Baali

Sanamu yake ya mwaka 1500 KK hivi.

Baali (maana yake mmiliki au Bwana katika lugha za Kisemiti za Kaskazini zilizotumika huko Mashariki ya Kati ya kale) ni jina lililokuja kutumika kwa ajili ya miungu, hasa kwa mungu wa dhoruba na wa uzazi, Hadad.

Biblia ya Kiebrania inalitumia mara 90 kuhusiana na miungu mbalimbali ya makabila jirani na Waisraeli waliosadiki Mungu mmoja tu na kuona hiyo mingine kuwa miungu bandia tu. Biblia inaeleza ibada za makuhani wa Baali , na hasa shindano lililoitishwa na nabii Eliya juu ya mlima Karmeli ili kuwaonyesha Waisraeli yupi ni Mungu wa kweli kati ya YHWH na Baali dhidi ya juhudi za malkia Jezebeli za kueneza kati yao dini ya taifa lake (Tiro) .

Matumizi hayo yaliingia katika Ukristo na Uislamu, pengine kwa umbo la dharau Beelzebub, kuhusu pepo.

Marejeo

• Arndt, W.; Danker, F.W.; Bauer, W. (2000), A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, 3rd ed., Chicago: University of Chicago Press
• Ayali-Darshan, Noga (2013), "Baal, Son of Dagan: In Search of Baal's Double Paternity", Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 133, No. 4, ku. 651–657
• Ayles, H.H.B. (1904), A Critical Commentary on Genesis II.4-III.25, Cambridge: J. & C.F. Clay for the Cambridge University Press
• Balz, Horst R.; Schneider, Gerhard (2004), Exegetical Dictionary of the New Testament, juz. la I, Grand Rapids: translated from the German for Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0802828033
• Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (1996), "Baal-Zebub, Beelzebul", katika Marshall, I. Howard; Millard, Alan R.; Packer, J.I.; Wiseman, Donald J. (whr.), New Bible Dictionary, 3rd ed., Leicester: InterVarsity Press, uk. 108, ISBN 978-0830814398
• Collins, John J. (1984), Daniel: with an Introduction to Apocalyptic Literature, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 9780802800206
• Cross, Frank Moore Jr. (1973), Canaanite Myth and Hebrew Epic: Essays in the History of the Religion of Israel, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 9780674030084
• Day, John (2000), Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan, Sheffield Academic Press, ISBN 978-1850759867
• De Moor, Johannes Cornelius; Spronk, Klaas (1987), Hoftijzer, J.; Hospers, J.H. (whr.), A Cuneiform Anthology of Religious Texts from Ugarit: Autographed Texts and Glossaries, Leiden: E.J. Brill (Semitic Studies Series №VI), ISBN 90-04-08331-6
• Easton, Matthew George, mhr. (1893), Illustrated Bible Dictionary and Treasury of Biblical History, Biography, Geography, Doctrine, and Literature with Numerous Illustrations and Important Chronological Tables and Maps, New York: Harper & Bros.
• Frassetto, Michael, mhr. (2006), Britannica Encyclopedia of World Religions, New York: Encyclopædia Britannica, ISBN 978-1-59339-491-2
• Freedman, David Noel, mhr. (1992), The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary, juz. la 1, New York: Doubleday, ISBN 978-0300140019
• Gibson, John Clark Love (1982), Textbook of Syrian Semitic Inscriptions, juz. la III: Phoenician Inscriptions, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780198131991
• Halpern, Baruch (2009), Adams, M.J. (mhr.), From Gods to God: The Dynamics of Iron Age Cosmologies, Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck (Ser. Forschungen zum Alten Testament, No. 63), ISBN 978-3-16-149902-9
• Herrmann, Wolfgang (1999a), "Baal", katika Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der (whr.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ku. 132–139
• Herrmann, Wolfgang (1999b), "Baal Zebub", katika Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der (whr.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, uk. 154
• Huss, Werner (1985), Geschichte der Karthager, Munich: C.H. Beck, ISBN 9783406306549. (in German)
• Kane, Thomas Leiper (1990), Amharic–English Dictionary, juz. la I, Weisbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, ISBN 978-3-447-02871-4
• Kigezo:Cite Jewish Encyclopedia
• Kelle, Brad E. (2005), Hosea 2: Metaphor and Rhetoric in Historical Perspective, Society of Biblical Lit, uk. 137
