Angiospermae
Angiospermae (yaani mimea inayochanua maua; kwa Kiingereza: angiosperms[1][2]; pia Magnoliophyta) ndilo kundi kubwa zaidi la mimea ya nchi kavu (Embryophyte) likiwa na oda 64, familia 416, jenasi 13,000 na spishi zinazojulikana 300,000 hivi.[3]
Mimea inayochanua ya zamani zaidi ilipatikana miaka milioni 160 iliyopita hivi.
Tanbihi
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- ↑ Lindley, J (1830). Introduction to the Natural System of Botany. London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green. xxxvi.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|nopp=ignored (|no-pp=suggested) (help) - ↑ Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; Judd, Walter S.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta". Taxon. 56 (3): E1–E44. doi:10.2307/25065865. JSTOR 25065865.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - ↑ Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Byng, J. W. (2016). "The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase". Phytotaxa. 261 (3): 201–217. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.261.3.1.
Marejeo
[hariri | hariri chanzo]- APG (2003). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 141 (4): 399–436. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - APG (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2017-05-25. Iliwekwa mnamo 2010-12-10.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - APG (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Becker, Kenneth M. (Februari 1973). "A Comparison of Angiosperm Classification Systems". Taxon. 22 (1): 19–50. doi:10.2307/1218032. JSTOR 1218032.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Bell, Adrian D. (2008) [1991]. Plant Form. An Illustrated Guide to Flowering Plant Morphology. Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. ISBN 978-0-88192-850-1.
- Bell, C.D.; Soltis, D.E.; Soltis, P.S. (2010). "The Age and Diversification of the Angiosperms Revisited". American Journal of Botany. 97 (8): 1296–1303. doi:10.3732/ajb.0900346. PMID 21616882.
- Chase, Mark W.; Reveal, James L. (2009). "A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 122–127. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|lastauthoramp=ignored (|name-list-style=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link) - Cromie, William J. (December 16, 1999). "Oldest Known Flowering Plants Identified By Genes". Harvard University Gazette.
- Cronquist, Arthur (Oktoba 1960). "The divisions and classes of plants". The Botanical Review. 26 (4): 425–482. doi:10.1007/BF02940572.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Cronquist, Arthur (1981). An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants. New York: Columbia Univ. Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03880-5.
- Dahlgren, R. M. T. (Februari 1980). "A revised system of classification of the angiosperms". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 80 (2): 91–124. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1980.tb01661.x.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Dahlgren, Rolf (Februari 1983). "General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics". Nordic Journal of Botany. 3 (1): 119–149. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448.x.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Dilcher, D. (2000). "Toward a new synthesis: Major evolutionary trends in the angiosperm fossil record". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 97 (13): 7030–7036. Bibcode:2000PNAS...97.7030D. doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7030. PMC 34380. PMID 10860967.
- Dilcher, David L; Cronquist, Arthur; Zimmermann, Martin Huldrych; Stevens, Peter; Stevenson, Dennis William; Berry, Paul E. (8 Machi 2016). "Angiosperm". Encyclopedia Britannica. Iliwekwa mnamo 31 Januari 2017.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Heywood, V. H., Brummitt, R. K., Culham, A. & Seberg, O. (2007). Flowering Plant Families of the World. Richmond Hill, Ontario, Canada: Firefly Books. ISBN 978-1-55407-206-4.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Hill, Christopher; Crane, Peter (Januari 1982). "Evolutionary Cladistics and the origin of Angiosperms". Katika Joysey, Kenneth Alan; Friday, A.E. (whr.). Problems of Phylogenetic Reconstruction. Special Volumes. Juz. la 21. London: Systematics Association. ku. 269–361. ISBN 978-0-12-391250-3.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Lersten, Nels R. (2004). Flowering plant embryology with emphasis on economic species. Ames, Iowa: Blackwell Pub. ISBN 9780470752678.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Pooja (2004). Angiosperms. New Delhi: Discovery. ISBN 9788171417889. Iliwekwa mnamo 7 Januari 2016.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Raven, P.H., R.F. Evert, S.E. Eichhorn. Biology of Plants, 7th Edition. W.H. Freeman. 2004
- Sattler, R. 1973. Organogenesis of Flowers. A Photographic Text-Atlas. University of Toronto Press.
- Simpson, Michael G. (2010). Plant Systematics (tol. la 2nd). Academic Press. ISBN 9780080922089.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Soltis, Pamela S; Soltis, Douglas E (Aprili 2016). "Ancient WGD events as drivers of key innovations in angiosperms". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 30: 159–165. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.03.015. PMID 27064530.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Takhtajan, A. (Juni 1964). "The Taxa of the Higher Plants above the Rank of Order". Taxon. 13 (5): 160–164. doi:10.2307/1216134. JSTOR 1216134.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Takhtajan, A. (Julai–Septemba 1980). "Outline of the Classification of Flowering Plants (Magnoliophyta)". Botanical Review. 46 (3): 225–359. doi:10.1007/bf02861558. JSTOR 4353970.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link) - Zeng, Liping; Zhang, Qiang; Sun, Renran; Kong, Hongzhi; Zhang, Ning; Ma, Hong (24 Septemba 2014). "Resolution of deep angiosperm phylogeny using conserved nuclear genes and estimates of early divergence times". Nature Communications. 5 (4956): 4956. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E4956Z. doi:10.1038/ncomms5956. PMC 4200517. PMID 25249442.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date auto-translated (link)
Viungo vya nje
[hariri | hariri chanzo]
media kuhusu Magnoliophyta pa Wikimedia Commons- Cole, Theodor C.H.; Hilger, Harmut H.; Stevens, Peter F. (2017). "Angiosperm Phylogeny Poster – Flowering Plant Systematics" (PDF).
- Watson, L.; Dallwitz, M.J. (1992). "The Families of Flowering Plants: Descriptions, Illustrations, Identification, and Information Retrieval". 14 December 2000. Ilihifadhiwa kwenye nyaraka kutoka chanzo mnamo 2014-08-02. Iliwekwa mnamo 2019-07-21.
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