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Billy Graham

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William Franklin Graham Jr. (Novemba 7, 1918 – Februari 21, 2018) alikuwa mhubiri, mchungaji wa Kanisa la Southern Baptist, na mtetezi wa haki za kiraia wa Marekani. Mahubiri yake ya moja kwa moja kupitia ziara za kimataifa na matangazo ya redio na televisheni yalifahamika sana kuanzia katikati hadi mwishoni mwa karne ya 20.[1][2]

Katika taaluma yake ya zaidi ya miaka sitini, Graham alijulikana kama kiongozi mashuhuri wa Ukristo wa Kiinjili nchini Marekani na duniani kote. Kuanzia mwishoni mwa miaka ya 1940 na mwanzoni mwa miaka ya 1950, alianza kuhubiri kwenye viwanja vikubwa vilivyojaa watu katika nchi mbalimbali, huku mahubiri yake yakitangazwa kwa njia ya redio na televisheni, na baadhi yake yakiendelea kuonekana hadi karne ya 21.[3]

Aliendesha kampeni zake za Injili maarufu kama crusades kila mwaka kuanzia 1947 hadi alipostaafu mwaka 2005. Pia alihudumu kama mtangazaji wa kipindi cha redio Hour of Decision kati ya 1950 na 1954. Katika kipindi cha ubaguzi wa rangi nchini Marekani, Graham alikataa kabisa ubaguzi wa rangi na alisisitiza kuwa mikutano yake yote iwe ya watu wa jamii zote, tangu mwaka 1953. Alimwalika pia Martin Luther King, Jr. kuhubiri pamoja naye kwenye kampeni ya Injili mjini New York mwaka 1957.[4]

Zaidi ya kutekeleza lengo lake la kidini, Graham alisaidia kuunda mtazamo wa watu wengi waliotoka katika mazingira tofauti, akiwahimiza kuona uhusiano kati ya Biblia na mitazamo ya kisasa ya kidunia. Kwa mujibu wa tovuti yake, alihutubia hadhira ya watu zaidi ya milioni 210 katika zaidi ya nchi na maeneo 185 kupitia mikutano mbalimbali, ikiwa ni pamoja na BMS World Mission na Global Mission event.[5]

Graham alikuwa karibu na marais wa Marekani kama Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson (ambaye alikuwa miongoni mwa marafiki zake wa karibu), na Richard Nixon. Pia alikuwa rafiki wa muda mrefu wa mhubiri wa televisheni Robert Schuller, ambaye alihamasishwa na Graham kuanzisha huduma yake ya televisheni.[6][7][8][9]

Huduma yake ya kiinjili ilipokelewa vyema na madhehebu makuu ya Kiprotestanti, huku akiwahimiza waumini waliogeukia Uinjilisti wake kubaki katika makanisa yao au kurejea katika madhehebu yao ya asili. Ingawa mwanzoni alikuwa na mtazamo wa mashaka juu ya Ukatoliki — jambo lililokuwa la kawaida miongoni mwa Wainjilisti wa wakati huo — hatimaye alikuza uhusiano mzuri na viongozi wengi wa Kanisa Katoliki la Marekani na kuhimiza mshikamano kati ya Wakatoliki na Waprotestanti.[10][11][12][13][14][12][12][15]

Graham alianzisha vyombo mbalimbali vya habari na uchapishaji. Kulingana na wafanyakazi wake, zaidi ya watu milioni 3.2 walijibu mwaliko wa Billy Graham Crusades kwa "kumpokea Yesu Kristo kama Mwokozi wao binafsi." Hadhi yake iliongezeka kiasi kwamba, kufikia katikati ya miaka ya 1960, aliitwa "The Great Legitimator", akiheshimiwa na marais, kutangaza uhalali wa vita, kushutumu ubaguzi wa rangi, kuhimiza maadili mema, na kuongeza heshima kwa matukio ya kijamii.[16]</ref> Graham was 15 when Prohibition ended in December 1933, and his father forced him and his sister Catherine to drink beer until they became sick. This created such an aversion that the two siblings avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives.[17]

Katika historia ya Ukristo, Graham alihubiri Injili kwa watu wengi zaidi ana kwa ana na kwa njia ya vyombo vya habari kuliko mhubiri yeyote mwingine. Katika kipindi chake cha maisha, alitajwa katika orodha ya watu wanaovutiwa zaidi duniani (Gallup’s list of most admired men and women) mara 61—a record ambayo haijavunjwa.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]