• Kramer, Samuel Noah (1984). Studies in Literature from the Ancient Near East: Dedicated to Samuel Noah Kramer (kwa Kiingereza). American Oriental Society. ISBN 978-0-940490-65-9.
• Lancel, Serge (1995), Carthage: A History, Wiley-Blackwell, translated from the French by Antonia Nevill, ISBN 978-1557864680
• Lipiński, Edward (1992), Dictionnaire de la civilisation phenicienne et punique [Dictionary of the Phoenician and Punic Civilization] (kwa Kifaransa), Brepols, ISBN 2-503-50033-1
• Lipiński, Edward (1994), Studies in Aramaic Inscriptions and Onomastics, Vol. II, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta, Vol. 57, Leuven: Orientaliste for Peeters Publishers, ISBN 90-6831-610-9
• Lurker, Manfred (1984), Lexicon der Götter und Dämonen [Dictionary of Gods and Demons], Stuttgart: Alfred Krämer Verlag, translated from the German for Routledge in 1987 as The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons
• McIntosh, Duncan (1989), "Baal-Zebub", katika Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (mhr.), International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Rev. ed., juz. la I, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, uk. 381
• Miller, Patrick (2000), Israelite Religion and Biblical Theology: Collected Essays, Continuum Int'l Publishing Group, ISBN 1-84127-142-X
• Moscati, Sabatino (2001), The Phoenicians, Tauris, ISBN 1-85043-533-2
• Olmo Lete, Gregorio del; Sanmartin, Joaquin; Watson, Wilfred G.E., whr. (2015), Diccionario de la Lengua Ugarítica, 3rd ed., Leiden: translated from the Spanish for E.J. Brill as A Dictionary of the Ugaritic Language in the Alphabetic Tradition (Ser. Handbuch der Orientalistik [Handbook of Oriental Studies], Vol. 112), ISBN 978-90-04-28864-5
• Kigezo:Cite EJ
• Schniedewind, William; Hunt, Joel (2007), A Primer on Ugaritic: Language, Culture, and Literature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1139466981
• Smith, Mark S. (2002), The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel, Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing
• Smith, William Robertson; Moore, George Foot (1899), "Baal", katika Cheyne, Thomas Keith; Black, John Sutherland (whr.), Encyclopædia Biblica, juz. la I, New York: Macmillan, ku. 401–403
• Kigezo:Cite EB9
• Souvay, Charles (1907), "Baal, Baalim", Catholic Encyclopedia, juz. la II, New York: Robert Appleton Co.
• Strong, James (1890), The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible, Cincinnati: Jennings & Graham
• Tenney, Merrill C.; Barabas, Stevan; DeVisser, Peter, whr. (1963), The Zondervan Pictorial Bible Dictionary, Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, ISBN 978-0310235606
• Uehlinger, C. (1999), "Leviathan", katika Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der (whr.), Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, ku. 511–515
• Walbank, Frank William (1979), A Historical Commentary on Polybius, juz. la 2, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• Wehr, Hans; Cowan, J. Milton (1976), A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic, Ithaca: Spoken Language Services, ISBN 0879500018
• Wex, Michael (2005), Born to Kvetch, New York: St Martin's Press, ISBN 0-312-30741-1
• Xella, Paolo; Quinn, Josephine; Melchiorri, Valentina; Van Domellen, Peter (2013), "Cemetery or sacrifice? Infant burials at the Carthage Tophet: Phoenician bones of contention", Antiquity, Vol. 87, No. 338, ku. 1199–1207

Marejeo mengine

• Russell, Stephen C.; Hamori, Esther J., whr. (2020), Mighty Baal: Essays in Honor of Mark S. Smith, Harvard Semitic Studies, juz. la 66, BRILL, ISBN 978-90-04-43767-8
• Smith, M.S. (1994), The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, juz. la I, Leiden: E.J. Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-09995-1
• Smith, M.S.; Pitard, W. (2009), The Ugaritic Baal Cycle, juz. la II, Leiden: E.J. Brill, ISBN 978-90-04-15348-6

Viungo vya nje

Wikimedia Commons ina media kuhusu:

Baali

• Jewish Encyclopedia (1901–1906) "Ba'al", "Ba'al and Ba'al Worship", "Baal-Berith", "Baal-Peor", "Baalim", "Astarte Worship among the Hebrews", &c., Jewish Encyclopedia, New York: Funk & Wagnalls

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