Kisandawe
Kisandawe ni lugha ya Kikhoisan nchini Tanzania inayozungumzwa na Wasandawe.
Viungo vya nje [hariri]
- lugha ya Kisandawe kwenye Multitree
- ramani ya Kisandawe
- http://www.ethnologue.org/show_language.asp?code=sad
- http://www.african.gu.se/tanzania/weblinks.html
Marejeo [hariri]
- Maho, Jouni & Bonny Sands. 2002. The languages of Tanzania: a bibliography. (Orientalia et africana gothoburgensia, no 17.) Göteborg: Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. Pp ix, 428. ISBN 91-7346-454-6
Kitabu hiki kinataja marejeo mengine kama:
- Dempwolff, Otto. 1916. Die Sandawe: linguistisches und ethnographisches Material aus Deutsch-Ostafrika. (Abhandlungen der hamburgischen Kolonial-Instituts, Bd 34. Reihe B: Völkerkunde, Kulturgeschichte und Sprachen, Bd 19.) Hamburg: Friederichsen, De Gruyter & Co. Kurasa v, 180.
- Eaton, Helen. 2002. The grammar of focus in Sandawe. PhD thesis. University of Reading (UK). Kurasa 318.
- Elderkin, Edward D[erek]. 1989. The significance and origin of the use of pitch in Sandawe. DPhil thesis. Department of Language and Linguistic Science, University of York (UK). Kurasa ix, 323.
- Kagaya, Ryohei. 1993. A classified vocabulary of the Sandawe language. (Asian and African lexicon series, vol 26.) Tokyo: Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), Tokyo University of Foreign Studies. Kurasa x, 2, 144.
Viambishi ni mofimu au viungo vyenye maana ambavyo hufungamanishwa na mzizi/shina la neno ili kulipa neno hilo maana mbalimbali za kisarufi kama vile nafsi, wakati, hali, urejeshi, n.k Viambishi awali ni vile vinavyotangulia mzizi wenyewe, yaani huwa kabla ya mzizi/shina. SHINA AU MZIZI: Hakuna tofauti kati ya shina na mzizi MZIZI/SHINA, Ni sehemu ya neno inayobeba maana yake kuu na huwa haibadiliki, Kwa mfano, tuangalie vitenzi vifuatavyo: a-na-LIM-a wa-li-LIM-i-a ni-ta-LIM-iw-a wa-na-vyo-LIM-a Ukiangalia kwa makini, utaona kuna sehemu ya kitenzi hiki ambayo haibadiliki katika mifano ya hapo juu. Sehemu hiyo ni (-LIM-). Na hii ndiyo shina au mzizi wa kitenzi LIMA. Mfano mwingine: a-li-ki-SOM-a hu-SOM-ew-a wa-li-SOM-e-an-a a-li-m-SOM-e-a i-li-SOM-w-a Tunaona hapa mzizi/shina la kitenzi SOMA, ni -som- Ili utambue shina/mzizi wa kitenzi unafaa kuwazia hali mbalimbali au kauli tofautitofauti za mnyambuliko wa kitenzi halafu ubainishe sehemu isiyobadilika.
