Christopher (1972). The Life and Times of Charles II. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-99427-1.
• Fraser, Antonia (1979). King Charles II. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-77571-5.
• Haley, K.H.D. (1985). Politics in the Reign of Charles II. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-13928-1.
• Hanrahan, David (2006). Charles II and the Duke of Buckingham. UK: Sutton Publishing.
• Hudson's Bay Company. The Royal Charter of the Hudson's Bay Company. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 10 Desemba 2010. Iliwekwa mnamo 14 Desemba 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Hume, David (1778). The History of England from the Invasion of Julius Caesar to the Revolution in 1688. Juz. la VIII. London: printed for T. Cadell. uk. 212.
• Hutton, Ronald (1989). Charles II: King of England, Scotland, and Ireland. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822911-9.
• Israel, Jonathan Irvine (1998). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall, 1477–1806. Oxford: Clarendon.
• Jardine, Lisa (2004). The Curious Life of Robert Hooke: The Man Who Measured London. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-00-715175-6.
• Melville, Lewis (2005) [1928]. The Windsor Beauties: Ladies of the Court of Charles II. Loving Healing Press. uk. 91. ISBN 1-932690-13-1.
• Miller, John (1991). Charles II. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 0-297-81214-9.
• Pearson, Hesketh (1960). Charles II: His Life and Likeness. London: Heinemann.
• Pepys, Samuel (1906a) [1669]. Diary of Samuel Pepys. Juz. la 1. London: Dent & Sons.
  • —— (1906b) [1669]. Diary of Samuel Pepys. Juz. la 2. London: Dent & Sons.
• Porter, Stephen (Januari 2007), "The great fire of London", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (tol. la online), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/95647{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) Subscription or UK public library membership required.
• Raithby, John, mhr. (1819). "Charles II, 1672: An Act for preventing Dangers which may happen from Popish Recusants". Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628–80. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Aprili 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  • ——, mhr. (1819a). "Charles II, 1678: (Stat. 2.) An Act for the more effectuall preserving the Kings Person and Government by disableing Papists from sitting in either House of Parlyament". Statutes of the Realm: volume 5: 1628–80. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Aprili 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Roberts, Jacob (Fall 2015). "Tryals and tribulations". Distillations Magazine. ku. 14–15. Iliwekwa mnamo 22 Machi 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Scott, C. L.; Turton, A.; von Arni, E. G. (2004). Edgehill – The Battle Reinterpreted. Pen & Sword Books.
• Seaward, Paul (2004), "Charles II (1630–1685)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (tol. la online), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5144
• The Royal Household (2009). Charles II (r. 1660–1685). Official website of the British Monarchy. Iliwekwa mnamo 19 Aprili 2010.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
• Uglow, Jenny (2009). A Gambling Man: Charles II's Restoration Game. Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-21733-5.
• Weber, Harold (1988). "Representations of the King: Charles II and His Escape from Worcester". Studies in Philology. 85 (4): 489–509. JSTOR 4174319.
• Weir, Alison (1996). Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy (tol. la Revised). Random House. ISBN 0-7126-7448-9.
• Wynne, S. M. (2004), "Catherine (1638–1705)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (tol. la online), Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/4894 Subscription or UK public library membership required.

Jisomee

• Edie, Carolyn (1965). "Succession and Monarchy: The Controversy of 1679–1681". American Historical Review. 70 (2): 350–370. doi:10.2307/1845634. JSTOR 1845634.
• Hanrahan, David C. (2006). Charles II and the Duke of Buckingham: The Merry Monarch and the Aristocratic Rogue. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 0-7509-3916-8.
• Harris, Tim (2005). Restoration: Charles II and His Kingdoms, 1660–1685. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9191-7.
• Keay, Anna (2008). The Magnificent Monarch: Charles II and the Ceremonies of Power. London: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978-1-84725-225-8.
• Kenyon, J. P. (1957). "Review Article: The Reign of Charles II". Cambridge Historical Journal. XIII: 82–86. doi:10.1017/S1474691300000068.
• Miller, John (1985). Restoration England: The Reign of Charles II. London: Longman. ISBN 0-582-35396-3.
• Ogg, David (1934). England in the Reign of Charles II. Oxford University Press.
  • —— (1955). England in the Reigns of James II and William III. Oxford University Press.
• Ollard, Richard (1966). The Escape of Charles II After the Battle of Worcester. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
  • —— (1979). The Image of the King: Charles I and Charles II. London: Hodder & Stoughton.
• Pepys, Samuel (1956). King Charles Preserved: An Account of his Escape after the Battle of Worcester dictated by the King Himself to Samuel Pepys. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: The Rodale Press.. Dictated in 1680.
• Wilson, Derek (2003). All The King's Women: Love, Sex and Politics in the Life of Charles II. London: Hutchinson. ISBN 0-09-179379-3.
• Yorke, Philip Chesney (1911). "Charles II." . Katika Chisholm, Hugh (mhr.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Juz. la 5 (tol. la 11th). Cambridge University Press. ku. 912–916. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)

Viungo vya nje

• Charles II at the official website of the British monarchy
• Charles II at the official website of the Royal Collection Trust
• Charles II at BBC History