Marejeo

[hariri | hariri chanzo]
  1. ↑ "Why Billy Graham Was a Champion of the Civil Rights Movement". Crosswalk.com (kwa Kiingereza). Iliwekwa mnamo 2023-10-21.
  2. ↑ "Billy Graham and Racial Equality" (PDF). Billy Graham Evangelical Association. 2014.
  3. ↑ Swank jr, J. Grant. "Billy Graham Classics Span 25 Years of Gospel Preaching for the Masses". TBN. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo Oktoba 22, 2013. Iliwekwa mnamo Aprili 25, 2013.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  4. ↑ Ellis, Carl (Februari 24, 2018). "Preaching Redemption Amidst Racism: Remembering Billy Graham". Christianity Today. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo Februari 27, 2018. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 3, 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  5. ↑ "Media: Bios – William (Billy) F. Graham". Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo Januari 31, 2007.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  6. ↑ "The Transition; Billy Graham to lead Prayers". The New York Times. Desemba 9, 1992. Iliwekwa mnamo Desemba 24, 2007.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  7. ↑ "Dr. Robert H. Schuller". Crystal Cathedral Ministries. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo Oktoba 16, 2012. Iliwekwa mnamo Novemba 3, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  8. ↑ Killen, Patricia O'Connell; Silk, Mark. Religion and Public Life in the Pacific Northwest: The None Zone (kwa Kiingereza). Rowman Altamira. uk. 84. In the 1957 revival in New York City Graham partnered with mainline Protestant denominations and insisted that those who were converted at the revivals return to their mainline churches.
  9. ↑ Wacker, Grant (Novemba 15, 2003). "The Billy pulpit: Graham's career in the mainline". The Christian Century. Iliwekwa mnamo Machi 1, 2018. Crusade counselors are instructed to return the favor by sending "inquirers" back to mainline churches when requested.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  10. ↑ Sweeney, Jon M. (Februari 21, 2018). "How Billy Graham shaped American Catholicism". America. Iliwekwa mnamo Aprili 2, 2018. A few years later, in 1964, Cardinal Richard Cushing of Boston (who, as archbishop, had even endorsed a Graham crusade in Boston in 1950) met with Mr. Graham upon returning from Rome and the Second Vatican Council, declaring before a national television audience that Mr. Graham's message was good for Catholics.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  11. ↑ Horstmann, Barry M. (Juni 27, 2002). "Man with a mission". Cincinnati Post. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo Desemba 3, 2008. Iliwekwa mnamo Agosti 18, 2007.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Bruns, Roger (2004). "A Farm Boy Becomes a Preacher". Billy Graham: A Biography. Greenwood biographies. Greenwood Press. ku. 5–14. ISBN 978-0-313-32718-6.
  13. ↑ "Billy Graham's Mother Dies". The New York Times Archives. Agosti 16, 1981.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  14. ↑ "Billy Graham's Childhood Home". Billygrahamlibrary.org. Septemba 22, 2015. Iliwekwa mnamo Oktoba 21, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  15. ↑ David George Mullan, Narratives of the Religious Self in Early-Modern Scotland, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2010, p. 27
  16. ↑ "They Call Me Mother Graham Morrow Coffey Graham". ccel.us. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo Septemba 23, 2015. Iliwekwa mnamo Juni 23, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Gibbs, Nancy; Ostling, Richard N. (Novemba 15, 1993). "God's Billy Pulpit". Time. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo Juni 21, 2007. Iliwekwa mnamo Novemba 7, 2011.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  18. ↑ "Who led Billy Graham to Christ..." Archives, Billy Graham Center, Wheaton College. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo Mei 13, 2011. Iliwekwa mnamo Mei 12, 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  19. ↑ "An Interview with Reverend Billy Graham". The Charlotte Mecklenburg Story. Charlotte Mecklenburg Library. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo Oktoba 21, 2015. Iliwekwa mnamo Oktoba 21, 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  20. ↑ Kirkland, Gary (Juni 25, 2005). "Graham's first-ever sermon? Near Palatka". Gainesville Sun. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo Februari 22, 2018. Iliwekwa mnamo Februari 21, 2018.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  21. ↑ "The Tree Stump Prayer: When Billy Graham Overcame Doubt". Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2020-03-01. Iliwekwa mnamo 2025-03-15.
  22. ↑ "Profile: William (Billy) F. Graham, Jr., Evangelist and Chairman of the Board". billygraham.org/. Charlotte, NC: Billy Graham Evangelistic Association. Iliwekwa mnamo Oktoba 10, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  23. ↑ "Indepth: Billy Graham". Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo Januari 19, 2011. Iliwekwa mnamo Desemba 1, 2011.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  24. ↑ Laurie, Greg (2021). Billy Graham The Man I Knew (kwa English). Salem Books. ku. 115–117. ISBN 978-1-68451-059-7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  25. ↑ Taylor, Justin (Machi 20, 2017). "Where Did the 'Billy Graham Rule' Come From?". The Gospel Coalition. Iliwekwa mnamo Aprili 2, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
  26. ↑ Yonat Shimron, Billy Graham made sure his integrity was never in question, religionnews.com, USA, February 23, 2018
  27. ↑ Farewell to God: My Reasons for Rejecting the Christian Faith.[page needed]
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