Kishambala
Kishambala (au Kisambaa) ni lugha ya Kibantu nchini Tanzania inayozungumzwa na Washambala.
Viungo vya nje [hariri]
- lugha ya Kishambala kwenye Multitree
- ramani ya Kishambala
- http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=ksb
- http://www.african.gu.se/tanzania/weblinks.html
- http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/CBOLD/Docs/TLS.html (tovuti hiyo ina msamiati wa Kishambala)
Marejeo [hariri]
- Maho, Jouni & Bonny Sands. 2002. The languages of Tanzania: a bibliography. (Orientalia et africana gothoburgensia, no 17.) Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. Pp ix, 428. ISBN 91-7346-454-6
Kitabu hiki kinataja marejeo mengine kama:
- Besha, Ruth. 1989. A study of tense and aspect in Kishambala. (Language and dialect studies in East Africa, vol 10.) Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag.
- Yukawa, Yasutoshi. 1984. A classified dictionary of the Sambaa language. (Asian and African lexicon series.) Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies.
Viambishi ni mofimu au viungo vyenye maana ambavyo hufungamanishwa na mzizi/shina la neno ili kulipa neno hilo maana mbalimbali za kisarufi kama vile nafsi, wakati, hali, urejeshi, n.k Viambishi awali ni vile vinavyotangulia mzizi wenyewe, yaani huwa kabla ya mzizi/shina. SHINA AU MZIZI: Hakuna tofauti kati ya shina na mzizi MZIZI/SHINA, Ni sehemu ya neno inayobeba maana yake kuu na huwa haibadiliki, Kwa mfano, tuangalie vitenzi vifuatavyo: a-na-LIM-a wa-li-LIM-i-a ni-ta-LIM-iw-a wa-na-vyo-LIM-a Ukiangalia kwa makini, utaona kuna sehemu ya kitenzi hiki ambayo haibadiliki katika mifano ya hapo juu. Sehemu hiyo ni (-LIM-). Na hii ndiyo shina au mzizi wa kitenzi LIMA. Mfano mwingine: a-li-ki-SOM-a hu-SOM-ew-a wa-li-SOM-e-an-a a-li-m-SOM-e-a i-li-SOM-w-a Tunaona hapa mzizi/shina la kitenzi SOMA, ni -som- Ili utambue shina/mzizi wa kitenzi unafaa kuwazia hali mbalimbali au kauli tofautitofauti za mnyambuliko wa kitenzi halafu ubainishe sehemu isiyobadilika.
